Timothy (grass)
Timothy[2] (Phleum pratense) is an abundant perennial grass native to most of Europe except for the Mediterranean region. It is also known as timothy-grass, meadow cat's-tail or common cat's tail.[3] It is a member of the genus Phleum, consisting of about 15 species of annual and perennial grasses.
| Timothy | |
|---|---|
| Habitus, ssp. pratense | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | Phleum |
| Species: | P. pratense |
| Binomial name | |
| Phleum pratense | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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It is probably named after Timothy Hanson, an American farmer and agriculturalist said to have introduced it from New England to the southern states in the early 18th century.[4][5][6] Upon his recommendation it became a major source of hay and cattle fodder to British farmers in the mid-18th century.[7]
Timothy can be confused with meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) or purple-stem cat's-tail (Phleum phleoides).
Description edit
Timothy grows to 48–150 cm (19–59 in) tall, with leaves up to 43 cm (17 in) long and 1.3 cm (0.5 in) broad. The leaves are hairless, rolled rather than folded, and the lower sheaths turn dark brown.
It has no stolons or rhizomes, and no auricles.
The flowerhead is 70–152 mm (2.75–6 in) long and 6.4–12.7 mm (0.25–0.5 in) broad, with densely packed spikelets. It flowers from June until September. The stamen are pink.
The ligule is short and blunt.
It grows well in heavy soil, and is noted for its resistance to cold and drought, and thus ability to grow in dry upland or poor sandy soils. In pasture it tends to be overwhelmed by more competitive grasses. After cutting it grows slowly.
- Close-up of flower head showing purple stamen (3 per floret) and feathery stigma (2 per floret)
- Ligule is short and blunt
- Showing bulbous base and brown leaf sheaths
- Seeds
Subspecies edit
There are two subspecies:
- Phleum pratense subsp. pratense. Larger, to 150 cm (59 in) tall. Widespread. Native to the Mediterranean.[8]
- Phleum pratense subsp. bertolonii. Smaller, to 70 cm (27+1⁄2 in) tall. Calcareous grassland.
Cultivation and uses edit
Timothy was unintentionally introduced to North America by early settlers, and was first described in 1711 by John Hurd from plants growing in New Hampshire. Hurd named the grass "hurd grass" but a farmer named Timothy Hanson began to promote cultivation of it as a hay about 1720, and the grass has been known by its present name since then. Timothy has now become naturalized throughout most of the US and Canada.
It is commonly grown for cattle feed and, in particular, as hay for horses. It is relatively high in fiber, especially when cut late. It is considered a harsh, coarse grass little relished by livestock if cut earlier. It is considered part of the standard mix for grass hay and provides quality nutrition for horses. Timothy hay is a staple food for domestic pet rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, and degus, often making up the bulk of their diet. Timothy hay is rich in long fiber and its abrasive texture helps to grind down the teeth, keeping both the teeth and jaw in good order.
Some caterpillars use it as a food plant, e.g. the Essex skipper (Thymelicus lineola) and the marbled white (Melanargia galathea). It also grows in roadsides and abandoned fields but generally requires nutrient-rich soils.
Plants persist through the winter. Dead, straw-colored flowering stems may persist, but only for a short time, and are recognized by the distinctive spike-like inflorescence.
Medical uses edit
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Grazax, Grastek |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
| License data |
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| Routes of administration | Sublingual |
| ATC code |
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| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Identifiers | |
| UNII |
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Timothy grass pollen allergen is used to treat hay fever.[13][14][15][16]
Breeding objectives in timothy edit
Breeding programs for forage grasses and especially timothy have been focusing on the improvement of dry matter yield, resistance to disease, dry matter digestibility, and nutritional value, which depends on target species and environment. Due to high phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in individual plants, and the polyploidy of many species, breeding programs for timothy is accompanied by some difficulties.[citation needed]
Confusion with other species edit
It is often confused with meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis). Timothy flowers later, from June until August, whereas meadow foxtail flowers from April until June. The spikelets of timothy are twin hornlike projections arranged in cylindrical panicles, whereas foxtail has a soft, single awn.[17]
Purple-stem cat's-tail (Phleum phleoides) prefers lighter soils and grows on chalk downland.
Mountain timothy (Phleum alpinum) grows above 1,800 m (6,000 feet).[18] A "wild Timothy" was found to grow in Yosemite at the time of its discovery but may have been a foxtail.[19][20]
Timothy canary grass (Phalaris angusta), another species with a similar cylindrical panicle, is toxic to livestock.
- Close-up of flower head showing hornlike spikelets
- Meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) spikelet
References edit
- ^ "Phleum pratense". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ Clause 5.3.2.2.3 BS 7370-5[full citation needed]
- ^ The Observer's Book of Grasses, Sedge and Rushes by Francis Rose, page 112, 1976, ISBN 0 7232 1533 2, published by Frederick Warne and Co.
- ^ "Timothy Grass". The Louisville Daily Courier. July 9, 1859. p. 4. Retrieved September 20, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed., p. 1310.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "timothy grass".
- ^ Reader's Digest Nature Lover's Library Wild Flowers of Britain, p. 430, published 1988
- ^ "Phleum pratense subsp. pratense*". AusGrass2. 2010-07-06. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ "Prescription medicines: registration of new chemical entities in Australia, 2017". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
- ^ "Grazax standardised allergen extract of grass pollen from Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) 75,000 SQ-T sublingual tablets blister foil (267955)". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 26 May 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
- ^ "Prescription medicines and biologicals: TGA annual summary 2017". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ "Grastek- timothy grass pollen allergen extract tablet". DailyMed. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
- ^ Barber D, Rico P, Blanco C, Fernandez-Rivas M, Ibañez MD, Escribese MM (2019). "Grazax: a sublingual immunotherapy vaccine for Hay fever treatment: from concept to commercialization". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 15 (12): 2887–2895. doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1622976. PMC 6930101. PMID 31157592.
- ^ Scaparrotta A, Attanasi M, Petrosino MI, Di Filippo P, Di Pillo S, Chiarelli F (2015). "Critical appraisal of Timothy grass pollen extract Grazax in the management of allergic rhinitis". Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 9: 5897–909. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S70432. PMC 4639524. PMID 26604688.
- ^ Kay AB (December 2007). "An extract of Timothy-grass pollen used as sublingual immunotherapy for summer hay fever". Drugs of Today. 43 (12): 841–8. doi:10.1358/dot.2007.43.12.1162079. PMID 18174969.
- ^ Nelson HS (November 2014). "Oral/sublingual Phleum pretense grass tablet (Grazax/Grastek) to treat allergic rhinitis in the USA". Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. 10 (11): 1437–51. doi:10.1586/1744666X.2014.963556. PMID 25340426. S2CID 23698482.
- ^ bsbi.org.uk 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine; description, retrieved 2010-12-1.
- ^ Jepson Manual - Phleum alpinum
- ^ Bunnell, Lafayette Houghton (1880). Discovery of Yosemite. Fleming H. Revell. p. 245.
- ^ Scribner, F. Lampson, "Grasses of Mountain Meadows and Deer Parks" in Lazenby, William R. (1889). Proceedings of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. pp. 68–9.
External links edit
- Flora Europaea: Phleum pratense
- Timothy - US Department of Agriculture