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Timeline of Serer history

January 01, 1970

This is a timeline of the history and development of Serer religion and the Serer people of Senegal, The Gambia and Mauritania. This timeline merely gives an overview of their history, consisting of calibrated archaeological discoveries in Serer countries, Serer religion, politics, royalty, etc. Dates are given according to the Common Era. For a background to these events, see Roog, Serer religion, Serer creation myth, Serer prehistory, Lamane, States headed by Serer Lamanes, Serer history and Serer people.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Prehistory edit

Main article: Serer prehistory
  • The Takrur period represents the prehistory of the Serer people. The Senegalese, Namandiru and Waalo period inaugurates Serer history.[1]

Medieval era (The Golden Age of West Africa) edit

Main article: Serer history

9th century edit

  • 800 AD : John Trimingham lists states on the Senegal:"800 States on the Senegal: Sanghana (Serer), Takrur, Silla, and Galam (Soninke)."[2]

Many of the Serer village and town names they have founded still survives today.

  • 850 AD : A state centered around Tekrur may have developed at this time, either as an influx of Fulani from the east settled in the Senegal valley.[3][4] or according to John Donnelly Fage formed through the interaction of Berbers from the Sahara and "Negro agricultural peoples" who were "essentially Serer".[5]

11th century edit

Main articles: Lamane Jegan Joof, Serer history (medieval era to present), and Religious persecution § Persecution of the Serers

"Today, the Serer retain much of their old culture, customs and traditions. In fact, it's not uncommon to hear how Serer culture has survived through the centuries in spite of all the forces which tried to destroy it."

Godfrey Mwakikagile,[6]

This era marks the exodus of the Serers of Tekrur. Those who survived the wars and refused to convert migrated southwards to what later became known as the Serer Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum and previously Baol, rather than convert to Islam. In the south, they were granted asylum by their distant Serer relatives, endorsed by the Great Council of Lamanes, the highest court in Serer country. Trimingham notes that, Tekrur was the first in the region to adopt Islam but lost completely its Serer identity.[8] War Jabi died in 1040 and was succeeded by his son Leb (or Labi), also a major ally of the Almoravids.[9] Leb is reported to have been fighting for the Almoravids in 1056[10] probably as a result of the subjugation of Tekrur by the Almoravids in 1042 and a well enforced Sharia law.[11] Economically, the Kingdom of Tekrur benefit with the introduction of Islam. It also created political ties with the North. Many Fulanis/Toucouleurs were part of the Almoravid army that conquered parts of Europe.[citation needed]

13th century edit

14th century edit

Main articles: Guelowar and Kingdom of Sine
  • 1350–1400 : The Kingdom of Sine renamed. The Guelowar period starts from 1350. Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh elected first Guelowar king to ever rule in one of the Serer countries (Kingdom of Sine). Nominated and elected by the Serers of Sine and the Great Council of Lamanes whose Council he served as legal adviser for 15 years and gave his sisters and nieces to in marriage. Maysa Wali ruled in 1350–1370. The marriages between the descendants of the ancient Serer Lamanic class and the Guelowar women created the Serer paternal dynasties and the Guelowar maternal dynasty which lasted for over 600 years. Some members of the Serer nobility were opposed to the nomination and election of Maysa Wali, in particular Lamane Pangha Yaya Sarr (many variations: Penga Yaye Sarr, etc.), because Maysa Wali did not have a Serer father nor a Serer mother in spite of his assimilation into Serer culture, long service to the Great Council and coming from royalty himself. None of Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali's descendants ruled in any of the Serer kingdoms after him. The children and descendants of the Serer men and Guelowar women became Serers with loyalty to Serer religion, the Serer people, the Serer countries, culture and language, and all ties with Kaabu were severed. In this period, the old Serer paternal dynasties survived but the old Wagadou maternal dynasty collapsed in Sine and later Saloum, except in Baol and other places. The Guelowar period is the last of Serer dynastic periodization[14]
  • 1360 : Oral tradition reports that Ndiadiane Ndiaye (also called Bourba Jolof Njajaan Njie) founded the Jolof Empire, an empire founded by a voluntary confederation of states.[15][16] John Donnelly Fage suggests although dates in the early 13th century (and others say 12th century) are usually ascribed to this king and the founding of the empire, a more likely scenario is "that the rise of the empire was associated with the growth of Wolof power at the expense of the ancient Sudanese state of Takrur, and that this was essentially a fourteenth-century development."[17] Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali was said to be instrumental in the founding of this empire, nominating Njajaan Njie to lead the Jolof Empire and called for the other states join this confederacy under Njajaan which they did according to the epics of Njajaan and Maysa Wali. The Maad a Sinig thus took the Kingdom of Sine to this confederacy. Though the establishment of this empire was voluntary, its disestablishment was not, resulting in the Battle of Danki in 1549. This era marks the deterioration of the Mali Empire as it began to loose some of its former vassal states. Although it did not collapse completely, Imperial Mali was not as powerful as it once was.[18]

15th century edit

Main article: Kingdom of Saloum
  • 1446 : The Portuguese slave trader Nuno Tristão and his party attempted a slave raiding expedition in Serer territory. They all succumbed to Serer poisoned arrows except five young Portuguese (or less). One of them was left to charter their caravel back to Portugal. Nuno was amongst those killed.[19][20]
  • 1455 : the Venetian slave trader and chronicler Alvise Cadamosto having bought Wolof slaves in Cayor, decided to stop his ship at the Serer community living on the border of Wolof Cayor. Alvise wrote how these Serer community looked menacing and unwelcoming. He then went on to say that, after seeing their ship approaching, this Serer community stood guard at the beach. The captain of the ship gave the order for no one to come off the ship and the ship was parked further away from the beach. Alvise Cadamosto sent his Wolof interpreter to go and negotiate slave terms with this Serer community whilst he (Alvise) and his Portuguese party remained in the ship. The Wolof interpreter was killed on the spot by these Serers for bringing slave traders into their territory. None of Alvise's party came off, instead, the ship departed and headed towards the Gambia. Alvise also corrupted the Kingdom of Sine by calling it the Kingdom of Barbaçim and the Serer people of Sine as Barbacins among other names which many Europeans of this era referred to the Serer people as in their old maps (See : Kingdom of Sine).[21][22]
  • 1493 : Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour, King of Saloum succeeded to the throne.[23]

16th century edit

  • 1549 : The Battle of Danki, Amary Ngoneh Sobel Faal assisted by his first cousin Prince Manguinak Joof (var : Manguinak Diouf, a member of the old Joof dynasty of Baol), both nephews of Teigne Njuko Njie (the last member of the Serer paternal dynasty to rule Baol), defeated the King of Jolof Lele Fuuli Faak Njie and disestablished the Jolof Empire. Lele Fuuli was killed at Danki. Amari Ngoneh united the old Baol and Cayor temporarily,[24] Manguinak Joof was honoured with the title Ber Jak of Cayor (equivalent of Prime Minister). With the disestablishment of the Jolof Empire, member States of the confederacy such as the Kingdom of Sine, Kingdom of Saloum, Waalo, Baol, etc., returned to independent States.[25][26] The Faal family are not Serers.[27] The Njie (or Ndiaye)[28] and Joof family are.
  • 1567 : Maad Saloum Malawtan Joof, the longest reigning King of Saloum (45 years on the throne) succeeded to the throne.[23]

Early modern period edit

17th century edit

  • 1678 : The Serers of Sine and Baol refused to welcome the French merchants who have settled on the Petite Côte and thus lodge a complaint to their respective kings (the Maad a Sinig (king of Sine) and the Teigne (king of Baol). That year, the king of Sine and Baol with their armies sacked the French post. The following year, Admiral du Casse launched a revenge attack and defeated them.[29]

18th century edit

Main articles: Maad Semou Njekeh Joof and The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof

Modern history edit

19th century edit

 
19th century war drum called junjung in Serer language. Played when Serer kings and warriors went to war. From the Kingdom of Sine.
"The noble qualities are found in Serer countries, though they only lack Islam..."[29]
 
Plan of the Maad a Sinig's residence in Joal.
  • 1857 : Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof (the King of Sine) granted Teigne Chai Yassin Faal (var : Thiés Yacine Fall, King of Baol) asylum after he was defeated and exiled by the French at the Battle of Pouri.[31]
  • 18 May 1859 : The Battle of Logandème, Louis Faidherbe, the French governor of Senegal defeated the Serer people of Sine and Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof at Logandème.
  • 1859-1865 : Faidherbe made Cayor and Baol (the former Serer State) protectorates.
    • The Battle of Nandjigui (1859) : The King of Saloum – Maad Saloum Kumba Ndama Mbodj (var : Coumba Ndama) killed by the Muslim Marabout forces in a jihadic expedition in Saloum. The jihad led by Maba Diakhou Bâ.[32]
  • 1861 : The great Jogomay Tine of Gorom[33] was displeased when Damel Majojo Faal[34] (the French-backed puppet king of Cayor[35]) conceded his province to the French governor – Louis Faidherbe. Damel-Teigne Lat Jorr Ngoneh Latir Jobe who had now form good relations with the French was invited by the French to occupy the region including Jogomay Tine's province. Majojo was declared too incompetent by the French.[35] Jogomay Tine refused to submit to neither Lat Jorr nor the French, and refused to authorise the Serer population of his province to part take in the 1863 census. In April 1863, governor Émile Pinet-Laprade of France authorized the French forces to enter his province. He was killed by the gun shot.[29]
    • Disgruntled members of the Muslim jihadic movement (the Marabouts) such as Sambou Oumanneh Touray, assisted by Cheikhou Jobe and Manjie Khoreja led a jihad in Sabakh and Sanjal and killed the last Farank Sabakh and Farank Sanjal.[36] Sambou annexed both States and called it Sabakh-Sanjal. After the Muslims' victory in these two States, they launched jihad in Ngaye (c.1861) and in Kaymor [fr] (c. 1863) and killed the Buumi Ngaye, Biriama Jogop who refused to submit to Islam. Waly Nyang, the griot and advisor to the Buumi, beat his tam-tam and called for martyrdom in accordance with the Serer principle of Jom rather than succumbing to Islam. Jom in Serer means "honour". The Serer religion permits suicide only if it satisfies the Jom principle (see: Serer religion).[37][38]Maba Diakhou Bâ, leader of the Muslim marabouts was not involved in the attack of Kaymor. The attack on Kaymor was done by the disgruntled three without his authority.[37] but was involved in the attack at Ngaye.[38]
  • 1862 : The Battle of Tchicat, Maba Diakhou Bâ launched jihad in the Serer Kingdom of Saloum at Tchicat against Maad Saloum Samba Laobe Latsouka Sira Jogop Faal.[32][39] That same year, he launched jihad against the Kingdom of Baol.
    • 6 October 1862 : At the Battle of Gouye Ndiouli, the King of Saloum – Samba Laobe Latsouka Sira Jogop Faal (son of Princess Latsouka Sira Jogop Mbodj of Saloum) – had to battle his own father Ma Kodu Joof Faal[40] the King of Cayor, who previously rejected the throne of Saloum in favour of Cayor until he was defeated and driven out of Cayor by the French. When he tried to reclaim the throne of Saloum after his defeat, the Great Jaraff[41] and his Noble Council refused to crown him king of Saloum. The young king of Saloum (Samba Laobe) defeated his father, paternal uncle and their armies, and drove them out of Saloum.[32]
  • July 1863 : The Serers massacred the French soldiers at the garrison of Pout. The French sergeant barely escaped with his life. Pinet Laprade (the French governor in Senegal) within few days exercised reprisals for the massacres and built the first fort in Thies.[29]
  • c. 12 January 1864 : Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof (King of Sine) granted asylum to Lat Jorr Ngoneh Latir Jobe (King of Cayor) after he was defeated and exiled by the French governor in Senegal (Émile Pinet-Laprade). According to Serer oral tradition, Lat Jorr was well received in Sine just as El Hadj Umar Tall was well received when he visited Sine. However, Lat Jorr they say betrayed the Kingdom of Sine when he sided with Maba Diakhou Ba at "The Surprise of Mbin o Ngor" and at The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune.[42][43]
  • 1867 : The surprise of Mbin o Ngor – the Muslims surprised the Serer people of Mbin o Ngor, a small village in the Kingdom of Sine.
  • 18 July 1867 : The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune (also known as the Battle of Somb), Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof (King of Sine) defeated the Muslim marabouts and Maba Diakhou Bâ the renowned jihadist was killed and dismembered.
  • 1881–1914 (World War I) : The Scramble for Africa. the European imperial powers divide Africa. The Serer countries affected and the old open borders ceased to exist.
  • July 1890 : The sacred stone of Mpal (also known as "the Stone of Mame Kantar") was built and worshipped by the local Serer population as well as the Lebou people for many generation, destroyed by Limamou and his Muslim disciples.[44]

20th century edit

 
Léopold Sédar Senghor, the first president of Senegal
 
and Abdou Diouf, the second president of Senegal. Both of Serer heritage.

21st century edit

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serer history.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation Sereer, Cosaan", p 62
  2. ^ Trimingham, John Spencer, "A history of Islam in West Africa", Oxford University Press, USA, 1970, p 234
  3. ^ Hrbek, I. (1992). General History of Africa volume 3: Africa from the 7th to the 11th Century: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century v. 3 (Unesco General History of Africa (abridged)). James Carey. p. 67. ISBN 978-0852550939.
  4. ^ Creevey, Lucy (August 1996). "Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal". Journal of Religion in Africa. 26 (3): 268–307. doi:10.1163/157006696x00299. JSTOR 1581646.
  5. ^ Fage, John Donnelly (1997). "Upper and Lower Guinea". In Roland Oliver (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521209816.
  6. ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p 231, ISBN 9987932223
  7. ^ Page, Willie F., "Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)", p209. Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), ISBN 0-8160-4472-4
  8. ^ Trimingham, John Spencer, "A history of Islam in West Africa", pp 174, 176 & 234, Oxford University Press, USA (1970)
  9. ^ Page, Willie F., "Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)", p 676, Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), ISBN 0-8160-4472-4
  10. ^ Niane, Djibril Tamsir, "General History of Africa: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century", pp 119–120, UNESCO, 1984, ISBN 9231017101 [1]
  11. ^ Abdur Rahman I. Doi, "Islam in Nigeria", Gaskiya Corp., 1984, p 9
  12. ^ Nnoli, Okwudiba, "Ethnic conflicts in Africa", p 241. CODESRIA, 1998. ISBN 2-86978-070-2
  13. ^ "La famille Juuf" [in] « L'épopée de Sanmoon Fay », in Éthiopiques, no 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre 1991
  14. ^ For the old Serer paternal dynasties such as the Joof family or Diouf and the Wagadou maternal dynasty, see : (in English) Phillips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical dictionary of Senegal", Scarecrow Press, 1981, pp 52–71 ISBN 0-8108-1369-6; (in English) Clark, Andrew F. & Philips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical Dictionary of Senegal", Second Edition (1994); & (in French) Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 38. IFAN, 1976. pp 557–504. For the Guelowars, see : (in French) Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986-1987, p 239 (p 21) – *
  15. ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine" par suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, 1972. p 706
  16. ^ Charles, Eunice A., "Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890", African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977. pp 1–3
  17. ^ Fage, John Donnelly (1997). "Upper and Lower Guinea". In Roland Oliver (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 484. ISBN 978-0521209816.
  18. ^ Conrad, David C., "Empires of Medieval West Africa", p 12, Infobase Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-4381-0319-0
  19. ^ Hair, Paul Edward Hedley, "The Use of African Languages in Afro-European contacts in Guinea : 1440-1560", [in] "Sierra Leone Language Review", no. 5, 1966, p. 13 [2]
  20. ^ Hair, Paul Edward Hedley, "Africa encountered: European contacts and evidence, 1450-1700", Variorum, 1997, pp 213-15 & 248, ISBN 0-86078-626-9
  21. ^ It was a corruption by Alvise, see : Boulègue, Jean, "Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle)", (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16
  22. ^ Alvise Cadamosto, the 15th century explorer in modern day Senegambia had never set foot in Serer country. His ship proceeded to the Gambia after one of his Wolof interpreters sent to negotiate slave terms with the local Serer community living in the Cayor border was killed on the spot by this Serer community. Neither Alvise nor any of his party left the ship. The ship proceeded to the Gambia. Since Alvise had never entered Serer country, most of his opinions about the Serers were coming from his Wolof interpreters. The Wolofs of Cayor were in constant war with Serer community living on their border and were fearful of these Serers as narrated by Alvise himself. In Kerr, Alvise refer to the Serers as without kings. However, these Serers were those living on the Wolof Cayor border and refused to submit to the kings of Cayor. Alvise did not know that the Kingdom of Sine was actually a Serer kingdom, where the Barbacini – (a corruption of the Wolof "Bur Ba Sine" which means "king of Sine") took residence. See : (in French) Boulègue, Jean, "Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle)", (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 16. Also : (in English) Kerr, Robert, "A general history of voyages and travels to the end of the 18th century", pp 238–240, J. Ballantyne & Co. 1811; (in French) Verrier, Frédérique, "Introduction. Voyages en Afrique noire d'Alvise Ca'da Mosto (1455 & 1456)", p 136, Chandeigne, Paris, 1994; (in English) Russell, Peter E., "Prince Henry 'the Navigator" : a life, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2000, pp 299–300
  23. ^ a b Ba, Abdou Bouri. Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip. Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Publié dans le Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire. pp 10–27
  24. ^ A mission which had eluded the Faal (var : Fall) dynasty from the 16th to the 19th centuries. See Fall.
  25. ^ Fall, Tanor Latsoukabé, Recueil sur la Vie des Damel, Introduit et commenté par Charles Becker et Victor. Martin, BIFAN, Tome 36, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1974
  26. ^ Boulègue, pp 169–180
  27. ^ They are not Wolofs either. They were originally Black Moors (Naari Kajoor meaning Moors of Cayor), however, they became Wolofized and adopted Wolof culture.
  28. ^ Diop, Cheikh Anta, Modum, Egbuna P., "Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development", 1946–1960, p 28
  29. ^ a b c d (in French) Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, "Diversité et unicité Sérères: L'exemple de la Région de Thiès", Ethiopiques, n°54, revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine, Nouvelle série volume 7, 2e semestre 1991 [3]
  30. ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp 722–733
  31. ^ a b (in French) Diouf, Mahawa, "L’INFORMATION HISTORIQUE : L’EXEMPLE DU SIIN", Ethiopiques n°54. Revue semestrielle de culture négro-Africaine. Nouvelle série volume 7. 2e semestre 1991 [4]
  32. ^ a b c Sarr, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", pp 33–5
  33. ^ Variation : Diogomay (French spelling of Jogoymay in Senegal).
  34. ^ French spelling in Senegal : Madiodio Fall
  35. ^ a b Klein, Martin, "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum", p130
  36. ^ Titles of the Chief of Sabakh and Sanjal respective. Both States were tributary to the Kingdom of Saloum
  37. ^ a b Klein, pp 74–75
  38. ^ a b Camara, Alhaji Sait, [in] GRTS programmes, "Sunu Chossan"
  39. ^ Variations : Samba Laobé Fall or Samba Laobé Latsouck Sira Diogop Fall
  40. ^ Variation : Mang Codou
  41. ^ Head of the noble council of electors responsible for electing the kings from the royal family. He was equivalent to a Prime Minister in Serer country.
  42. ^ Sarr, pp 37–38
  43. ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye, pp 726–727
  44. ^ Kesteloot, Lilyan; Mbodj, Chérif; Ba, Seydou, Contes et mythes wolof (critic), (editors : Lilyan Kesteloot, Chérif Mbodj), Nouvelles Éditions Africaines, 1983, pp 15, 111, 179–80
  45. ^ John D. Tuxill, Gary Paul Nabhan, World Wide Fund for Nature, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, "People, Plants, and Protected Areas: A Guide to in Situ Management", p 50
  46. ^ a b Klein, Martin A. "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914." Edinburgh University Press (1968). p XV
  47. ^ Le Soleil (Senegal)
  48. ^ Diallo,Ibrahima, "The Politics of National Languages in Postcolonial Senegal"
  49. ^ See Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof. Abstract printed on The Point Newspaper : "Message to the Founding Fathers of the OAU at their First Conference at Addis Ababa, 1st May 1963", (2006).
  50. ^ Meredith, "The Fate of Africa", p 367, Public Affaires (2005)

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  • Monteil, Charles, "Fin de siècle à Médine" (1898–1899), Bulletin de l'lFAN, vol. 28, série B, n° 1–2, 1966,
  • Monteil, Charles, "La légende officielle de Soundiata, fondateur de l'empire manding", Bulletin du Comité d 'Etudes historiques et scientifiques de l 'AOF, tome VIII, n° 2, 1924;
  • Cornevin, Robert, "Histoire de l'Afrique", Tome I : des origines au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1962)
  • Crowder, Michael, "West Africa: an introduction to its history", Longman, 1977,
  • Delafosse, Maurice, "Haut-Sénégal-Niger: Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues"; "l'Histoire"; "les Civilizations". vols. 1–3, Paris: Émile Larose (1912), (editors: Marie François Joseph Clozel)
  • Monteil, Charles, "Mélanges ethnologiques", Memoires de IFAN (Dakar), 1953, no. 23
  • Phillips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical dictionary of Senegal", Scarecrow Press, 1981, ISBN 0-8108-1369-6
  • Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 38. IFAN, 1976
  • Clark, Andrew F. & Philips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical Dictionary of Senegal", Second Edition (1994)
  • Trimingham, John Spencer, "A history of Islam in West Africa", Oxford University Press, USA, 1970
  • Gamble, David P., & Salmon, Linda K. (with Alhaji Hassan Njie), "Gambian Studies No. 17. People of The Gambia. I. The Wolof.with notes on the Serer and the Lebou", San Francisco 1985
  • Stride, G. T., Ifeka, Caroline, "Peoples and empires of West Africa: West Africa in history, 1000-1800", Africana Pub. Corp (1971)
  • Houtsma, M. Th., "L-Moriscos", (editor: M. Th. Houtsma), BRILL, 1993, ISBN 9004097910
  • Page, Willie F., "Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)", Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), ISBN 0-8160-4472-4
  • Niane, Djibril Tamsir, "General History of Africa: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century", UNESCO, 1984, ISBN 9231017101
  • Niane, Djibril Tamsir, "Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou", KARTHALA Editions, 1989, ISBN 2865372367
  • Abdur Rahman I. Doi, "Islam in Nigeria", Gaskiya Corp., 1984, p 9
  • Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, vol. 26–27, 1964
  • Nnoli, Okwudiba, "Ethnic conflicts in Africa", CODESRIA, 1998. ISBN 2-86978-070-2
  • La famille Juuf [in] « L'épopée de Sanmoon Fay », in Éthiopiques, no 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre
  • Ngom, Biram (Babacar Sédikh Diouf), "La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin", Université de Dakar, Dakar, 1987
  • Charles, Eunice A., "Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890", African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977
  • Conrad, David C., "Empires of Medieval West Africa", Infobase Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-4381-0319-0
  • Hair, Paul Edward Hedley, "Africa encountered: European contacts and evidence, 1450-1700", Variorum, 1997 ISBN 0-86078-626-9
  • Boulègue, Jean, "Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle)", (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987)
  • Kerr, Robert, "A general history of voyages and travels to the end of the 18th century", p238-240, J. Ballantyne & Co. 1811;
  • Verrier, Frédérique, "Introduction. Voyages en Afrique noire d'Alvise Ca'da Mosto (1455 & 1456)", p 136, Chandeigne, Paris, 1994
  • Russell, Peter E., "Prince Henry 'the Navigator" : a life, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2000, pp 299–300
  • Ba, Abdou Bouri, "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip". Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Publié dans le Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire, pp 10–27
  • Fall, Tanor Latsoukabé, "Recueil sur la Vie des Damel", Introduit et commenté par Charles Becker et Victor. Martin, BIFAN, Tome 36, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1974
  • Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, "Diversité et unicité Sérères: L'exemple de la Région de Thiès", Ethiopiques, n°54, revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine, Nouvelle série volume 7, 2e semestre 1991
  • Klein, Martin A. "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914", Edinburgh University Press (1968), ISBN 0-85224-029-5
  • Galvan, Dennis Charles, "The State Must be our Master of Fire : How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal", Berkeley, University of California Press, (2004). ISBN 978-0-520-23591-5.
  • Price, Joan A., "Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions: An Introduction", Continuum International Publishing Group (2010), ISBN 082642354X

Further reading edit

  • Sonko-Godwin, Patience, "Ethnic groups of the Senegambia Region", Sunrise Publishers Ltd (2003), ASIN B007HFNIHS
  • Sonko-Godwin, Patience, "Leaders of the Senegambia Region", Reaction to European infiltration 19th-20th Century, Sunrise Publishers Ltd (1995), ISBN 9983-8600-2-3
  • Faye, Louis Diène, "Mort et Naissance le monde sereer", Les Nouvelles Edition Africaines (1983), ISBN 2-7236-0868-9
  • Crousse, Bernard, Le Bris, Émile & Le Roy, Étienne, "Espaces disputés en Afrique noire : pratiques foncières locales", Karthala, ISBN 2-86537-146-8
  • Gastellu, Jean-Marc, "L'égalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal", ORSTOM, Paris, 1981, ISBN 2-7099-0591-4 (Thèse de Sciences économiques soutenue à l'Université Paris 10 en 1978)
  • Cyr Descamps, Guy Thilmans et Y. ThommeretLes tumulus coquilliers des îles du Saloum (Sénégal), Bulletin ASEQUA, Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, 1979, n° 54
  • Kalis, Simone, "Médecine traditionnelle, religion et divination chez les Seereer Siin du Sénégal", (La connaissance de la nuit), L'Harmattan (1997), ISBN 2-7384-5196-9
  • Ngom, Pierre, Gaye, Aliou, & Sarr, Ibrahima, "Ethnic Diversity and Assimilation in Senegal: Evidence from the 1998 Census", University of Pennsylvania – African Census Analysis Project (ACAP), (February 2000)

January 01, 1970
timeline, serer, history, this, timeline, history, development, serer, religion, serer, people, senegal, gambia, mauritania, this, timeline, merely, gives, overview, their, history, consisting, calibrated, archaeological, discoveries, serer, countries, serer, . This is a timeline of the history and development of Serer religion and the Serer people of Senegal The Gambia and Mauritania This timeline merely gives an overview of their history consisting of calibrated archaeological discoveries in Serer countries Serer religion politics royalty etc Dates are given according to the Common Era For a background to these events see Roog Serer religion Serer creation myth Serer prehistory Lamane States headed by Serer Lamanes Serer history and Serer people This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources Contents 1 Prehistory 2 Medieval era The Golden Age of West Africa 2 1 9th century 2 2 11th century 2 3 13th century 2 4 14th century 2 5 15th century 2 6 16th century 3 Early modern period 3 1 17th century 3 2 18th century 4 Modern history 4 1 19th century 4 2 20th century 4 3 21st century 5 See also 6 Notes 6 1 Bibliography 6 2 Further readingPrehistory editMain article Serer prehistory The Takrur period represents the prehistory of the Serer people The Senegalese Namandiru and Waalo period inaugurates Serer history 1 Medieval era The Golden Age of West Africa editMain article Serer history 9th century edit 800 AD John Trimingham lists states on the Senegal 800 States on the Senegal Sanghana Serer Takrur Silla and Galam Soninke 2 Many of the Serer village and town names they have founded still survives today 850 AD A state centered around Tekrur may have developed at this time either as an influx of Fulani from the east settled in the Senegal valley 3 4 or according to John Donnelly Fage formed through the interaction of Berbers from the Sahara and Negro agricultural peoples who were essentially Serer 5 11th century edit Main articles Lamane Jegan Joof Serer history medieval era to present and Religious persecution Persecution of the Serers Today the Serer retain much of their old culture customs and traditions In fact it s not uncommon to hear how Serer culture has survived through the centuries in spite of all the forces which tried to destroy it Godfrey Mwakikagile 6 Early 11th century According to Serer tradition Lamane Jegan Joof founded Tukar part of present day Senegal 1030 War Jabi usurped the throne of Tekrur following a revolution and made himself King of Tekrur 1035 Around this time War Jabi the revolutionist converted to Islam and introduced forced conversion of his subjects as well as Sharia law with the guidance of his Almoravid allies Abdallah ibn Yasin in particular Much of his religious persecution was directed at the Serer people who refused to submit to Islam as well as the Serer Lamanic class the guardians of Serer religion and holders of economic and political power see Persecution of the Serers From this point to 1042 the Serers of Tekrur became the subject of persecution and jihads by the African converts to Islam such as the Fula and Toucouleurs with their Almoravid allies 7 The Serers defeated the Muslim coalition army forcing them to seek refuge in Mauritania but were later finally subdued and defeated by the powerful Muslim coalition army citation needed This era marks the exodus of the Serers of Tekrur Those who survived the wars and refused to convert migrated southwards to what later became known as the Serer Kingdoms of Sine Saloum and previously Baol rather than convert to Islam In the south they were granted asylum by their distant Serer relatives endorsed by the Great Council of Lamanes the highest court in Serer country Trimingham notes that Tekrur was the first in the region to adopt Islam but lost completely its Serer identity 8 War Jabi died in 1040 and was succeeded by his son Leb or Labi also a major ally of the Almoravids 9 Leb is reported to have been fighting for the Almoravids in 1056 10 probably as a result of the subjugation of Tekrur by the Almoravids in 1042 and a well enforced Sharia law 11 Economically the Kingdom of Tekrur benefit with the introduction of Islam It also created political ties with the North Many Fulanis Toucouleurs were part of the Almoravid army that conquered parts of Europe citation needed 13th century edit c 1235 Mansa Jolofing the Serer king of Jolof ransacked the caravan of gold sent by Sundiata Keita for the purchase of horses in Jolof After this Mansa Sundiata sent his general and cousin Tiramakhan Traore to Jolof to assassinate the Mansa Jolofing c 1285 7 Lamane Jaw on the throne of Jolof 12 During his reign Mansa Sakoura the Mansa of Imperial Mali launched an expedition in Senegal c 1285 conquered Jolof and reduced Lamane Jaw to a mere provincial chief c 1290 Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof ancestor of the Joof dynasty of Sine and Saloum succeeded to the throne of Laah in Baol 13 14th century edit Main articles Guelowar and Kingdom of Sine 1350 1400 The Kingdom of Sine renamed The Guelowar period starts from 1350 Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh elected first Guelowar king to ever rule in one of the Serer countries Kingdom of Sine Nominated and elected by the Serers of Sine and the Great Council of Lamanes whose Council he served as legal adviser for 15 years and gave his sisters and nieces to in marriage Maysa Wali ruled in 1350 1370 The marriages between the descendants of the ancient Serer Lamanic class and the Guelowar women created the Serer paternal dynasties and the Guelowar maternal dynasty which lasted for over 600 years Some members of the Serer nobility were opposed to the nomination and election of Maysa Wali in particular Lamane Pangha Yaya Sarr many variations Penga Yaye Sarr etc because Maysa Wali did not have a Serer father nor a Serer mother in spite of his assimilation into Serer culture long service to the Great Council and coming from royalty himself None of Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali s descendants ruled in any of the Serer kingdoms after him The children and descendants of the Serer men and Guelowar women became Serers with loyalty to Serer religion the Serer people the Serer countries culture and language and all ties with Kaabu were severed In this period the old Serer paternal dynasties survived but the old Wagadou maternal dynasty collapsed in Sine and later Saloum except in Baol and other places The Guelowar period is the last of Serer dynastic periodization 14 1360 Oral tradition reports that Ndiadiane Ndiaye also called Bourba Jolof Njajaan Njie founded the Jolof Empire an empire founded by a voluntary confederation of states 15 16 John Donnelly Fage suggests although dates in the early 13th century and others say 12th century are usually ascribed to this king and the founding of the empire a more likely scenario is that the rise of the empire was associated with the growth of Wolof power at the expense of the ancient Sudanese state of Takrur and that this was essentially a fourteenth century development 17 Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali was said to be instrumental in the founding of this empire nominating Njajaan Njie to lead the Jolof Empire and called for the other states join this confederacy under Njajaan which they did according to the epics of Njajaan and Maysa Wali The Maad a Sinig thus took the Kingdom of Sine to this confederacy Though the establishment of this empire was voluntary its disestablishment was not resulting in the Battle of Danki in 1549 This era marks the deterioration of the Mali Empire as it began to loose some of its former vassal states Although it did not collapse completely Imperial Mali was not as powerful as it once was 18 15th century edit Main article Kingdom of Saloum 1446 The Portuguese slave trader Nuno Tristao and his party attempted a slave raiding expedition in Serer territory They all succumbed to Serer poisoned arrows except five young Portuguese or less One of them was left to charter their caravel back to Portugal Nuno was amongst those killed 19 20 1455 the Venetian slave trader and chronicler Alvise Cadamosto having bought Wolof slaves in Cayor decided to stop his ship at the Serer community living on the border of Wolof Cayor Alvise wrote how these Serer community looked menacing and unwelcoming He then went on to say that after seeing their ship approaching this Serer community stood guard at the beach The captain of the ship gave the order for no one to come off the ship and the ship was parked further away from the beach Alvise Cadamosto sent his Wolof interpreter to go and negotiate slave terms with this Serer community whilst he Alvise and his Portuguese party remained in the ship The Wolof interpreter was killed on the spot by these Serers for bringing slave traders into their territory None of Alvise s party came off instead the ship departed and headed towards the Gambia Alvise also corrupted the Kingdom of Sine by calling it the Kingdom of Barbacim and the Serer people of Sine as Barbacins among other names which many Europeans of this era referred to the Serer people as in their old maps See Kingdom of Sine 21 22 1493 Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour King of Saloum succeeded to the throne 23 16th century edit 1549 The Battle of Danki Amary Ngoneh Sobel Faal assisted by his first cousin Prince Manguinak Joof var Manguinak Diouf a member of the old Joof dynasty of Baol both nephews of Teigne Njuko Njie the last member of the Serer paternal dynasty to rule Baol defeated the King of Jolof Lele Fuuli Faak Njie and disestablished the Jolof Empire Lele Fuuli was killed at Danki Amari Ngoneh united the old Baol and Cayor temporarily 24 Manguinak Joof was honoured with the title Ber Jak of Cayor equivalent of Prime Minister With the disestablishment of the Jolof Empire member States of the confederacy such as the Kingdom of Sine Kingdom of Saloum Waalo Baol etc returned to independent States 25 26 The Faal family are not Serers 27 The Njie or Ndiaye 28 and Joof family are 1567 Maad Saloum Malawtan Joof the longest reigning King of Saloum 45 years on the throne succeeded to the throne 23 Early modern period edit17th century edit 1678 The Serers of Sine and Baol refused to welcome the French merchants who have settled on the Petite Cote and thus lodge a complaint to their respective kings the Maad a Sinig king of Sine and the Teigne king of Baol That year the king of Sine and Baol with their armies sacked the French post The following year Admiral du Casse launched a revenge attack and defeated them 29 18th century edit Main articles Maad Semou Njekeh Joof and The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof c 1717 Founding of The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof by Maad Semou Njekeh Joof The third and last royal house founded by the Joof family c 1724 1735 Maad a Sinig Boukar Tjilas Sanghaie Joof son of Maad Semou Njekeh Joof ruled the Kingdom of Sine 30 Modern history edit19th century edit nbsp 19th century war drum called junjung in Serer language Played when Serer kings and warriors went to war From the Kingdom of Sine 1816 The British named the Gambian city Bathurst now Banjul after Lord Bathurst of Britain 1848 El Hadj Umar Tall the 19th century jihadist in addressing his disciples told them The noble qualities are found in Serer countries though they only lack Islam 29 dd 1851 Death of the Serer warlord Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof father of King Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof of Sine 1853 Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof the most controversial king of Sine died Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof succeeded Maad Ama Joof as King of Sine 1853 1871 The national anthem moto and flag of Sine officiated during the reign of Maad Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof 31 nbsp Plan of the Maad a Sinig s residence in Joal 1857 Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof the King of Sine granted Teigne Chai Yassin Faal var Thies Yacine Fall King of Baol asylum after he was defeated and exiled by the French at the Battle of Pouri 31 18 May 1859 The Battle of Logandeme Louis Faidherbe the French governor of Senegal defeated the Serer people of Sine and Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof at Logandeme 1859 1865 Faidherbe made Cayor and Baol the former Serer State protectorates The Battle of Nandjigui 1859 The King of Saloum Maad Saloum Kumba Ndama Mbodj var Coumba Ndama killed by the Muslim Marabout forces in a jihadic expedition in Saloum The jihad led by Maba Diakhou Ba 32 1861 The great Jogomay Tine of Gorom 33 was displeased when Damel Majojo Faal 34 the French backed puppet king of Cayor 35 conceded his province to the French governor Louis Faidherbe Damel Teigne Lat Jorr Ngoneh Latir Jobe who had now form good relations with the French was invited by the French to occupy the region including Jogomay Tine s province Majojo was declared too incompetent by the French 35 Jogomay Tine refused to submit to neither Lat Jorr nor the French and refused to authorise the Serer population of his province to part take in the 1863 census In April 1863 governor Emile Pinet Laprade of France authorized the French forces to enter his province He was killed by the gun shot 29 Disgruntled members of the Muslim jihadic movement the Marabouts such as Sambou Oumanneh Touray assisted by Cheikhou Jobe and Manjie Khoreja led a jihad in Sabakh and Sanjal and killed the last Farank Sabakh and Farank Sanjal 36 Sambou annexed both States and called it Sabakh Sanjal After the Muslims victory in these two States they launched jihad in Ngaye c 1861 and in Kaymor fr c 1863 and killed the Buumi Ngaye Biriama Jogop who refused to submit to Islam Waly Nyang the griot and advisor to the Buumi beat his tam tam and called for martyrdom in accordance with the Serer principle of Jom rather than succumbing to Islam Jom in Serer means honour The Serer religion permits suicide only if it satisfies the Jom principle see Serer religion 37 38 Maba Diakhou Ba leader of the Muslim marabouts was not involved in the attack of Kaymor The attack on Kaymor was done by the disgruntled three without his authority 37 but was involved in the attack at Ngaye 38 1862 The Battle of Tchicat Maba Diakhou Ba launched jihad in the Serer Kingdom of Saloum at Tchicat against Maad Saloum Samba Laobe Latsouka Sira Jogop Faal 32 39 That same year he launched jihad against the Kingdom of Baol 6 October 1862 At the Battle of Gouye Ndiouli the King of Saloum Samba Laobe Latsouka Sira Jogop Faal son of Princess Latsouka Sira Jogop Mbodj of Saloum had to battle his own father Ma Kodu Joof Faal 40 the King of Cayor who previously rejected the throne of Saloum in favour of Cayor until he was defeated and driven out of Cayor by the French When he tried to reclaim the throne of Saloum after his defeat the Great Jaraff 41 and his Noble Council refused to crown him king of Saloum The young king of Saloum Samba Laobe defeated his father paternal uncle and their armies and drove them out of Saloum 32 July 1863 The Serers massacred the French soldiers at the garrison of Pout The French sergeant barely escaped with his life Pinet Laprade the French governor in Senegal within few days exercised reprisals for the massacres and built the first fort in Thies 29 c 12 January 1864 Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof King of Sine granted asylum to Lat Jorr Ngoneh Latir Jobe King of Cayor after he was defeated and exiled by the French governor in Senegal Emile Pinet Laprade According to Serer oral tradition Lat Jorr was well received in Sine just as El Hadj Umar Tall was well received when he visited Sine However Lat Jorr they say betrayed the Kingdom of Sine when he sided with Maba Diakhou Ba at The Surprise of Mbin o Ngor and at The Battle of Fandane Thiouthioune 42 43 1867 The surprise of Mbin o Ngor the Muslims surprised the Serer people of Mbin o Ngor a small village in the Kingdom of Sine 18 July 1867 The Battle of Fandane Thiouthioune also known as the Battle of Somb Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof King of Sine defeated the Muslim marabouts and Maba Diakhou Ba the renowned jihadist was killed and dismembered 1881 1914 World War I The Scramble for Africa the European imperial powers divide Africa The Serer countries affected and the old open borders ceased to exist July 1890 The sacred stone of Mpal also known as the Stone of Mame Kantar was built and worshipped by the local Serer population as well as the Lebou people for many generation destroyed by Limamou and his Muslim disciples 44 20th century edit nbsp Leopold Sedar Senghor the first president of Senegal nbsp and Abdou Diouf the second president of Senegal Both of Serer heritage c 1905 1906 The French assisted the Wolofs against the Serers at the Battle of Diobas The Wolofs were victorious 45 1909 At Rufisque Galandou Diouf became the first African to be elected official during the colonial period 28 January 1924 The last king of Sine Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof succeeded to the throne 46 47 1929 Emergence of negritude In Senegal led by Leopold Sedar Senghor c 1930 Alioune Sarr the historian and author developed his famous work Histoire du Sine Saloum A work that has become one of the benchmarks of Serer medieval history 1934 Death of Blaise Diagne and the election of Galandou Diouf at the Assemblee nationale francaise The last king of Saloum Maad Saloum Fode N Gouye Joof succeeded to the throne 46 1938 First strikes of railway workers in Thies Creation of the Institut Fondamental d Afrique Noire IFAN at Dakar Although founded under the premise of civilising it did provide the Serer intelligentsia like Leopold Sedar Senghor etc as well as other Senegalese groups with the platform to showcase their work 1939 1945 World War II the French recruited many Senegalese and the British conscripted many Gambians Many Serers and Africans fought and died in this war to defeat the Nazis 1940 Whilst fighting for France in the 2nd World War the future president of Senegal Leopold Sedar Senghor was captured by the Nazis and imprisoned for two years when they invaded France 1946 Alliance between Lamine Gueye and Leopold Sedar Senghor October 1947 March 1948 Strike of railway workers in Thies Extension of the Afrique occidentale francaise 1948 Political split of Leopold Sedar Senghor and Lamine Gueye and the foundation of Bloc democratique senegalais BDS 1958 Dissolution of the Afrique occidentale francaise AOF 1959 Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof the Gambian historian author nationalist and politician organized and led the Bread and Butter Demonstration in the Gambia against British colonialism 4 April 1960 Independence of Senegal from colonial France 48 6 September 1960 Leopold Sedar Senghor became the first president of Senegal 1 May 1963 Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof the Gambia s leading nationalist and Pan Africanist in the colonial era delivered a speech in the first ever conference of the Organization of African Unity held at Addis Ababa In addressing the Member States Cham Joof told them to endeavour their utmost to eradicate colonialism and neo colonialism from Africa and ultimately from the world 49 18 February 1965 The Gambia gained its independence from colonial Britain 31 December 1980 Leopold Sedar Senghor left office as president of Senegal 1 January 1981 Abdou Diouf succeeded Leopold Sedar Senghor as the second president of Senegal 1986 President Abdou Diouf s anti AIDS program resulted in Senegal having one of the lowest HIV AIDS infections in Africa 50 1989 Ibrahima Moctar Sarr the Mauritanian journalist politician and co founder of African Liberation Forces of Mauritania released from prison after his imprisonment for defending the civil rights of the Black people of Mauritania 16 December 1991 Pap Saine the Gambian publisher and editor co founded The Point Newspaper with Deyda Hydara and Babucarr Gaye 21st century edit 1 April 2000 President Abdou Diouf like his predecessor Leopold Sedar Senghor peacefully and democratically handed over power after he was defeated in Senegal s 2000 General Elections 6 May 2001 Death of Judge Laity Kama the first president of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda He was also one of the longest serving judges of that Tribunal 20 December 2001 Death of Leopold Sedar Senghor 2 February 2009 Pap Saine arrested by Gambian police for suspicion of publishing and spreading false information followed by a series of further arrests and false charges 2010 Pap Saine the Gambian publisher of The Point Newspaper awarded the World Press Freedom Hero by the International Press Institute for his work on freedom of the press 2 April 2011 Death of Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof See also editRoog Saltigue Senegambian stone circles Cekeen Tumulus History of Senegal History of the Gambia History of Mali Adrar Plateau Adrar Region Tichit List of years in Senegal Timeline of Senegal fr Years in Mauritania nbsp History portal nbsp Senegal portal nbsp Gambia portal nbsp Mauritania portal nbsp Traditional African religion portal nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serer history Notes edit Gravrand Henry La civilisation Sereer Cosaan p 62 Trimingham John Spencer A history of Islam in West Africa Oxford University Press USA 1970 p 234 Hrbek I 1992 General History of Africa volume 3 Africa from the 7th to the 11th Century Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century v 3 Unesco General History of Africa abridged James Carey p 67 ISBN 978 0852550939 Creevey Lucy August 1996 Islam Women and the Role of the State in Senegal Journal of Religion in Africa 26 3 268 307 doi 10 1163 157006696x00299 JSTOR 1581646 Fage John Donnelly 1997 Upper and Lower Guinea In Roland Oliver ed The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 3 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0521209816 Mwakikagile Godfrey Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia The Land The People and The Culture 2010 p 231 ISBN 9987932223 Page Willie F Encyclopedia of African history and culture African kingdoms 500 to 1500 p209 Vol 2 Facts on File 2001 ISBN 0 8160 4472 4 Trimingham John Spencer A history of Islam in West Africa pp 174 176 amp 234 Oxford University Press USA 1970 Page Willie F Encyclopedia of African history and culture African kingdoms 500 to 1500 p 676 Vol 2 Facts on File 2001 ISBN 0 8160 4472 4 Niane Djibril Tamsir General History of Africa Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century pp 119 120 UNESCO 1984 ISBN 9231017101 1 Abdur Rahman I Doi Islam in Nigeria Gaskiya Corp 1984 p 9 Nnoli Okwudiba Ethnic conflicts in Africa p 241 CODESRIA 1998 ISBN 2 86978 070 2 La famille Juuf in L epopee de Sanmoon Fay in Ethiopiques no 54 vol 7 2e semestre 1991 For the old Serer paternal dynasties such as the Joof family or Diouf and the Wagadou maternal dynasty see in English Phillips Lucie Colvin Historical dictionary of Senegal Scarecrow Press 1981 pp 52 71 ISBN 0 8108 1369 6 in English Clark Andrew F amp Philips Lucie Colvin Historical Dictionary of Senegal Second Edition 1994 amp in French Institut fondamental d Afrique noire Bulletin de l Institut fondamental d Afrique noire Volume 38 IFAN 1976 pp 557 504 For the Guelowars see in French Sarr Alioune Histoire du Sine Saloum Introduction bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker BIFAN Tome 46 Serie B n 3 4 1986 1987 p 239 p 21 Diouf Niokhobaye Chronique du royaume du Sine par suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources ecrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin Bulletin de l Ifan Tome 34 Serie B n 4 1972 p 706 Charles Eunice A Precolonial Senegal the Jolof Kingdom 1800 1890 African Studies Center Boston University 1977 pp 1 3 Fage John Donnelly 1997 Upper and Lower Guinea In Roland Oliver ed The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 3 Cambridge University Press p 484 ISBN 978 0521209816 Conrad David C Empires of Medieval West Africa p 12 Infobase Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 4381 0319 0 Hair Paul Edward Hedley The Use of African Languages in Afro European contacts in Guinea 1440 1560 in Sierra Leone Language Review no 5 1966 p 13 2 Hair Paul Edward Hedley Africa encountered European contacts and evidence 1450 1700 Variorum 1997 pp 213 15 amp 248 ISBN 0 86078 626 9 It was a corruption by Alvise see Boulegue Jean Le Grand Jolof XVIIIe XVIe Siecle Paris Edition Facades Karthala 1987 p 16 Alvise Cadamosto the 15th century explorer in modern day Senegambia had never set foot in Serer country His ship proceeded to the Gambia after one of his Wolof interpreters sent to negotiate slave terms with the local Serer community living in the Cayor border was killed on the spot by this Serer community Neither Alvise nor any of his party left the ship The ship proceeded to the Gambia Since Alvise had never entered Serer country most of his opinions about the Serers were coming from his Wolof interpreters The Wolofs of Cayor were in constant war with Serer community living on their border and were fearful of these Serers as narrated by Alvise himself In Kerr Alvise refer to the Serers as without kings However these Serers were those living on the Wolof Cayor border and refused to submit to the kings of Cayor Alvise did not know that the Kingdom of Sine was actually a Serer kingdom where the Barbacini a corruption of the Wolof Bur Ba Sine which means king of Sine took residence See in French Boulegue Jean Le Grand Jolof XVIIIe XVIe Siecle Paris Edition Facades Karthala 1987 p 16 Also in English Kerr Robert A general history of voyages and travels to the end of the 18th century pp 238 240 J Ballantyne amp Co 1811 in French Verrier Frederique Introduction Voyages en Afrique noire d Alvise Ca da Mosto 1455 amp 1456 p 136 Chandeigne Paris 1994 in English Russell Peter E Prince Henry the Navigator a life New Haven Conn Yale University Press 2000 pp 299 300 a b Ba Abdou Bouri Essai sur l histoire du Saloum et du Rip Avant propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin Publie dans le Bulletin de l Institut Fondamental d Afrique Noire pp 10 27 A mission which had eluded the Faal var Fall dynasty from the 16th to the 19th centuries See Fall Fall Tanor Latsoukabe Recueil sur la Vie des Damel Introduit et commente par Charles Becker et Victor Martin BIFAN Tome 36 Serie B n 1 janvier 1974 Boulegue pp 169 180 They are not Wolofs either They were originally Black Moors Naari Kajoor meaning Moors of Cayor however they became Wolofized and adopted Wolof culture Diop Cheikh Anta Modum Egbuna P Towards the African renaissance essays in African culture amp development 1946 1960 p 28 a b c d in French Ndiaye Ousmane Semou Diversite et unicite Sereres L exemple de la Region de Thies Ethiopiques n 54 revue semestrielle de culture negro africaine Nouvelle serie volume 7 2e semestre 1991 3 Diouf Niokhobaye Chronique du royaume du Sine Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources ecrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin 1972 Bulletin de l Ifan Tome 34 Serie B n 4 1972 pp 722 733 a b in French Diouf Mahawa L INFORMATION HISTORIQUE L EXEMPLE DU SIIN Ethiopiques n 54 Revue semestrielle de culture negro Africaine Nouvelle serie volume 7 2e semestre 1991 4 a b c Sarr Histoire du Sine Saloum pp 33 5 Variation Diogomay French spelling of Jogoymay in Senegal French spelling in Senegal Madiodio Fall a b Klein Martin Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum p130 Titles of the Chief of Sabakh and Sanjal respective Both States were tributary to the Kingdom of Saloum a b Klein pp 74 75 a b Camara Alhaji Sait in GRTS programmes Sunu Chossan Variations Samba Laobe Fall or Samba Laobe Latsouck Sira Diogop Fall Variation Mang Codou Head of the noble council of electors responsible for electing the kings from the royal family He was equivalent to a Prime Minister in Serer country Sarr pp 37 38 Diouf Niokhobaye pp 726 727 Kesteloot Lilyan Mbodj Cherif Ba Seydou Contes et mythes wolof critic editors Lilyan Kesteloot Cherif Mbodj Nouvelles Editions Africaines 1983 pp 15 111 179 80 John D Tuxill Gary Paul Nabhan World Wide Fund for Nature Royal Botanic Gardens Kew People Plants and Protected Areas A Guide to in Situ Management p 50 a b Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 p XV Le Soleil Senegal Diallo Ibrahima The Politics of National Languages in Postcolonial Senegal See Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof Abstract printed on The Point Newspaper Message to the Founding Fathers of the OAU at their First Conference at Addis Ababa 1st May 1963 2006 Meredith The Fate of Africa p 367 Public Affaires 2005 Bibliography edit Gravrand Henry La Civilisation Sereer Pangool vol 2 Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal 1990 ISBN 2 7236 1055 1 Gravrand Henry La civilisation Sereer VOL 1 Cosaan les origines Nouvelles Editions africaines 1983 ISBN 2723608778 Gravrand Henry L HERITAGE SPIRITUEL SEREER VALEUR TRADITIONNELLE D HIER D AUJOURD HUI ET DE DEMAIN in Ethiopiques numero 31 revue socialiste de culture negro africaine 3e trimestre 1982 Human Evolution by The Smithsonian Institution s Human Origins Program Goodman M Tagle D Fitch D Bailey W Czelusniak J Koop B Benson P Slightom J 1990 Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids J Mol Evol 30 3 pp 260 266 Descamps Cyr Contribution a la Prehistoire de l Ouest senegalais these Paris p 315 inedit p 126 Diouf Mahawa L INFORMATION HISTORIQUE L EXEMPLE DU SIIN Ethiopiques n 54 Revue semestrielle de culture negro Africaine Nouvelle serie volume 7 2e semestre 1991 Descamps Cyr Quelques reflexions sur le Neolithique du Senegal vol 1 pp 145 151 West African Journal of Archaeology 1981 Dagan Th Le Site prehistorique de Tiemassas Senegal pp 432 438 Bulletin de l Institut Francais d Afrique Noire 1956 McMahon Robin On the Origin of Diversity Filament Publishing Ltd 2011 ISBN 1905493878 UNESCO General history of Africa vol 1 Methodology and African Prehistory UNESCO International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa Heinemann Publishers University of California Press UNESCO 1981 ISBN 0 435 94807 5 cased Clementine Faik Nzuji Madiya Canadian Museum of Civilization Tracing memory a glossary of graphic signs and symbols in African art and culture Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies International Centre for African Language Literature and Tradition Louvain Belgium ISBN 0 660 15965 1 pp 27 115 Rake Alan New African yearbook Volumes 1999 2000 Africa Book Centre Limited 2000 ISBN 0905268636 Rigby Leonard D Katz Evolutionary Origins of Morality Cross disciplinary Perspectives Imprint Academic ISBN 0719056128 Sarr Alioune Histoire du Sine Saloum Introduction bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker BIFAN Tome 46 Serie B n 3 4 1986 1987 Diouf Niokhobaye Chronique du royaume du Sine par suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources ecrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin Bulletin de l Ifan Tome 34 Serie B n 4 1972 Diamond Jared 1999 Guns Germs and Steel New York Norton Press ISBN 0 393 31755 2 A Secka I Sow and M Niass Collaborators A D Ndoye T Kante A Thiam P Faye and T Ndiaye Senegal Horticonsult The biodiversity of traditional leafy vegetables Mwakikagile Godfrey The Gambia and Its People Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa 2010 ISBN 9987 16 023 9 Mwakikagile Godfrey Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia The Land The People and The Culture 2010 ISBN 9987932223 University of Calgary Dept of Archaeology Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America Society of Africanist Archaeologists Newsletter of African archaeology Issues 47 50 Dept of Archaeology University of Calgary 1997 Becker Charles Vestiges historiques tremoins materiels du passe clans les pays sereer Dakar 1993 CNRS ORS TO M Foltz William J From French West Africa to the Mali Federation vol 12 of Yale studies in political science p 136 Yale University Press 1965 Chavane Bruno A Villages de l ancien Tekrour Vol 2 Hommes et societes Archeologies africaines KARTHALA Editions 1985 ISBN 2865371433 Laude Jean The Arts of Black Africa University of California Press 1973 translated by Jean Decock ISBN 0520023587 Ben Jochannan Yosef Black Man of the Nile and His Family ed 2 Black Classic Press 1972 ISBN 0933121261 Ajayi J F Ade Crowder Michael History of West Africa Volume 1 Longman 1985 ISBN 0582646839 African Studies Association History in Africa Volume 11 African Studies Association 1984 the University of Michigan Monteil Charles Fin de siecle a Medine 1898 1899 Bulletin de l lFAN vol 28 serie B n 1 2 1966 Monteil Charles La legende officielle de Soundiata fondateur de l empire manding Bulletin du Comite d Etudes historiques et scientifiques de l AOF tome VIII n 2 1924 Cornevin Robert Histoire de l Afrique Tome I des origines au XVIe siecle Paris 1962 Crowder Michael West Africa an introduction to its history Longman 1977 Delafosse Maurice Haut Senegal Niger Le Pays les Peuples les Langues l Histoire les Civilizations vols 1 3 Paris Emile Larose 1912 editors Marie Francois Joseph Clozel Monteil Charles Melanges ethnologiques Memoires de IFAN Dakar 1953 no 23 Phillips Lucie Colvin Historical dictionary of Senegal Scarecrow Press 1981 ISBN 0 8108 1369 6 Institut fondamental d Afrique noire Bulletin de l Institut fondamental d Afrique noire Volume 38 IFAN 1976 Clark Andrew F amp Philips Lucie Colvin Historical Dictionary of Senegal Second Edition 1994 Trimingham John Spencer A history of Islam in West Africa Oxford University Press USA 1970 Gamble David P amp Salmon Linda K with Alhaji Hassan Njie Gambian Studies No 17 People of The Gambia I The Wolof with notes on the Serer and the Lebou San Francisco 1985 Stride G T Ifeka Caroline Peoples and empires of West Africa West Africa in history 1000 1800 Africana Pub Corp 1971 Houtsma M Th L Moriscos editor M Th Houtsma BRILL 1993 ISBN 9004097910 Page Willie F Encyclopedia of African history and culture African kingdoms 500 to 1500 Vol 2 Facts on File 2001 ISBN 0 8160 4472 4 Niane Djibril Tamsir General History of Africa Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century UNESCO 1984 ISBN 9231017101 Niane Djibril Tamsir Histoire des Mandingues de l Ouest le royaume du Gabou KARTHALA Editions 1989 ISBN 2865372367 Abdur Rahman I Doi Islam in Nigeria Gaskiya Corp 1984 p 9 Bulletin de l Institut fondamental d Afrique noire vol 26 27 1964 Nnoli Okwudiba Ethnic conflicts in Africa CODESRIA 1998 ISBN 2 86978 070 2 La famille Juuf in L epopee de Sanmoon Fay in Ethiopiques no 54 vol 7 2e semestre Ngom Biram Babacar Sedikh Diouf La question Gelwaar et l histoire du Siin Universite de Dakar Dakar 1987 Charles Eunice A Precolonial Senegal the Jolof Kingdom 1800 1890 African Studies Center Boston University 1977 Conrad David C Empires of Medieval West Africa Infobase Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 4381 0319 0 Hair Paul Edward Hedley Africa encountered European contacts and evidence 1450 1700 Variorum 1997 ISBN 0 86078 626 9 Boulegue Jean Le Grand Jolof XVIIIe XVIe Siecle Paris Edition Facades Karthala 1987 Kerr Robert A general history of voyages and travels to the end of the 18th century p238 240 J Ballantyne amp Co 1811 Verrier Frederique Introduction Voyages en Afrique noire d Alvise Ca da Mosto 1455 amp 1456 p 136 Chandeigne Paris 1994 Russell Peter E Prince Henry the Navigator a life New Haven Conn Yale University Press 2000 pp 299 300 Ba Abdou Bouri Essai sur l histoire du Saloum et du Rip Avant propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin Publie dans le Bulletin de l Institut Fondamental d Afrique Noire pp 10 27 Fall Tanor Latsoukabe Recueil sur la Vie des Damel Introduit et commente par Charles Becker et Victor Martin BIFAN Tome 36 Serie B n 1 janvier 1974 Ndiaye Ousmane Semou Diversite et unicite Sereres L exemple de la Region de Thies Ethiopiques n 54 revue semestrielle de culture negro africaine Nouvelle serie volume 7 2e semestre 1991 Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 ISBN 0 85224 029 5 Galvan Dennis Charles The State Must be our Master of Fire How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal Berkeley University of California Press 2004 ISBN 978 0 520 23591 5 Price Joan A Sacred Scriptures of the World Religions An Introduction Continuum International Publishing Group 2010 ISBN 082642354X Further reading edit Sonko Godwin Patience Ethnic groups of the Senegambia Region Sunrise Publishers Ltd 2003 ASIN B007HFNIHS Sonko Godwin Patience Leaders of the Senegambia Region Reaction to European infiltration 19th 20th Century Sunrise Publishers Ltd 1995 ISBN 9983 8600 2 3 Faye Louis Diene Mort et Naissance le monde sereer Les Nouvelles Edition Africaines 1983 ISBN 2 7236 0868 9 Crousse Bernard Le Bris Emile amp Le Roy Etienne Espaces disputes en Afrique noire pratiques foncieres locales Karthala ISBN 2 86537 146 8 Gastellu Jean Marc L egalitarisme economique des Serer du Senegal ORSTOM Paris 1981 ISBN 2 7099 0591 4 These de Sciences economiques soutenue a l Universite Paris 10 en 1978 Cyr Descamps Guy Thilmans et Y ThommeretLes tumulus coquilliers des iles du Saloum Senegal Bulletin ASEQUA Dakar Universite Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar 1979 n 54 Kalis Simone Medecine traditionnelle religion et divination chez les Seereer Siin du Senegal La connaissance de la nuit L Harmattan 1997 ISBN 2 7384 5196 9 Ngom Pierre Gaye Aliou amp Sarr Ibrahima Ethnic Diversity and Assimilation in Senegal Evidence from the 1998 Census University of Pennsylvania African Census Analysis Project ACAP February 2000 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Timeline of Serer history amp oldid 1219620951, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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