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Thomas Arnold

January 01, 1970

This article is about the 19th century educator. For other people of the same name, see Thomas Arnold (disambiguation).

Thomas Arnold (13 June 1795 – 12 June 1842) was an English educator and historian. He was an early supporter of the Broad Church Anglican movement. As headmaster of Rugby School from 1828 to 1841, he introduced several reforms that were widely copied by other noted public schools. His reforms redefined standards of masculinity and achievement.[1][2]

Thomas Arnold
Thomas Arnold by Thomas Phillips, 1839
Born(1795-06-13)13 June 1795
West Cowes, Isle of Wight, England
Died12 June 1842(1842-06-12) (aged 46)
Fox How, Ambleside, Westmorland, England
Resting placeRugby School Chapel, Rugby, Warwickshire, England
NationalityBritish
EducationLord Weymouth's Grammar School; Winchester College
Alma materCorpus Christi College, Oxford
Occupation(s)Educator and historian
Known forReforms to Rugby School (immortalised in Tom Brown's Schooldays)
TitleRegius Professor of Modern History, Oxford
Term1841–1842
PredecessorEdward Nares
SuccessorJohn Antony Cramer
ChildrenMatthew Arnold, Tom Arnold, William Delafield Arnold

Early life and education edit

Arnold was born on the Isle of Wight, the son of William Arnold, a Customs officer, and his wife Martha Delafield. William Arnold was related to the Arnold family of gentry from Lowestoft.[3] Thomas was educated at Lord Weymouth's Grammar School, Warminster, at Winchester, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He excelled in Classics and was made a fellow of Oriel in 1815. He became headmaster of a school in Laleham before moving to Rugby.

Career as an educator edit

Rugby School edit

Arnold's appointment to the headship of Rugby School in 1828, after some years as a private tutor, turned the school's fortunes around. His force of character and religious zeal enabled him to make it a model for other public schools and exercise a strong influence on the education system of England. Though he introduced history, mathematics and modern languages, he based his teaching on the classical languages. "I assume it as the foundation of all my view of the case, that boys at a public school never will learn to speak or pronounce French well, under any circumstances," and so it would be enough if they could "learn it grammatically as a dead language." Physical science was not taught because, in Arnold's view, "it must either take the chief place in the school curriculum, or it must be left out altogether."[4] Arnold was also opposed to the materialistic tendency of physical science, a view deriving from his Christian idealism. He wrote that "rather than have physical science the principal thing in my son's mind, I would gladly have him think that the sun went round the earth, and that the stars were so many spangles set in the bright blue firmament. Surely the one thing needful for a Christian and an Englishman to study is Christian and moral and political philosophy."[5][6]

Arnold developed the praepostor (prefect) system, in which sixth-form students were given powers over every part of the school (managed by himself) and kept order in the establishment. The 1857 novel by Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown's School Days, portrays a generation of boys "who feared the Doctor with all our hearts, and very little besides in heaven or earth; who thought more of our sets in the School than of the Church of Christ, and put the traditions of Rugby and the public opinion of boys in our daily life above the laws of God."[7]

Arnold was no great enthusiast for sport, which was permitted only as an alternative to poaching or fighting with local boys and did not become part of Rugby's curriculum until 1850. He described his educational aims as being the cure of souls first, moral development second, and intellectual development third. However, this did not prevent Baron de Coubertin from considering him the father of the organized sport he admired when he visited English public schools, including Rugby in 1886. When looking at Arnold's tomb in the school chapel he recalled that he felt suddenly as if he were looking on "the very cornerstone of the British empire".[8] Coubertin is thought to have exaggerated the importance of sport to Thomas Arnold, whom he viewed as "one of the founders of athletic chivalry". The character-forming influence of sport, with which Coubertin was so impressed, is more likely to have originated in the novel Tom Brown's School Days than exclusively in the ideas of Arnold himself.[9] "Thomas Arnold, the leader and classic model of English educators," wrote Coubertin, "gave the precise formula for the role of athletics in education. The cause was quickly won. Playing fields sprang up all over England."[10]

Oxford University edit

Arnold was involved in not a few controversies, educational and religious. As a churchman he was a decided Erastian and strongly opposed to the High Church party. His 1833 Principles of Church Reform is linked with the beginnings of the Broad Church movement.[11] In 1841, he was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford.

Works edit

Arnold's chief literary works are his unfinished History of Rome (three volumes, 1838–1842) and his Lectures on Modern History. Far more often read were his five books of sermons, which were admired by a wide circle of pious readers, including Queen Victoria.[4]

Family edit

Arnold married Mary Penrose, daughter of the Rev. John Penrose of Penryn, Cornwall. They had five daughters and five sons, including the poet Matthew Arnold, the literary scholar Tom, the author William Delafield Arnold and Edward Penrose Arnold, an inspector of schools.[12] One daughter died in infancy. The eldest daughter, Jane Martha, married William Edward Forster. Both enjoyed mountaineering; they climbed Mont Blanc in 1859 and in 1860 Jane was one of the first women to stand on the summit of Monte Rosa, which had not been climbed by a woman until 1857.[13][14] When William Delafield Arnold died in 1859 leaving four orphans, the Forsters adopted them as their own, adding their name to the children's surname. One of them was Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster, a Liberal Unionist MP, who eventually became a member of Balfour's cabinet. Another was Florence Vere O'Brien, a diarist, philanthropist and craftswoman who lived in Ireland. Frances Bunsen Trevenen Whateley Arnold, the youngest daughter, never married and died at Fox How in 1923.[15]

Arnold had bought the small estate of Fox How near Ambleside in the Lake District in 1832, and spent many holidays there. On Sunday, 12 June 1842, he died there suddenly of a heart attack "at the height of his powers", a day before his 47th birthday.[12] He is buried in Rugby School chapel. Thomas the Younger's daughter Mary Augusta Arnold, became a well-known novelist under her married name, Mrs. Humphry Ward. His other daughter, Julia, married Leonard Huxley, the son of Thomas Huxley. Their sons were Julian and Aldous Huxley. Julia Arnold founded in 1902 Prior's Field School for girls in Godalming, Surrey.[16]


Reputation edit

The Life of Doctor Arnold, published two years after his death by one of Arnold's former pupils, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, is seen as one of the best works of its class in the language and added to his growing reputation. A popular life of Arnold by the novelist Emma Jane Guyton also appeared.[18] In 1896 his bust was unveiled in Westminster Abbey alongside that of his son, Matthew. The Times asserted, "As much as any who could be named, Arnold helped to form the standard of manly worth by which Englishmen judge and submit to be judged."[19] However, his reputation suffered as one of the Eminent Victorians in Lytton Strachey's book of that title published in 1918.

A more recent public-school headmaster, Michael McCrum of Tonbridge School and Eton College in the 1960s to 1980s, also a churchman and Oxbridge academic (Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and Vice-Chancellor), wrote a biography and reappraisal of Arnold in 1991. He had briefly been a master at Rugby and was married to the daughter of another former headmaster. More recently, a biography entitled Black Tom was written by Terence Copley. Both McCrum and Copley seek to restore some lustre to the Arnold legacy, which had been under attack since Strachey's sardonic appraisal.

A. C. Benson once observed of Arnold, "A man who could burst into tears at his own dinner-table on hearing a comparison made between St. Paul and St. John to the detriment of the latter, and beg that the subject might never be mentioned again in his presence, could never have been an easy companion."[20]

Depictions on screen edit

Arnold has been played several times in adaptations of Tom Brown's School Days, including by Sir Cedric Hardwicke in the 1940 film version, Robert Newton in the 1951 film version, Iain Cuthbertson in the 1971 television version, and Stephen Fry in the 2005 television version.

Works edit

  • The Christian Duty of Granting the Claims of the Roman Catholics (pamphlet) Rugby, 1828
  • Sermons Preached in the Chapel of Rugby School. London: Fellowes, 1850 (first edition, 1832)
  • Principles of Church Reform'', Oxford: Fellowes,1833
  • History of Rome, London: Fellowes, 1838, Volume I. Volume II.
  • Introductory Lectures on Modern History, London: Longmans, Green & Co, 1842
  • Sermons: Christian Life, its Hopes, Fears and Close, London: Fellowes, 1842
  • Sermons: Christian Life, its Course, its Hindrances, and its Helps, London: Fellowes, 1844
  • As translator: The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides, (3 vols.) London: Fellowes, 1845. Volume I. Volume II. Volume III.
  • The Interpretation of Scripture, London: Fellowes, 1845

Notes edit

  1. ^ Simon Heffer, High minds: the Victorians and the birth of modern Britain (2013) pp. 1–30.
  2. ^ Fabrice Neddam, "Constructing masculinities under Thomas Arnold of Rugby (1828–1842): Gender, educational policy and school life in an early‐Victorian public school", Gender and Education 16.3 (2004), pp. 303–326.
  3. ^ J. J. Muskett, "The Arnold Family of Lowestoft". In: Suffolk Manorial Families, being the County Visitations and other Pedigrees from The Manorial Families of Suffolk (Exeter, 1900–1914).
  4. ^ a b Strachey, Lytton (1918), Eminent Victorians, p. 173
  5. ^ J. J. Findlay, ed., Arnold of Rugby: His School Life and Contributions to Education (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1897), p. xvii.
  6. ^ Alternative source: Strachey Lytton, Eminent Victorians (London: Penguin Books, 1948), p.169.
  7. ^ Thomas Hughes (1857), , Tom Brown's Schooldays, archived from the original on 28 June 2001
  8. ^ Beale, Catherine (2011). Born out of Wenlock, William Penny Brookes and the British origins of the Olympics. DB Publishing. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-1-85983-967-6.Coubertin would be better known for promoting the first International Olympic Games of 1896.
  9. ^ Muddied Oafs, The Soul of Rugby, Richard Beard, Yellow Jersey Press, 2004, ISBN 0224063944
  10. ^ Physical exercises in the modern world. Lecture given at the Sorbonne, November 1892.
  11. ^ Timothy Hands, Thomas Hardy: Distracted Preacher? London: Macmillan Press, 1989, p. 3.
  12. ^ a b David Hopkinson (1981), Edward Penrose Arnold, A Victorian Family Portrait.
  13. ^ Roche, Clare (2015). The Ascent of Women: How Female Mountaineers Explored the Alps 1850-1900. Birkbeck, university of London: Phd Thesis. p. 186.
  14. ^ Mumm, Arnold. The Alpine Register 1857-1863. London.
  15. ^ Ancestry site
  16. ^ Prior's Field School – A Century Remembered 1902–2002 by Margaret Elliott, published by Prior's Field School Trust Ltd, ISBN 978-0-9541195-0-8.
  17. ^ a b c d e f A. J. H. Reeve, ‘Arnold, Thomas (1795–1842)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2014 accessed 6 Nov 2017
  18. ^ Emma Jane Worboise [Guyton], The Life of Thomas Arnold D. D., London, 1859.
  19. ^ Sir Joshua Fitch (1897), Thomas and Matthew Arnold and their influence on English education, London, Heinemann, pp. 1, 56
  20. ^ J. A. Gere and John Sparrow, eds, Geoffrey Madan's Notebooks, Oxford University Press, 1981.

Further reading edit

  • Terrence Copley, Black Tom: Arnold of Rugby: The Myth and the Man, New York: Continuum, 2002
  • Heather Ellis, "Thomas Arnold, Christian Manliness and the Problem of Boyhood' Journal of Victorian Culture, 2014, 19#3, pp. 425–441 online
  • Giorgia Grilli, "English public schools and the moulding of the'Englishman'." History of Education & Children's Literature 2015, 10.1
  • Simon Heffer, High minds: the Victorians and the birth of modern Britain, 2013, pp. 1–30
  • Rosemary Jann, The Art and Science of Victorian History, 1985, pp. 1–32 online free
  • Michael McCrum, Thomas Arnold, Headmaster, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989
  • Fabrice Neddam, "Constructing Masculinities under Thomas Arnold of Rugby (1828–1842): Gender, Educational Policy and School Life in an Early-Victorian Public School" Gender and Education, 2004, 16#3, pp. 303–326
  • Paul M. Puccio, "At the Heart of Tom Brown's Schooldays: Thomas Arnold and Christian Friendship", Modern Language Studies, 1995, pp. 57–74 JSTOR 3195488
  • Lytton Strachey, Eminent Victorians, (London, 1918), online
  • Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, The life and correspondence of Thomas Arnold, D. D., late head-master of Rugby school and regius professor of modern history in the University of Oxford (2 vol. 1877) famous biography by a former student. online
  • Norman Wymer, Dr. Arnold of Rugby (1953)
  • William E. Winn, "Tom Brown's Schooldays and the Development of 'Muscular Christianity'" Church History (1960) 29#1 pp. 64–73 JSTOR 3161617
  • Derek Winterbottom, Thomas Hughes, Thomas Arnold, Tom Brown and the English Public Schools (Alondra Books, Isle of Man, 2022), 216 pp., ISBN No. 978-0-9567540-9-7. online on The Internet Archive.

Primary sources edit

Thomas Arnold, Arnold of Rugby: His school life and contributions to education (1897) online

External links edit

 
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Thomas Arnold
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Arnold.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Thomas Arnold.

January 01, 1970
thomas, arnold, this, article, about, 19th, century, educator, other, people, same, name, disambiguation, june, 1795, june, 1842, english, educator, historian, early, supporter, broad, church, anglican, movement, headmaster, rugby, school, from, 1828, 1841, in. This article is about the 19th century educator For other people of the same name see Thomas Arnold disambiguation Thomas Arnold 13 June 1795 12 June 1842 was an English educator and historian He was an early supporter of the Broad Church Anglican movement As headmaster of Rugby School from 1828 to 1841 he introduced several reforms that were widely copied by other noted public schools His reforms redefined standards of masculinity and achievement 1 2 Thomas ArnoldThomas Arnold by Thomas Phillips 1839Born 1795 06 13 13 June 1795West Cowes Isle of Wight EnglandDied12 June 1842 1842 06 12 aged 46 Fox How Ambleside Westmorland EnglandResting placeRugby School Chapel Rugby Warwickshire EnglandNationalityBritishEducationLord Weymouth s Grammar School Winchester CollegeAlma materCorpus Christi College OxfordOccupation s Educator and historianKnown forReforms to Rugby School immortalised in Tom Brown s Schooldays TitleRegius Professor of Modern History OxfordTerm1841 1842PredecessorEdward NaresSuccessorJohn Antony CramerChildrenMatthew Arnold Tom Arnold William Delafield Arnold Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career as an educator 2 1 Rugby School 2 2 Oxford University 3 Works 4 Family 5 Reputation 6 Depictions on screen 7 Works 8 Notes 9 Further reading 9 1 Primary sources 10 External linksEarly life and education editArnold was born on the Isle of Wight the son of William Arnold a Customs officer and his wife Martha Delafield William Arnold was related to the Arnold family of gentry from Lowestoft 3 Thomas was educated at Lord Weymouth s Grammar School Warminster at Winchester and at Corpus Christi College Oxford He excelled in Classics and was made a fellow of Oriel in 1815 He became headmaster of a school in Laleham before moving to Rugby Career as an educator editRugby School edit Arnold s appointment to the headship of Rugby School in 1828 after some years as a private tutor turned the school s fortunes around His force of character and religious zeal enabled him to make it a model for other public schools and exercise a strong influence on the education system of England Though he introduced history mathematics and modern languages he based his teaching on the classical languages I assume it as the foundation of all my view of the case that boys at a public school never will learn to speak or pronounce French well under any circumstances and so it would be enough if they could learn it grammatically as a dead language Physical science was not taught because in Arnold s view it must either take the chief place in the school curriculum or it must be left out altogether 4 Arnold was also opposed to the materialistic tendency of physical science a view deriving from his Christian idealism He wrote that rather than have physical science the principal thing in my son s mind I would gladly have him think that the sun went round the earth and that the stars were so many spangles set in the bright blue firmament Surely the one thing needful for a Christian and an Englishman to study is Christian and moral and political philosophy 5 6 Arnold developed the praepostor prefect system in which sixth form students were given powers over every part of the school managed by himself and kept order in the establishment The 1857 novel by Thomas Hughes Tom Brown s School Days portrays a generation of boys who feared the Doctor with all our hearts and very little besides in heaven or earth who thought more of our sets in the School than of the Church of Christ and put the traditions of Rugby and the public opinion of boys in our daily life above the laws of God 7 Arnold was no great enthusiast for sport which was permitted only as an alternative to poaching or fighting with local boys and did not become part of Rugby s curriculum until 1850 He described his educational aims as being the cure of souls first moral development second and intellectual development third However this did not prevent Baron de Coubertin from considering him the father of the organized sport he admired when he visited English public schools including Rugby in 1886 When looking at Arnold s tomb in the school chapel he recalled that he felt suddenly as if he were looking on the very cornerstone of the British empire 8 Coubertin is thought to have exaggerated the importance of sport to Thomas Arnold whom he viewed as one of the founders of athletic chivalry The character forming influence of sport with which Coubertin was so impressed is more likely to have originated in the novel Tom Brown s School Days than exclusively in the ideas of Arnold himself 9 Thomas Arnold the leader and classic model of English educators wrote Coubertin gave the precise formula for the role of athletics in education The cause was quickly won Playing fields sprang up all over England 10 Oxford University edit Arnold was involved in not a few controversies educational and religious As a churchman he was a decided Erastian and strongly opposed to the High Church party His 1833 Principles of Church Reform is linked with the beginnings of the Broad Church movement 11 In 1841 he was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford Works editArnold s chief literary works are his unfinished History of Rome three volumes 1838 1842 and his Lectures on Modern History Far more often read were his five books of sermons which were admired by a wide circle of pious readers including Queen Victoria 4 Family editArnold married Mary Penrose daughter of the Rev John Penrose of Penryn Cornwall They had five daughters and five sons including the poet Matthew Arnold the literary scholar Tom the author William Delafield Arnold and Edward Penrose Arnold an inspector of schools 12 One daughter died in infancy The eldest daughter Jane Martha married William Edward Forster Both enjoyed mountaineering they climbed Mont Blanc in 1859 and in 1860 Jane was one of the first women to stand on the summit of Monte Rosa which had not been climbed by a woman until 1857 13 14 When William Delafield Arnold died in 1859 leaving four orphans the Forsters adopted them as their own adding their name to the children s surname One of them was Hugh Oakeley Arnold Forster a Liberal Unionist MP who eventually became a member of Balfour s cabinet Another was Florence Vere O Brien a diarist philanthropist and craftswoman who lived in Ireland Frances Bunsen Trevenen Whateley Arnold the youngest daughter never married and died at Fox How in 1923 15 Arnold had bought the small estate of Fox How near Ambleside in the Lake District in 1832 and spent many holidays there On Sunday 12 June 1842 he died there suddenly of a heart attack at the height of his powers a day before his 47th birthday 12 He is buried in Rugby School chapel Thomas the Younger s daughter Mary Augusta Arnold became a well known novelist under her married name Mrs Humphry Ward His other daughter Julia married Leonard Huxley the son of Thomas Huxley Their sons were Julian and Aldous Huxley Julia Arnold founded in 1902 Prior s Field School for girls in Godalming Surrey 16 vteArnold family tree partial Thomas Arnold1795 1842 17 Mary Penrose1791 1873 Matthew Arnold1822 1888 17 Tom Arnold1823 1900 17 Julia Sorell1826 1888William Delafield Arnold1828 1859 17 Jane Martha Arnold1821 1899 17 William Edward Forster1818 1886 17 Ethel Arnold186 1930Mary Augusta Ward1851 1920Julia Arnold1862 1908Leonard Huxley1860 1933H O Arnold Forster1855 1909Lucy Story Maskelyne1861 1951 Julian Huxley1887 1975Aldous Huxley1894 1963William Arnold Forster1886 1951Katherine Laird Cox1887 1938 Matthew Huxley1920 2005Mark Arnold Forster1920 1981 Key descent adoption marriageReputation editThe Life of Doctor Arnold published two years after his death by one of Arnold s former pupils Arthur Penrhyn Stanley is seen as one of the best works of its class in the language and added to his growing reputation A popular life of Arnold by the novelist Emma Jane Guyton also appeared 18 In 1896 his bust was unveiled in Westminster Abbey alongside that of his son Matthew The Times asserted As much as any who could be named Arnold helped to form the standard of manly worth by which Englishmen judge and submit to be judged 19 However his reputation suffered as one of the Eminent Victorians in Lytton Strachey s book of that title published in 1918 A more recent public school headmaster Michael McCrum of Tonbridge School and Eton College in the 1960s to 1980s also a churchman and Oxbridge academic Master of Corpus Christi College Cambridge and Vice Chancellor wrote a biography and reappraisal of Arnold in 1991 He had briefly been a master at Rugby and was married to the daughter of another former headmaster More recently a biography entitled Black Tom was written by Terence Copley Both McCrum and Copley seek to restore some lustre to the Arnold legacy which had been under attack since Strachey s sardonic appraisal A C Benson once observed of Arnold A man who could burst into tears at his own dinner table on hearing a comparison made between St Paul and St John to the detriment of the latter and beg that the subject might never be mentioned again in his presence could never have been an easy companion 20 Depictions on screen editArnold has been played several times in adaptations of Tom Brown s School Days including by Sir Cedric Hardwicke in the 1940 film version Robert Newton in the 1951 film version Iain Cuthbertson in the 1971 television version and Stephen Fry in the 2005 television version Works editThe Christian Duty of Granting the Claims of the Roman Catholics pamphlet Rugby 1828 Sermons Preached in the Chapel of Rugby School London Fellowes 1850 first edition 1832 Principles of Church Reform Oxford Fellowes 1833 History of Rome London Fellowes 1838 Volume I Volume II Introductory Lectures on Modern History London Longmans Green amp Co 1842 Sermons Christian Life its Hopes Fears and Close London Fellowes 1842 Sermons Christian Life its Course its Hindrances and its Helps London Fellowes 1844 As translator The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides 3 vols London Fellowes 1845 Volume I Volume II Volume III The Interpretation of Scripture London Fellowes 1845Notes edit Simon Heffer High minds the Victorians and the birth of modern Britain 2013 pp 1 30 Fabrice Neddam Constructing masculinities under Thomas Arnold of Rugby 1828 1842 Gender educational policy and school life in an early Victorian public school Gender and Education 16 3 2004 pp 303 326 J J Muskett The Arnold Family of Lowestoft In Suffolk Manorial Families being the County Visitations and other Pedigrees from The Manorial Families of Suffolk Exeter 1900 1914 a b Strachey Lytton 1918 Eminent Victorians p 173 J J Findlay ed Arnold of Rugby His School Life and Contributions to Education Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1897 p xvii Alternative source Strachey Lytton Eminent Victorians London Penguin Books 1948 p 169 Thomas Hughes 1857 7 Tom Brown s Schooldays archived from the original on 28 June 2001 Beale Catherine 2011 Born out of Wenlock William Penny Brookes and the British origins of the Olympics DB Publishing pp 118 119 ISBN 978 1 85983 967 6 Coubertin would be better known for promoting the first International Olympic Games of 1896 Muddied Oafs The Soul of Rugby Richard Beard Yellow Jersey Press 2004 ISBN 0224063944 Physical exercises in the modern world Lecture given at the Sorbonne November 1892 Timothy Hands Thomas Hardy Distracted Preacher London Macmillan Press 1989 p 3 a b David Hopkinson 1981 Edward Penrose Arnold A Victorian Family Portrait Roche Clare 2015 The Ascent of Women How Female Mountaineers Explored the Alps 1850 1900 Birkbeck university of London Phd Thesis p 186 Mumm Arnold The Alpine Register 1857 1863 London Ancestry site Prior s Field School A Century Remembered 1902 2002 by Margaret Elliott published by Prior s Field School Trust Ltd ISBN 978 0 9541195 0 8 a b c d e f A J H Reeve Arnold Thomas 1795 1842 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press 2004 online edn May 2014 accessed 6 Nov 2017 Emma Jane Worboise Guyton The Life of Thomas Arnold D D London 1859 Sir Joshua Fitch 1897 Thomas and Matthew Arnold and their influence on English education London Heinemann pp 1 56 J A Gere and John Sparrow eds Geoffrey Madan s Notebooks Oxford University Press 1981 Further reading edit nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Cousin John William 1910 A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature London J M Dent amp Sons via Wikisource Terrence Copley Black Tom Arnold of Rugby The Myth and the Man New York Continuum 2002 Heather Ellis Thomas Arnold Christian Manliness and the Problem of Boyhood Journal of Victorian Culture 2014 19 3 pp 425 441 online Giorgia Grilli English public schools and the moulding of the Englishman History of Education amp Children s Literature 2015 10 1 Simon Heffer High minds the Victorians and the birth of modern Britain 2013 pp 1 30 Rosemary Jann The Art and Science of Victorian History 1985 pp 1 32 online free Michael McCrum Thomas Arnold Headmaster Oxford Oxford University Press 1989 Fabrice Neddam Constructing Masculinities under Thomas Arnold of Rugby 1828 1842 Gender Educational Policy and School Life in an Early Victorian Public School Gender and Education 2004 16 3 pp 303 326 Paul M Puccio At the Heart of Tom Brown s Schooldays Thomas Arnold and Christian Friendship Modern Language Studies 1995 pp 57 74 JSTOR 3195488 Lytton Strachey Eminent Victorians London 1918 online Arthur Penrhyn Stanley The life and correspondence of Thomas Arnold D D late head master of Rugby school and regius professor of modern history in the University of Oxford 2 vol 1877 famous biography by a former student online Norman Wymer Dr Arnold of Rugby 1953 William E Winn Tom Brown s Schooldays and the Development of Muscular Christianity Church History 1960 29 1 pp 64 73 JSTOR 3161617 Derek Winterbottom Thomas Hughes Thomas Arnold Tom Brown and the English Public Schools Alondra Books Isle of Man 2022 216 pp ISBN No 978 0 9567540 9 7 online on The Internet Archive Primary sources edit Thomas Arnold Arnold of Rugby His school life and contributions to education 1897 onlineExternal links edit nbsp Wikisource has original works by or about Thomas Arnold nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Arnold nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Thomas Arnold Works by Thomas Arnold at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Thomas Arnold at Internet Archive Archival material relating to Thomas Arnold UK National Archives nbsp Archival material at Leeds University Library Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thomas Arnold amp oldid 1198179495, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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