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Guelowar

Guelowar, also spelled Gelwar, Guelwar, Guelware, Gueleware or Gueloware, was a maternal dynasty in the pre-colonial Serer kingdoms of Sine and Saloum (in the Senegambia, but mainly in the western area of present-day Senegal). They were from the Mandinka ethnic group. The offspring of Mandinka women and Serer men became the kings of Sine and Saloum. The dynasty lasted from the mid-14th century to 1969, the year both kings died.[1][2][3][4][5]

History

Origin

The Guelowar family originated from Kaabu (centered in what is now modern-day Guinea Bissau) in the 14th century. Their oral tradition says that they are descended from Mansa Tiramakan Traore, a 13th century cousin and general of Mansa (king) Sundiata Keita of Mali. Mansa Tiramakan Traore (also spelled in many variations: Tiramakan Trawally, Tiramakhan Traore, etc.) had conquered the Bainuk people and killed the last great Bainuk king, King Kikikor, then renamed the country Kaabu before his death in 1265. He was the founder and Mansa of Kaabu. Their oral tradition also says that they are the descendants of Mansa Bala Diakha and Maisata Yembe Kame Guélaware (king and queen of a province of Kaabu). Others say they are descended from the royal branch of Princess Tenemba. The Mandinkas who founded Kaabu married into the noble Bainuk families. The Mandinkas also changed their own names and adopted Bainuk surnames.[6]

Kaabu was governed by the noble paternal "Sanneh" and "Manneh" clans (variations : Sane and Mane - both Bainuk and Jola surnames in origin, not Mandinka), with the noble maternal clans of Ñaanco and Guelowar. However, almost all the kings of Kaabu came from the Ñaanco maternal clan. The Guelowars were extended maternal relatives of the Ñaanco and one of their greatest threat to the throne.[6]

Migration to Serer regions

Henry Gravrand reported an oral tradition describing what he called the "Battle of Troubang", a dynastic war between the two maternal royal houses of Ñaanco and Guelowar, an offshoot and relatives of the Ñaanco (Nyanthio or Nyanco) maternal dynasty of Kaabu, in modern-day Guinea Bissau.[7][8]

Here Gravrand has not noticed that this is actually a description of the 1867 (or 1865) Battle of Kansala, although the departure of the Guelowar can probably be explained by a war or a conflict of succession.[9]

Whatever the reason, they left Kaabu c 1335.[10] According to oral tradition they were a mixture of Mandinka, descendants of Mansa Tiramang Trawally (many variations: Tiramakhan Traore, Tira Makhang Trawally, Tiramanghan Trawally or Tiramang Traore) of Mali and the Bainuk nobility, from the patrilineages of Sanneh and Manneh (Sané or Mané).[8][11] The Guelowars migrated to the Kingdom of Sine and were granted asylum by The Great Council of Lamanes (the Serer nobility).[12] The marriages between the Serer paternal clans such as Faye and Joof to the Guelwar women created the Serer paternal dynasties and a Guelowar maternal dynasty which replaced the old Wagadou maternal dynasty.[13] Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh (many variations in spelling: Maissa Wali, Maissa Wally also known as Maysa Wali Jon or Maysa Wali Dione) - (reigned 1350)[14] was the first Guelowar king of Sine post Troubang (1335). Having served for several years as legal advisor to The Great Council of Lamans and assimilated into Serer culture, he was elected and crowned the first Guelowar king of Sine in (1350).[12][15] His sisters and nieces were married off to the Serer nobility and the offspring of these unions where the kings of Sine and later Saloum (Maad a Sinig and Maad Saloum respectively).[12][15][16][17]

The mainstream view has been that Mandinka Guelowars of Kaabu conquered and subjugated the Serer people. Serer oral tradition speaks of no military conquest, but a union based on marriage; a marriage between the noble Guelowar maternal clan and the noble Serer paternal clans, the descendants of the old Serer Lamanic class. Almost all the kings of Sine and Saloum bore Serer surnames not Mandinka. Maysa Wali's paternal descendants did not rule in Sine neither did they rule in Saloum. It was the paternal descendants of the ancient Serer Lamanic class who ruled. Serer language, culture, religion and tradition also prevailed in Sine and Saloum not Mandinka. The Guelowars were incorporated into Serer society and they saw themselves as Serers.[18][19]

Although Wolof culture is also very strong in Saloum, just as Serer culture, Wolof people were migrants to the Serer Kingdom of Saloum. The Kingdom of Sine was ethnically Serer. The Kingdom of Saloum was mixed, but the non-Serer population were migrants.[20][21]

Senegambian kings from the Guelowar maternal clan

Some of the Senegambian kings belonging to the Guelowar maternal clan can be found below. Maad means king in Serer-Sine language. Maad a Sinig and Maad Saloum means "king of Sine" and "king of Saloum" respectively. There are many variations in the spelling of Maad. Sometimes it is spelled Mad, Maat, etc. Maad is also sometimes used interchangeably to refer to the ancient Serer kings – the Lamanes – who were the kings and landed gentry.[22]

Kingdom of Sine

Kingdom of Saloum

  • Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour, king of Saloum (Reigned: 1493)[25]
  • Maad Saloum Malaotan Joof, king of Saloum (Reigned: 1567)[25]
  • Maad Saloum Balleh Njugou Ndaw (Ballé Khordia Ndao), king of Saloum (Reigned: 1825 - 1853)[24]
  • Maad Saloum Bala Adam Njie, king of Saloum (Reigned: 1853 - 1856)[24]
  • Maad Saloum Kumba N'Dama Mbodj, king of Saloum (Reigned: 1856 - 1859)[24]
  • Maad Saloum Samba Laobeh Latsouka Faal, king of Saloum (Reigned: 1859 - 1864)[24]

Kingdom of Cayor and Baol

  • Damel Makodu Yandeh Mbarou Joof Faal, king of Baol (Teign) and of Cayor (Damel). Reigned: 1832 in Baol, 1860 - 1861 in Cayor. Died in June 1863 at Saloum (the ancestral land of his mother).[22][26]

Kingdom of Jolof

  • Bourba Mbagne Pateh Penda Kumba Ngouille Joof Njie - (Mbagne Paaté Coumba N'Gouye Diouf Ndiaye), king of Jolof (Reigned: 1846). Killed at the Battle of Diakhabour (1846).[22][27]
  • Bourba Biram Penda Kumba Ngouille Joof Njie - (Birame Penda Coumba N'Gouye Diouf Ndiaye), king of Jolof (Reigned: 1846). Assassinated in 1846.[22][27]

Rest of Senegambia

  • Mama Tamba Jammeh, king of Yilliyassa (in the Gambia), descendant of Lingeer Kaasa Mengeh (Kaasa Menge) of Saloum.[22]

Around the 17th century, there were three main branches of the Guelowar maternal clan in the Serer kingdoms. They were founded by three sisters. They were Lingeers (queens or princesses) whose names are used to refer to their maternal descendants. They include:

1. The Keway Begay clan (English spelling in Gambia or Keve Bigui - French spelling in Senegal)
2. The Horaja Begay clan (Khoredia Bigui in Senegal)
3. The Jogop Begay clan (Diogop Bigui in Senegal)

The princes who belonged to these three maternal clans were engaged in several wars in Senegambia, in order to ensure the succession of their maternal clan. The Serer princes belonging to the clans Keway Begay and Jogop Begay were engaged in constant battles.[28]

In popular culture

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal). Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986-87. p21
  2. ^ Guy Thilmans, Cyr Descamps, Abdoulaye Camara, Senegalia, études sur le patrimoine ouest-africain : hommage à Guy Thilmans, Sépia (2006). ISBN 2-84280-122-9. pp 220-221
  3. ^ Martin A. Klein. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914, Edinburgh University Press (1968). p XV
  4. ^ Michael J. Sheridan, Celia Nyamweru. African sacred groves: ecological dynamics & social change. James Currey, 2008. ISBN 0-8214-1789-4. p 141
  5. ^ (in French) Parcours [1]
  6. ^ a b Ngom, Biram: La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin, Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1987 "
  7. ^ Innes, Gordon, Suso, Bamba, Kanute, Banna , Kanute, Dembo, ""Sunjata: three Mandinka versions", p128, Psychology Press, 1974. ISBN 0-7286-0003-X
  8. ^ a b Fage, J. D., Oliver, Roland Anthony, The Cambridge history of Africa, p282, Cambridge University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-521-20413-5
  9. ^ Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal) Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. 1986-87, p 235
  10. ^ Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal) Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. 1986-87, p 19
  11. ^ Innes, Gordon; Suso, Bamba; Kanute, Banna; Kanute, Dembo, Sunjata: three Mandinka versions, p 128, Psychology Press, 1974. ISBN 0-7286-0003-X
  12. ^ a b c Ngom, Biram,(Babacar Sédikh Diouf). La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin, Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1987, 69 p.
  13. ^ For the old Serer paternal dynasties such as the Joof family etc., and the Wagadou maternal dynasty, including the Kingdom of Baol - an old Serer Kingdom, See : (Ning & Sain 1972) [in] Colvin, Lucie Gallistel, Historical Dictionary of Senegal, Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ – London (1981) ISBN 0-8108-1885-X
  14. ^ For Maysa Wali's reign, see : Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal), (introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker), in Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 46, série B, nos 3-4, 1986–1987. p 19. See also : (in French) Éthiopiques, Volume 2, p 100-101, Grande imprimerie africaine (1984)
  15. ^ a b Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum" (Sénégal), (introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker), in Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 46, série B, nos 3-4, 1986–1987. p 19
  16. ^ Gravrand, Henry, Le Gabou dans les traditions orales du Ngabou, Éthiopiques 28 special issue No, socialist journal of Black African culture (1981)
  17. ^ Sarr, Alioune, p 19
  18. ^ Sarr, Alioune: Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal) . Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986-87. p 19
  19. ^ Ngom, Biram (Babacar Sédikh Diouf): La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin, Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1987, p 69
  20. ^ Klein, Martin A: Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914. Edinburgh University Press (1968), p 7
  21. ^ Diange, Pathé. Les Royaumes Sérères, Présence Africaines, No. 54. (1965). pp 142-172
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ndiaye, Fata: La Saga du peuple Serere et L'Histoire du Sine. Ethiopiques n°54 revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine Nouvelle série volume 7 2e semestre 1991
  23. ^ a b Niokhobaye Diouf: Chronique du royaume du Sine. suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine. p 712-733
  24. ^ a b c d e f Klein, Martin A: Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914. Edinburgh University Press (1968), p XV
  25. ^ a b Ba, Abdou Bouri. Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip. Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Publié dans le Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire. pp 10-27
  26. ^ Klein, Martin A: Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914. Edinburgh University Press (1968), pp 74-77
  27. ^ a b Ndiaye Leyti, Oumar. Le Djoloff et ses Bourba. (1966)
  28. ^ Klein, Martin A: Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914. Edinburgh University Press (1968), pp 45, 75, 105, 157, 173

guelowar, further, information, lamane, timeline, serer, history, also, spelled, gelwar, guelwar, guelware, gueleware, maternal, dynasty, colonial, serer, kingdoms, sine, saloum, senegambia, mainly, western, area, present, senegal, they, were, from, mandinka, . Further information Lamane and Timeline of Serer history Guelowar also spelled Gelwar Guelwar Guelware Gueleware or Gueloware was a maternal dynasty in the pre colonial Serer kingdoms of Sine and Saloum in the Senegambia but mainly in the western area of present day Senegal They were from the Mandinka ethnic group The offspring of Mandinka women and Serer men became the kings of Sine and Saloum The dynasty lasted from the mid 14th century to 1969 the year both kings died 1 2 3 4 5 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origin 2 Migration to Serer regions 3 Senegambian kings from the Guelowar maternal clan 3 1 Kingdom of Sine 3 2 Kingdom of Saloum 3 3 Kingdom of Cayor and Baol 3 4 Kingdom of Jolof 3 5 Rest of Senegambia 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 NotesHistory EditOrigin Edit The Guelowar family originated from Kaabu centered in what is now modern day Guinea Bissau in the 14th century Their oral tradition says that they are descended from Mansa Tiramakan Traore a 13th century cousin and general of Mansa king Sundiata Keita of Mali Mansa Tiramakan Traore also spelled in many variations Tiramakan Trawally Tiramakhan Traore etc had conquered the Bainuk people and killed the last great Bainuk king King Kikikor then renamed the country Kaabu before his death in 1265 He was the founder and Mansa of Kaabu Their oral tradition also says that they are the descendants of Mansa Bala Diakha and Maisata Yembe Kame Guelaware king and queen of a province of Kaabu Others say they are descended from the royal branch of Princess Tenemba The Mandinkas who founded Kaabu married into the noble Bainuk families The Mandinkas also changed their own names and adopted Bainuk surnames 6 Kaabu was governed by the noble paternal Sanneh and Manneh clans variations Sane and Mane both Bainuk and Jola surnames in origin not Mandinka with the noble maternal clans of Naanco and Guelowar However almost all the kings of Kaabu came from the Naanco maternal clan The Guelowars were extended maternal relatives of the Naanco and one of their greatest threat to the throne 6 Migration to Serer regions EditHenry Gravrand reported an oral tradition describing what he called the Battle of Troubang a dynastic war between the two maternal royal houses of Naanco and Guelowar an offshoot and relatives of the Naanco Nyanthio or Nyanco maternal dynasty of Kaabu in modern day Guinea Bissau 7 8 Here Gravrand has not noticed that this is actually a description of the 1867 or 1865 Battle of Kansala although the departure of the Guelowar can probably be explained by a war or a conflict of succession 9 Whatever the reason they left Kaabu c 1335 10 According to oral tradition they were a mixture of Mandinka descendants of Mansa Tiramang Trawally many variations Tiramakhan Traore Tira Makhang Trawally Tiramanghan Trawally or Tiramang Traore of Mali and the Bainuk nobility from the patrilineages of Sanneh and Manneh Sane or Mane 8 11 The Guelowars migrated to the Kingdom of Sine and were granted asylum by The Great Council of Lamanes the Serer nobility 12 The marriages between the Serer paternal clans such as Faye and Joof to the Guelwar women created the Serer paternal dynasties and a Guelowar maternal dynasty which replaced the old Wagadou maternal dynasty 13 Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh many variations in spelling Maissa Wali Maissa Wally also known as Maysa Wali Jon or Maysa Wali Dione reigned 1350 14 was the first Guelowar king of Sine post Troubang 1335 Having served for several years as legal advisor to The Great Council of Lamans and assimilated into Serer culture he was elected and crowned the first Guelowar king of Sine in 1350 12 15 His sisters and nieces were married off to the Serer nobility and the offspring of these unions where the kings of Sine and later Saloum Maad a Sinig and Maad Saloum respectively 12 15 16 17 The mainstream view has been that Mandinka Guelowars of Kaabu conquered and subjugated the Serer people Serer oral tradition speaks of no military conquest but a union based on marriage a marriage between the noble Guelowar maternal clan and the noble Serer paternal clans the descendants of the old Serer Lamanic class Almost all the kings of Sine and Saloum bore Serer surnames not Mandinka Maysa Wali s paternal descendants did not rule in Sine neither did they rule in Saloum It was the paternal descendants of the ancient Serer Lamanic class who ruled Serer language culture religion and tradition also prevailed in Sine and Saloum not Mandinka The Guelowars were incorporated into Serer society and they saw themselves as Serers 18 19 Although Wolof culture is also very strong in Saloum just as Serer culture Wolof people were migrants to the Serer Kingdom of Saloum The Kingdom of Sine was ethnically Serer The Kingdom of Saloum was mixed but the non Serer population were migrants 20 21 Senegambian kings from the Guelowar maternal clan EditSome of the Senegambian kings belonging to the Guelowar maternal clan can be found below Maad means king in Serer Sine language Maad a Sinig and Maad Saloum means king of Sine and king of Saloum respectively There are many variations in the spelling of Maad Sometimes it is spelled Mad Maat etc Maad is also sometimes used interchangeably to refer to the ancient Serer kings the Lamanes who were the kings and landed gentry 22 Kingdom of Sine Edit Maad a Sinig Waagaan Tenin Jom Faye 22 Waagaan Kumbasaanjaan Faye 22 Laasuk Fanaan Faye 22 Maad a Sinig Sanmoon Faye 22 Maad a Sinig Niokhobaye Mane Nyan Joof 23 Maad a Sinig Guejopal Mane Nyan Joof 23 Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof king of Sine Reigned 1853 1871 Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof king of Sine Reigned 1898 1924 24 Maad a Sinig Mbackeh Kodu Njie M Backe Mak king of Sine Reigned 1884 1885 24 Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof king of Sine Reigned 1924 1969 Kingdom of Saloum Edit Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour king of Saloum Reigned 1493 25 Maad Saloum Malaotan Joof king of Saloum Reigned 1567 25 Maad Saloum Balleh Njugou Ndaw Balle Khordia Ndao king of Saloum Reigned 1825 1853 24 Maad Saloum Bala Adam Njie king of Saloum Reigned 1853 1856 24 Maad Saloum Kumba N Dama Mbodj king of Saloum Reigned 1856 1859 24 Maad Saloum Samba Laobeh Latsouka Faal king of Saloum Reigned 1859 1864 24 Kingdom of Cayor and Baol Edit Damel Makodu Yandeh Mbarou Joof Faal king of Baol Teign and of Cayor Damel Reigned 1832 in Baol 1860 1861 in Cayor Died in June 1863 at Saloum the ancestral land of his mother 22 26 Kingdom of Jolof Edit Bourba Mbagne Pateh Penda Kumba Ngouille Joof Njie Mbagne Paate Coumba N Gouye Diouf Ndiaye king of Jolof Reigned 1846 Killed at the Battle of Diakhabour 1846 22 27 Bourba Biram Penda Kumba Ngouille Joof Njie Birame Penda Coumba N Gouye Diouf Ndiaye king of Jolof Reigned 1846 Assassinated in 1846 22 27 Rest of Senegambia Edit Mama Tamba Jammeh king of Yilliyassa in the Gambia descendant of Lingeer Kaasa Mengeh Kaasa Menge of Saloum 22 Around the 17th century there were three main branches of the Guelowar maternal clan in the Serer kingdoms They were founded by three sisters They were Lingeers queens or princesses whose names are used to refer to their maternal descendants They include 1 The Keway Begay clan English spelling in Gambia or Keve Bigui French spelling in Senegal 2 The Horaja Begay clan Khoredia Bigui in Senegal 3 The Jogop Begay clan Diogop Bigui in Senegal The princes who belonged to these three maternal clans were engaged in several wars in Senegambia in order to ensure the succession of their maternal clan The Serer princes belonging to the clans Keway Begay and Jogop Begay were engaged in constant battles 28 In popular culture EditGuelwaar a film by Ousmane Sembene 1992 which borrows the name See also Edit Senegal portal Gambia portal Africa portal Monarchy portalKingdom of Sine Kingdom of Saloum Serer people Serer history medieval era to present Timeline of Serer history History of Senegal History of the GambiaNotes Edit Sarr Alioune Histoire du Sine Saloum Senegal Introduction bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker Version legerement remaniee par rapport a celle qui est parue en 1986 87 p21 Guy Thilmans Cyr Descamps Abdoulaye Camara Senegalia etudes sur le patrimoine ouest africain hommage a Guy Thilmans Sepia 2006 ISBN 2 84280 122 9 pp 220 221 Martin A Klein Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 p XV Michael J Sheridan Celia Nyamweru African sacred groves ecological dynamics amp social change James Currey 2008 ISBN 0 8214 1789 4 p 141 in French Parcours 1 a b Ngom Biram La question Gelwaar et l histoire du Siin Dakar Universite de Dakar 1987 Innes Gordon Suso Bamba Kanute Banna Kanute Dembo Sunjata three Mandinka versions p128 Psychology Press 1974 ISBN 0 7286 0003 X a b Fage J D Oliver Roland Anthony The Cambridge history of Africa p282 Cambridge University Press 1975 ISBN 0 521 20413 5 Sarr Alioune Histoire du Sine Saloum Senegal Introduction bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker 1986 87 p 235 Sarr Alioune Histoire du Sine Saloum Senegal Introduction bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker 1986 87 p 19 Innes Gordon Suso Bamba Kanute Banna Kanute Dembo Sunjata three Mandinka versions p 128 Psychology Press 1974 ISBN 0 7286 0003 X a b c Ngom Biram Babacar Sedikh Diouf La question Gelwaar et l histoire du Siin Dakar Universite de Dakar 1987 69 p For the old Serer paternal dynasties such as the Joof family etc and the Wagadou maternal dynasty including the Kingdom of Baol an old Serer Kingdom See Ning amp Sain 1972 in Colvin Lucie Gallistel Historical Dictionary of Senegal Scarecrow Press Metuchen NJ London 1981 ISBN 0 8108 1885 X For Maysa Wali s reign see Sarr Alioune Histoire du Sine Saloum Senegal introduction bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker in Bulletin de l IFAN tome 46 serie B nos 3 4 1986 1987 p 19 See also in French Ethiopiques Volume 2 p 100 101 Grande imprimerie africaine 1984 a b Sarr Alioune Histoire du Sine Saloum Senegal introduction bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker in Bulletin de l IFAN tome 46 serie B nos 3 4 1986 1987 p 19 Gravrand Henry Le Gabou dans les traditions orales du Ngabou Ethiopiques 28 special issue No socialist journal of Black African culture 1981 Sarr Alioune p 19 Sarr Alioune Histoire du Sine Saloum Senegal Introduction bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker Version legerement remaniee par rapport a celle qui est parue en 1986 87 p 19 Ngom Biram Babacar Sedikh Diouf La question Gelwaar et l histoire du Siin Dakar Universite de Dakar 1987 p 69 Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 p 7 Diange Pathe Les Royaumes Sereres Presence Africaines No 54 1965 pp 142 172 a b c d e f g h i Ndiaye Fata La Saga du peuple Serere et L Histoire du Sine Ethiopiques n 54 revue semestrielle de culture negro africaine Nouvelle serie volume 7 2e semestre 1991 a b Niokhobaye Diouf Chronique du royaume du Sine suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources ecrites concernant le royaume du Sine p 712 733 a b c d e f Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 p XV a b Ba Abdou Bouri Essai sur l histoire du Saloum et du Rip Avant propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin Publie dans le Bulletin de l Institut Fondamental d Afrique Noire pp 10 27 Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 pp 74 77 a b Ndiaye Leyti Oumar Le Djoloff et ses Bourba 1966 Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 pp 45 75 105 157 173 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Guelowar amp oldid 1122226291, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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