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Saloum

March 29, 2023

For the film, see Saloum (film). For the river, see Saloum River.

The Kingdom of Saloum (Serer language: Saluum or Saalum) was a Serer/Wolof[3] kingdom in present-day Senegal. Its kings may have been of Mandinka/Kaabu origin.[3] The capital of Saloum was the city of Kahone. It was a sister kingdom of Sine. Their history, geography and culture were intricately linked and it was common to refer to them as the Sine-Saloum.

Kingdom of Saloum
Saluum
1494–1969
StatusProtectorate of France (from 1864) and Senegal (from 1960)
CapitalKahone
Common languages
Religion
Serer religion - Islam introduced later (mainly practiced among the Wolof and Fula immigrants)[1][2]
GovernmentMonarchy
Rulers of Saloum 
• 1494 – c. 1520
Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour (Guelowar period)
• 1935–1969
Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof
Historical eraMedieval
• (Paternal Serer and maternal Guelowar dynastic period. Previously paternal Serer and maternal Wagadou dynastic period, before that the Lamanic period.
1494
• Death of the Serer king, Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof, last king of Saloum.
1969

History

 
Apartment of the Maad Saloum (king of Saloum) in 1821.
 
Carte des peuplades du Sénégal de l'abbé Boilat (1853): an ethnic map of Senegal at the time of French colonialism. The pre-colonial states of Baol, Sine and Saloum are arrayed along the southwest coast, with the inland areas marked "Peuple Sérère".
Further information: Serer ancient history, Serer history (medieval era to present), and Timeline of Serer history

Saloum, just like its sister kingdom (the Kingdom of Sine), is known for its many ancient burial mounds or "tumuli" containing the graves of kings and others. The kingdom has numerous mysterious stone circles whose functions and history were unknown until recently.[4]

Historian Donald R. Wright states that "In the last decade of the fifteenth century, a group of nyancho lineages from Kaabu moved north of the Gambia River and took over an area on the southern edge of the weakening Jolof Empire. From a settlement near the mouth of the Saloum River, these lineages soon mixed with the existing Wolof and Serer population and established the state of Saloum."[5]

According to Abdou Bouri Ba the Kingdom of Saloum was previously known as Mbey (in Serer) and was renamed Saloum by the Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour in the later part of the 15th century (c. 1494).[6] For several centuries prior to its renaming, its capital was called Ngap.[7] According to Serer oral tradition, it was named after Saalum Suwareh, a marabout of Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour (variation: Mbegani Ndour). The tradition went on to say that, Saalum Suwareh agreed to give a juju fetish to Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour (originally from the Kingdom of Sine) in order to defeat the Toucouleur conqueror and his Muslim marabouts provided he promised to rename the country after him once he is victorious. Mbegan Ndour agreed. After this oral contract, Mbegan Ndour defeated Ali Elibana and drove his Muslim marabout forces out of Saloum and reign over the country. Like the Kingdom of Sine, the population is overrun and ruled by the Serer people. The two are generally referred to as the Serer Kingdoms. Many parts of present-day Gambia were former colonies of the Kingdom of Saloum. Originally, Saloum extended south to the north banks of the Gambia River. Present-day Gambia was referred to as Lower Saloum. Upper Saloum was where modern day Saloum is in Senegal. Saloum also had control for a time the Kingdom of Baol. The States of Sabakh and Sandial were ruled by the Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial (respective titles of the chiefs),[8] and were both tributary to the king at Kahone (the Maad Saloum). Around 1862, Sambou Oumanneh Touray, a disciple of Maba Diakhou Bâ launched a jihad in Sabakh and Sandial. Having defeated the Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial, he joined the two countries together (hence : Sabakh-Sandial) and ruled it.[8] The final Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial died in that jihad.[8][9] During the Serer paternal and Guelowar maternal dynasties from the 15th century to 1969, nearly 50 kings have been enthroned.[10][11] The kings continued to hold their court in Kahone, but the city was eclipsed commercially by neighboring Kaolack.

Portuguese explorers in the 15th century referred to Saloum as the kingdom of Borçalo, after 'Bor-ba-Saloum' (Wolof corruption for "King of Saloum" - Maad Saloum).[12]

Although the Kingdom won some major battles against the French, it was later defeated. However, like the Kingdom of Sine, the royal dynasty survived up to 1969, when the last king of Saloum, Fode N'Gouye Joof had died. His year of death corresponded with the death of Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof, who was king of Sine. These two kings were the last Serer kings and the last kings of the Senegambia. After their deaths, both Kingdoms were incorporated into the new Republic of independent Senegal which gained its independence in 1960. Thus the Kingdom of Sine and the Kingdom of Saloum were the last pre-colonial kingdoms of Senegambia to have survived up to the 20th century.

People and language

Ethnically, Saloum was Serer,[2][13][14] but gradually the Wolof immigrants[2][13] have settled in along with the Fulas, Mandinkas, etc.[2][15] Unlike the Kingdom of Sine which is ethnically Serer and deeply rooted in "Serer-conservatism", such as the preservation of Serer religion, culture, traditions, etc.,[2][13] Saloum is more cosmopolitan and multi-religious. This explains why some Serer traditionalists who adhere to the tenets of Serer religion are reluctant to afford it the same religious status afforded to Sine as one of the sacred Serer holy sites, in spite of housing many of the Serer sites (see Serer ancient history).[2][14] Although very cosmopolitan, it is also ethnically Serer, the other ethnic groups are migrants.[2][13] The Serer language and Wolof are both widely spoken in Saloum. The Cangin languages are also spoken.

Commerce and geography

Saloum includes flat, swampy tideland areas inland from the Saloum River delta. In recent years large areas of mangrove growth have been destroyed. There was a flourishing industry of salt-manufacture at the salt flats along the delta. Its economic base was groundnut trade, exporting large quantities of nuts to Europe.[16]

Notes

  1. ^ Klein, Martin A: "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914". Edinburgh University Press (1968), p. 7
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Diange, Pathé. "Les Royaumes Sérères", Présence Africaines, No. 54 (1965). pp. 142–172.
  3. ^ a b Saine, Abdoulaye (2012). Culture and Customs of Gambia. Greenwood Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-313-35910-1.
  4. ^ Becker, Charles. "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M
  5. ^ Wright, Donald (2010). The World and a Very Small Place in Africa: A History of Globalization in Niumi, the Gambia (3rd ed.). M.E. Sharpe. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-7656-2484-0.
  6. ^ Ba, Abdou Bouri, « Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip  » (avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 38, série B, numéro 4, octobre 1976
  7. ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 707 (p 5)
  8. ^ a b c Ba, Abdou Bouri, "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip. Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin", p 18
  9. ^ Klein, pp74-5
  10. ^ Bâ, Abdou Boury, Essai sur l'histoire du Saloum et du Rip,, Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Vctor Martin. Publié dans Le Bulletin De L'institut Fondamental D'afrique Noire. Tome 38, Série B, n° 4, Octobre 1976, P. Volume 38
  11. ^ Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum. Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987)
  12. ^ Teixeira da Mota (1946: Pt. 1, p.58). For detailed 16th-century Portuguese description of the Kingdom of Saloum, see Almada (1594: Ch.2)
  13. ^ a b c d Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, p. 7. Published by Edingburg University Press (1968). ISBN 0-85224-029-5
  14. ^ a b Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M
  15. ^ Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, p 7, Edinburgh University Press (1968), ISBN 0-85224-029-5
  16. ^ Clark, Andrew F. and Lucie Colvin Phillip (1994). Historical Dictionary of Senegal: Second Edition. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press. p. 232.

References

  • Almada, André Alvares (1594) Tratado breve dos Rios de Guiné do Cabo-Verde: desde o Rio do Sanagá até aos baixos de Sant' Anna 1841 edition, Porto: Typographia Commercial Portuense. online
  • Ba, Abdou Bouri. "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip"(avant-propos par Charles Becker and Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, vol. 38, série B, number 4, October 1976.
  • Becker, Charles. Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer. Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M.
  • Clark, Andrew F. and Lucie Colvin Phillips, Historical Dictionary of Senegal, Second Edition Published as No. 65 of African Historical Dictionaries, (Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1994) p. 246-247
  • Diange, Pathé. "Les Royaumes Sérères". Présence Africaines. No. 54 (1965). pp. 142–172.
  • Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 707 (p 5)
  • Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914. Edinburgh University Press (1968).
  • Teixera da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa, P. 1 in Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jan), p. 11-68.
  • Sarr, Alioune. "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker. BIFAN. vol. 46, Serie B, number 3–4, 1986–1987.
  • Gravrand, Henry. "La civilisation sereer, I. Coosan". Dakar, Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1983).

March 29, 2023
saloum, film, film, river, river, neutrality, this, article, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, remove, this, message, until, conditions, august, 2015, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, kingdom, serer, language, saluum, saal. For the film see Saloum film For the river see Saloum River The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met August 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Kingdom of Saloum Serer language Saluum or Saalum was a Serer Wolof 3 kingdom in present day Senegal Its kings may have been of Mandinka Kaabu origin 3 The capital of Saloum was the city of Kahone It was a sister kingdom of Sine Their history geography and culture were intricately linked and it was common to refer to them as the Sine Saloum Kingdom of SaloumSaluum1494 1969StatusProtectorate of France from 1864 and Senegal from 1960 CapitalKahoneCommon languagesSerer Cangin languages early period Wolof late period ReligionSerer religion Islam introduced later mainly practiced among the Wolof and Fula immigrants 1 2 GovernmentMonarchyRulers of Saloum 1494 c 1520Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour Guelowar period 1935 1969Maad Saloum Fode N Gouye JoofHistorical eraMedieval Paternal Serer and maternal Guelowar dynastic period Previously paternal Serer and maternal Wagadou dynastic period before that the Lamanic period 1494 Death of the Serer king Maad Saloum Fode N Gouye Joof last king of Saloum 1969 Contents 1 History 2 People and language 3 Commerce and geography 4 Notes 5 ReferencesHistory Edit Apartment of the Maad Saloum king of Saloum in 1821 Carte des peuplades du Senegal de l abbe Boilat 1853 an ethnic map of Senegal at the time of French colonialism The pre colonial states of Baol Sine and Saloum are arrayed along the southwest coast with the inland areas marked Peuple Serere Further information Serer ancient history Serer history medieval era to present and Timeline of Serer history Saloum just like its sister kingdom the Kingdom of Sine is known for its many ancient burial mounds or tumuli containing the graves of kings and others The kingdom has numerous mysterious stone circles whose functions and history were unknown until recently 4 Historian Donald R Wright states that In the last decade of the fifteenth century a group of nyancho lineages from Kaabu moved north of the Gambia River and took over an area on the southern edge of the weakening Jolof Empire From a settlement near the mouth of the Saloum River these lineages soon mixed with the existing Wolof and Serer population and established the state of Saloum 5 According to Abdou Bouri Ba the Kingdom of Saloum was previously known as Mbey in Serer and was renamed Saloum by the Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour in the later part of the 15th century c 1494 6 For several centuries prior to its renaming its capital was called Ngap 7 According to Serer oral tradition it was named after Saalum Suwareh a marabout of Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour variation Mbegani Ndour The tradition went on to say that Saalum Suwareh agreed to give a juju fetish to Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour originally from the Kingdom of Sine in order to defeat the Toucouleur conqueror and his Muslim marabouts provided he promised to rename the country after him once he is victorious Mbegan Ndour agreed After this oral contract Mbegan Ndour defeated Ali Elibana and drove his Muslim marabout forces out of Saloum and reign over the country Like the Kingdom of Sine the population is overrun and ruled by the Serer people The two are generally referred to as the Serer Kingdoms Many parts of present day Gambia were former colonies of the Kingdom of Saloum Originally Saloum extended south to the north banks of the Gambia River Present day Gambia was referred to as Lower Saloum Upper Saloum was where modern day Saloum is in Senegal Saloum also had control for a time the Kingdom of Baol The States of Sabakh and Sandial were ruled by the Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial respective titles of the chiefs 8 and were both tributary to the king at Kahone the Maad Saloum Around 1862 Sambou Oumanneh Touray a disciple of Maba Diakhou Ba launched a jihad in Sabakh and Sandial Having defeated the Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial he joined the two countries together hence Sabakh Sandial and ruled it 8 The final Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial died in that jihad 8 9 During the Serer paternal and Guelowar maternal dynasties from the 15th century to 1969 nearly 50 kings have been enthroned 10 11 The kings continued to hold their court in Kahone but the city was eclipsed commercially by neighboring Kaolack Portuguese explorers in the 15th century referred to Saloum as the kingdom of Borcalo after Bor ba Saloum Wolof corruption for King of Saloum Maad Saloum 12 Although the Kingdom won some major battles against the French it was later defeated However like the Kingdom of Sine the royal dynasty survived up to 1969 when the last king of Saloum Fode N Gouye Joof had died His year of death corresponded with the death of Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof who was king of Sine These two kings were the last Serer kings and the last kings of the Senegambia After their deaths both Kingdoms were incorporated into the new Republic of independent Senegal which gained its independence in 1960 Thus the Kingdom of Sine and the Kingdom of Saloum were the last pre colonial kingdoms of Senegambia to have survived up to the 20th century People and language EditEthnically Saloum was Serer 2 13 14 but gradually the Wolof immigrants 2 13 have settled in along with the Fulas Mandinkas etc 2 15 Unlike the Kingdom of Sine which is ethnically Serer and deeply rooted in Serer conservatism such as the preservation of Serer religion culture traditions etc 2 13 Saloum is more cosmopolitan and multi religious This explains why some Serer traditionalists who adhere to the tenets of Serer religion are reluctant to afford it the same religious status afforded to Sine as one of the sacred Serer holy sites in spite of housing many of the Serer sites see Serer ancient history 2 14 Although very cosmopolitan it is also ethnically Serer the other ethnic groups are migrants 2 13 The Serer language and Wolof are both widely spoken in Saloum The Cangin languages are also spoken Commerce and geography EditSaloum includes flat swampy tideland areas inland from the Saloum River delta In recent years large areas of mangrove growth have been destroyed There was a flourishing industry of salt manufacture at the salt flats along the delta Its economic base was groundnut trade exporting large quantities of nuts to Europe 16 Senegal portal Gambia portal Mauritania portalNotes Edit Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 p 7 a b c d e f g Diange Pathe Les Royaumes Sereres Presence Africaines No 54 1965 pp 142 172 a b Saine Abdoulaye 2012 Culture and Customs of Gambia Greenwood Press p 13 ISBN 978 0 313 35910 1 Becker Charles Vestiges historiques tremoins materiels du passe clans les pays sereer Dakar 1993 CNRS ORS TO M Wright Donald 2010 The World and a Very Small Place in Africa A History of Globalization in Niumi the Gambia 3rd ed M E Sharpe pp 69 70 ISBN 978 0 7656 2484 0 Ba Abdou Bouri Essai sur l histoire du Saloum et du Rip avant propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin Bulletin de l IFAN tome 38 serie B numero 4 octobre 1976 Diouf Niokhobaye Chronique du royaume du Sine Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources ecrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin 1972 Bulletin de l Ifan Tome 34 Serie B n 4 1972 p 707 p 5 a b c Ba Abdou Bouri Essai sur l histoire du Saloum et du Rip Avant propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin p 18 Klein pp74 5 Ba Abdou Boury Essai sur l histoire du Saloum et du Rip Avant propos par Charles Becker et Vctor Martin Publie dans Le Bulletin De L institut Fondamental D afrique Noire Tome 38 Serie B n 4 Octobre 1976 P Volume 38 Sarr Alioune Histoire du Sine Saloum Introduction bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker BIFAN Tome 46 Serie B n 3 4 1986 1987 Teixeira da Mota 1946 Pt 1 p 58 For detailed 16th century Portuguese description of the Kingdom of Saloum see Almada 1594 Ch 2 a b c d Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 p 7 Published by Edingburg University Press 1968 ISBN 0 85224 029 5 a b Becker Charles Vestiges historiques tremoins materiels du passe clans les pays sereer Dakar 1993 CNRS ORS TO M Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 p 7 Edinburgh University Press 1968 ISBN 0 85224 029 5 Clark Andrew F and Lucie Colvin Phillip 1994 Historical Dictionary of Senegal Second Edition Metuchen New Jersey The Scarecrow Press p 232 References EditAlmada Andre Alvares 1594 Tratado breve dos Rios de Guine do Cabo Verde desde o Rio do Sanaga ate aos baixos de Sant Anna 1841 edition Porto Typographia Commercial Portuense online Ba Abdou Bouri Essai sur l histoire du Saloum et du Rip avant propos par Charles Becker and Victor Martin Bulletin de l IFAN vol 38 serie B number 4 October 1976 Becker Charles Vestiges historiques tremoins materiels du passe clans les pays sereer Dakar 1993 CNRS ORS TO M Clark Andrew F and Lucie Colvin Phillips Historical Dictionary of Senegal Second Edition Published as No 65 of African Historical Dictionaries Metuchen New Jersey The Scarecrow Press 1994 p 246 247 Diange Pathe Les Royaumes Sereres Presence Africaines No 54 1965 pp 142 172 Diouf Niokhobaye Chronique du royaume du Sine Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources ecrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin 1972 Bulletin de l Ifan Tome 34 Serie B n 4 1972 p 707 p 5 Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 Teixera da Mota Avelino 1946 A descoberta da Guine Boletim cultural da Guine Portuguesa P 1 in Vol 1 No 1 Jan p 11 68 Sarr Alioune Histoire du Sine Saloum Introduction bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker BIFAN vol 46 Serie B number 3 4 1986 1987 Gravrand Henry La civilisation sereer I Coosan Dakar Nouvelles Editions Africaines 1983 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Saloum amp oldid 1145142479, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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