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The Undivine Comedy

January 16, 2023

The Undivine Comedy or The Un-divine Comedy (Polish: Nie Boska komedia or Nie-boska komedia),[a] is a play written by Polish Romantic poet Zygmunt Krasiński in 1833, published anonymously in 1835.[7] Its main theme is sociopolitical conflict – in Krasiński's words, "[between] aristocracy and democracy". It is Krasiński's best-known work[8][7][9] and is regarded as one of the most important works of Polish Romantic literature.[10][11][12]

The Undivine Comedy, 1835 edition
The Undivine Comedy, 1837 edition
The Undivine Comedy, 1923 edition

History

Krasiński began work on The Undivine Comedy in June 1833 in Vienna, and finished it in autumn the following year in Venice.[8] It was published in Paris in 1835 anonymously,[8] likely to protect the author's family from any repercussions in the Russian Empire, of which they were subjects. Krasiński's writings often contained thinly veiled references to current politics.[13][7]

Krasiński would later work on another drama related to The Undivine Comedy. He considered composing a trilogy, of which the Undivine Comedy would likely have been the middle part, but he never finished the project (the draft of the first part would eventually be published in 1852 as Sen. Pieśń z „Niedokończonego poematu”, wyjęta z pozostałych rękopisów po świętej pamięci J. S., and more extensively, posthumously as Niedokończony poemat – The Unfinished Poem in 1860).[14][8][15][16] The entire trilogy was to have featured the same protagonist, Count Henry, called "The Youth" in the unfinished prequel, and "The Husband" in The Undivine Comedy.[15]

The play has been translated into more than a dozen languages.[17] Within a few years it received a French translation by Władysław Mickiewicz [pl].[3] Based on the French translation, in 1868 Robert Lytton published a drama titled Orval, or the Fool of Time which has been inspired by Krasiński's work to the point it has been discussed in scholarly literature as an example of a "rough translation",[18] paraphrase[19] or even plagiarism.[3]The Undivine Comedy was first translated to English in 1864 by Marthy Walker Cook (although she based it on earlier French and German translations),[3][19] again in 1924 (by Harriette E. Kennedy and Zofia Umińska, with a preface by G. K. Chesterton), for the third time in 1977 (By Harold B. Segel) and most recently in 1999 (by Charles S. Kraszewski).[20][6]

Initially it was considered too difficult to be adopted properly into a theatre,[7][21] and it was never staged during Krasiński's liftetime.[10] It was finally put on the stage in 1902 in the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre in Kraków by Józef Kotarbiński [pl][10][22] and since that time it has been staged numerous times in Poland and abroad.[17] Gordon M. Wickstrom, writing in 1972, noted that "since World War II nearly all leading Polish directors have undertaken" directing the play, also noting that while it has been produced in a number of other European countries, it has remained "unproduced and nearly unknown in English".[10] In 1988 Michael Finnissy directed an operatic version of it, shown in Paris and London.[21] In Poland, it has been directed by among others Arnold Szyfman (Warsaw 1920), Leon Schiller (Warsaw 1926, Łódź 1938), Bohdan Korzeniewski [pl] (Warsaw 1959), Konrad Swinarski (Kraków 1965), Adam Hanuszkiewicz (Warsaw 1969) and Jerzy Grzegorzewski [pl] (Warsaw 2002) to the music of composers such as Ludomir Różycki, Jan Maklakiewicz, Grażyna Bacewicz and Krzysztof Penderecki staged the play from the 1920s onward.[17]

It has been a part of secondary-education curriculum in Poland since at least 1923.[23][24][25]

Plot

The plot of the drama takes place in the near future, where Krasiński used recent contemporary events, such as the French Revolution, and the ensuing power struggle between the Jacobins and other factions as inspiration and extrapolating a number of social trends, describing a fictional pan-European revolution against the Christian aristocracy.[8][7][17][10] The protagonist of the drama, Count Henry (in Polish, Henryk), is a conflicted poet, who finds himself leading, together with his fellow aristocrats, a defense of the Holy Trinity castle,[b] against revolutionary forces professing democratic and atheist ideals, commanded by a leader named Pancras (in Polish, Pankracy). In the end, both sides are portrayed as a failure: while the revolutionaries take the castle, their leader increasingly doubts the righteous of their cause, and the drama ends with him seeing the vision of the Christianity being triumphant after all.[7][17][10]

The play is divided into four parts and thirty-two scenes.[10] The first two parts of the work build up the character of Count Henry, focusing on his private life as a husband, father, and artist; while the next two are focused on large revolutionary struggle.[7]

Analysis

The initial title of the drama was Mąż (The Husband).[28] Another title that Krasiński considered was Ludzka Komedia (The Human Comedy).[29][30][c] That title as well as the final title of the drama that Krasiński settled on were both inspired by Dante's Divine Comedy and have a double meaning: it depicts history as a work of humanity, or as a comedy taking place in absence of divine intervention, but contrary to God's will.[31][29] The work has been influenced by Krasiński's thoughts about the Polish November Uprising and the contemporary French July Revolution of 1830, coupled with his study of the changes wrought by the emerging capitalism to Western Europe.[8][7]

Krasiński's work effectively discussed the concept of class struggle before Karl Marx coined the term.[7][32][9] It has been described as the "first literary expression of class war"[13] and a "queer prefiguring of Marx".[33] The philosophy of the revolutionaries in the drama has been described as "nothing other than dialectical materialism".[7] The drama's themes are social revolution and the destruction of the noble class. It is critical both of the weak and cowardly aristocracy, whose destruction it prophesied, but also of the revolution, which he portrayed as a destructive force. The work is also tackling the topics of the identity of a poet, the nature of poetry, and myths of romantic ideals such as perfect love, fame and happiness.[8]

Count Henry has been analyzed as an example of the "worst possible version of Romantic individualism", conceited and egoistical, only partially redeemed by his service to humankind, a task in which he will ultimately fail in as well.[17][10] Professing to defend the Christian ideals, he ultimately commits the sin of suicide.[7] He has also been described as influenced by Goethe's Faust.[11]

Halina Floryńska-Lalewicz summarized the message of the work as follows: "Krasiński seems to say that in historical reality neither side can be fully in the right. Righteousness resides solely in the divine dimension, and it can be brought into the world by none other than Providence and the forces aligned with it. Man caught up in history is always a tragic figure, condemned to be imperfect and make the wrong choices."[17]

One aspect of the Undivine Comedy that has attracted criticism is its presentation of Jews as conspirators against the Christian world order.[25][34][15] Published in 1835, it was one of the first works - perhaps the first - in a string of modern antisemitic literature leading to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[34][15] Maria Janion thus termed it a "tainted masterpiece".[25] According to Agata Adamiecka-Sitek, this poses a significant problem today, as the work "is both canonical and profoundly embarrassing for Polish culture, on par perhaps with The Merchant of Venice in the western theatre canon."[25] The controversial nature of the material led to the cancellation of a recent stage production by director Oliver Frljić [pl], that was due to open in 2014 in Warsaw.[25][35]

Reception

 
The Undivine Comedy, performance in Teatr Nowy Łodź, 1959

19th-century romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz discussed the work in four of his lectures given at the Collège de France, calling it "the highest achievement of the Slavic theater",[7] as well as a "thoroughly nationalistic... [touching on] all the problems of Polish messianism."[36] He criticized Krasiński for his depictions of the "Israelites" – Jews – which he characterized as a "national offense".[36]Monica Mary Gardner in 1915 in her biography of Krasiński described the work as "the masterpiece of matured genius".[37] Over a century after the play was first published, Wacław Lednicki [pl] writing in 1959 for The Polish Review called it a "masterpiece of Polish drama".[38] Shortly afterward, Polish writer and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Czesław Miłosz in his 1969 book The History of Polish Literature called this work "truly pioneering" and "undoubtedly a masterpiece not only of Polish but also of world literature". Miłosz notes that it is uprising such a brilliant work was created by an author who was barely out of his teens.[7] Gordon M. Wickstrom in 1972 writing for the Educational Theatre Journal called it "the finest achievement of Polish Romantic drama".[10] Robert Mann in 1983 in the Slavic and East European Journal noted that it "ranks alongside Mickiewicz's Forefather's Eve and Słowacki's Kordian as one of the greatest dramatic works in Polish Romantic literature.[11] In 1986 Frank Northen Magill in the Critical Survey of Drama: Authors wrote that "The Undivine Comedy... suffices to ensure Krasiński's position as a dramatist of international stature".[39] Writing for the same journal as Mann in 1997, Megan L. Dixon described the work as "a classic of 19th-century High Romanticism... worthy of comparison to Goethe or Byron".[40] Gerard T. Kapolka in 2000 in The Polish Review referred to it as a "great play".[6] Halina Floryńska-Lalewicz, in her biography of Krasiński (published in 2004 at Culture.pl), calls it an outstanding example of Romantic metaphysical drama.[17] Harold B. Segel, in Polish Romantic Drama: Three Plays in English Translation (2014), remarks that "the play has steadily gained prestige in the twentieth century and is widely regarded in contemporary Poland as one of the greatest dramatic works to emerge from the Romantic period."[12]

Notes

  1. ^ The title has also been rendered in English as The Non-Divine Comedy,[1] The Ungodly Comedy,[2] The Infernal Comedy,[3][4] and The Unholy Comedy.[5] Gerard T. Kapolka suggested that a better title conveying Krasiński's intent might be The Godless Comedy,[6] while Mary Lowell Putnam proposed The Profane Comedy.[3]
  2. ^ A real castle (Okopy Świętej Trójcy [pl]), located in the Okopy, Ternopil Oblast.[26][27]
  3. ^ This title, likely mentioned to Honoré de Balzac by their mutual friend Henry Reeve, may have inspired the French author to give that title to his own La Comédie humaine.[30]

References

  1. ^ Filipczak, Dorota (1994). "Theology in Asylum. The Failure of Salvific Story in Malcolm Lowry's "Lunar Caustic"". Literature and Theology. 8 (4): 394–404. doi:10.1093/litthe/8.4.394. ISSN 0269-1205. JSTOR 23924705.
  2. ^ Deborah Holmes; Lisa Silverman (2009). Interwar Vienna: Culture Between Tradition and Modernity. Camden House. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-57113-420-2.
  3. ^ a b c d e Budrewicz, Aleksandra (2014). "Przekład, parafraza czy plagiat? "Nie-Boska komedia" Zygmunta Krasińskiego po angielsku". Wiek XIX. Rocznik Towarzystwa Literackiego Im. Adama Mickiewicza (in Polish). XLIX (1): 23–44. ISSN 2080-0851.
  4. ^ Wacław Lednicki (1964). Zygmunt Krasiński, Romantic Universalist. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. p. 180.
  5. ^ Artur Sandauer (1 June 2005). On the situation of the Polish writer of Jewish descent in the twentieth century: it is not I who should have written this study--. Hebrew University, Magnes Press. p. 18. ISBN 9789654932103.
  6. ^ a b c Kapolka, Gerard T. (2000). "Review of The Undivine Comedy, Zygmunt Krasiński". The Polish Review. 45 (2): 239–241. ISSN 0032-2970. JSTOR 25779189.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Czeslaw Milosz (24 October 1983). The History of Polish Literature, Updated Edition. University of California Press. pp. 245 and 246. ISBN 978-0-520-04477-7.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Sudolski, Zbigniew (2016). "Zygmunt Krasiński". Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny (in Polish). from the original on 12 August 2019.
  9. ^ a b Christopher John Murray (13 May 2013). Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850. Routledge. p. 626. ISBN 978-1-135-45579-8.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wickstrom, Gordon M. (1972). ""The Un-Divine Comedy": Drama of Art and Revolution". Educational Theatre Journal. 24 (3): 269–282. doi:10.2307/3205896. ISSN 0013-1989. JSTOR 3205896.
  11. ^ a b c Mann, Robert (1983). "Krasiński's Undivine Comedy and Goethe's Faust". The Slavic and East European Journal. 27 (3): 354–364. doi:10.2307/307862. ISSN 0037-6752. JSTOR 307862.
  12. ^ a b Segel, Harold B. (8 April 2014). Polish Romantic Drama: Three Plays in English Translation. Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-134-40042-3.
  13. ^ a b "Zygmunt Krasiński | Polish poet and dramatist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  14. ^ Twórczość. Związek Literatów Polskich. RSW "Prasa-Książa-Ruch". 1960. p. 93.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. ^ a b c d Fiećko, Jerzy (27 November 2014). "Co zrobić z Niedokończonym poematem Zygmunta Krasińskiego?". Sztuka Edycji (in Polish). 6: 23–28. doi:10.12775/SE.2014.004. ISSN 2391-7903.
  16. ^ Victor Erlich (1964). The double image: concepts of the poet in Slavic literatures. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780598223975.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Floryńska-Lalewicz, Halina (2004). "Zygmunt Krasiński". Culture.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  18. ^ Monica M. Gardner (29 January 2015). The Anonymous Poet of Poland. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-107-46104-8.
  19. ^ a b O. Classe, ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: A-L. Taylor & Francis. p. 775. ISBN 978-1-884964-36-7.
  20. ^ Thompson, Ewa (1 November 2001). "On Zygmunt Krasinski's Undivine Comedy". The Chesterton Review. 27 (4): 495–501. doi:10.5840/chesterton20012748. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  21. ^ a b Clements, Andrew (1988). "Finnissy's Undivine Comedy". The Musical Times. 129 (1745): 330–332. doi:10.2307/964740. ISSN 0027-4666. JSTOR 964740.
  22. ^ Małgorzata Sokalska (1 September 2012). Wokół Krasińskiego (in Polish). Wydawnictwo UJ. p. 137. ISBN 978-83-233-8753-4.
  23. ^ Świdziński, J., ed. (2003). Wydalony z Parnasu: księga pośwęcona pamięci Zygmunta Krasińskiego (in Polish). Wydawn. Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk. p. 26. ISBN 978-83-7063-373-8.
  24. ^ Starnawski, Jerzy (2003). Od zarania dziejów literatury polskiej po wiek XX (in Polish). Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. p. 201. ISBN 978-83-7171-629-4.
  25. ^ a b c d e Adamiecka-Sitek, Agata (2016). "Poles, Jews and Aesthetic Experience: On the Cancelled Theatre Production by Olivier Frljić". Polish Theatre Journal. 1.
  26. ^ Franciszek Wiktor Mleczko (1963). Wieś rodzinna wzywa. Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza. p. 53.
  27. ^ Katarzyna Węglicka (2006). Wędrówki kresowe: gawędy o miejscach, ludziach i zdarzeniach. Książka i Wiedza. p. 165. ISBN 978-83-05-13450-7.
  28. ^ Zbigniew Sudolski (1997). Krasiński: opowieść biograficzna. Wydawn. Ancher. p. 149. ISBN 978-83-85576-19-8.
  29. ^ a b Bėlza, Igor (1974). Portrety romantyków. Original from - Pennsylvania State University: Pax. p. 173.
  30. ^ a b Folkierski, Władysław; Maguire, Robert A. (1960). "The History of Two Titles: The Undivine Comedy and the Comedie Humaine". The Polish Review. 5 (1): 103–108. ISSN 0032-2970. JSTOR 25776296.
  31. ^ Kuciak, Agnieszka (2003). Dante Romantyków: Recepcja Boskiej Komedii u Mickiewicza, Słowackiego, Krasińskiego i Norwida (in Polish). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM. p. 31. ISBN 978-83-232-1240-9.
  32. ^ Czeslaw Milosz (21 August 1981). Emperor of the Earth: Modes of Eccentric Vision. University of California Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-520-04503-3.
  33. ^ Anne Applebaum (13 June 2017). Between East and West: Across the Borderlands of Europe. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-525-43319-4.
  34. ^ a b Bronner, Stepehn Eric (2019). A Rumor about the Jews: Conspiracy, Anti-Semitism, and the Protocols of Zion (Second ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Palgrave macmillan. p. 67. ISBN 978-3-319-95395-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  35. ^ Mrozek, Witold (20 January 2014). "Niedoszła "Nie-Boska", czyli co zdjął Klata". wyborcza.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  36. ^ a b Duker, Abraham G. (1962). "The Mystery of the Jews in Mickiewicz's Towianist Lectures on Slav Literature". The Polish Review: 40–66.
  37. ^ Monica M. Gardner (29 January 2015). The Anonymous Poet of Poland. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-107-46104-8.
  38. ^ Lednicki, Wacław (1959). "The Undivine Comedy". The Polish Review. 4 (3): 106–135. ISSN 0032-2970. JSTOR 25776261.
  39. ^ Frank Northen Magill (1986). Critical Survey of Drama: Authors. Salem Press. p. 1095. ISBN 978-0-89356-385-1.
  40. ^ Dixon, Megan L. (1997). "Maria beyond Marriage in Zygmunt Krasiński's Nie-Boska komedia". The Slavic and East European Journal. 41 (3): 442–457. doi:10.2307/310186. ISSN 0037-6752. JSTOR 310186.

External links

January 16, 2023
undivine, comedy, divine, comedy, polish, boska, komedia, boska, komedia, play, written, polish, romantic, poet, zygmunt, krasiński, 1833, published, anonymously, 1835, main, theme, sociopolitical, conflict, krasiński, words, between, aristocracy, democracy, k. The Undivine Comedy or The Un divine Comedy Polish Nie Boska komedia or Nie boska komedia a is a play written by Polish Romantic poet Zygmunt Krasinski in 1833 published anonymously in 1835 7 Its main theme is sociopolitical conflict in Krasinski s words between aristocracy and democracy It is Krasinski s best known work 8 7 9 and is regarded as one of the most important works of Polish Romantic literature 10 11 12 The Undivine Comedy 1835 edition The Undivine Comedy 1837 edition The Undivine Comedy 1923 edition Contents 1 History 2 Plot 3 Analysis 4 Reception 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditKrasinski began work on The Undivine Comedy in June 1833 in Vienna and finished it in autumn the following year in Venice 8 It was published in Paris in 1835 anonymously 8 likely to protect the author s family from any repercussions in the Russian Empire of which they were subjects Krasinski s writings often contained thinly veiled references to current politics 13 7 Krasinski would later work on another drama related to The Undivine Comedy He considered composing a trilogy of which the Undivine Comedy would likely have been the middle part but he never finished the project the draft of the first part would eventually be published in 1852 as Sen Piesn z Niedokonczonego poematu wyjeta z pozostalych rekopisow po swietej pamieci J S and more extensively posthumously as Niedokonczony poemat The Unfinished Poem in 1860 14 8 15 16 The entire trilogy was to have featured the same protagonist Count Henry called The Youth in the unfinished prequel and The Husband in The Undivine Comedy 15 The play has been translated into more than a dozen languages 17 Within a few years it received a French translation by Wladyslaw Mickiewicz pl 3 Based on the French translation in 1868 Robert Lytton published a drama titled Orval or the Fool of Time which has been inspired by Krasinski s work to the point it has been discussed in scholarly literature as an example of a rough translation 18 paraphrase 19 or even plagiarism 3 The Undivine Comedy was first translated to English in 1864 by Marthy Walker Cook although she based it on earlier French and German translations 3 19 again in 1924 by Harriette E Kennedy and Zofia Uminska with a preface by G K Chesterton for the third time in 1977 By Harold B Segel and most recently in 1999 by Charles S Kraszewski 20 6 Initially it was considered too difficult to be adopted properly into a theatre 7 21 and it was never staged during Krasinski s liftetime 10 It was finally put on the stage in 1902 in the Juliusz Slowacki Theatre in Krakow by Jozef Kotarbinski pl 10 22 and since that time it has been staged numerous times in Poland and abroad 17 Gordon M Wickstrom writing in 1972 noted that since World War II nearly all leading Polish directors have undertaken directing the play also noting that while it has been produced in a number of other European countries it has remained unproduced and nearly unknown in English 10 In 1988 Michael Finnissy directed an operatic version of it shown in Paris and London 21 In Poland it has been directed by among others Arnold Szyfman Warsaw 1920 Leon Schiller Warsaw 1926 Lodz 1938 Bohdan Korzeniewski pl Warsaw 1959 Konrad Swinarski Krakow 1965 Adam Hanuszkiewicz Warsaw 1969 and Jerzy Grzegorzewski pl Warsaw 2002 to the music of composers such as Ludomir Rozycki Jan Maklakiewicz Grazyna Bacewicz and Krzysztof Penderecki staged the play from the 1920s onward 17 It has been a part of secondary education curriculum in Poland since at least 1923 23 24 25 Plot EditThe plot of the drama takes place in the near future where Krasinski used recent contemporary events such as the French Revolution and the ensuing power struggle between the Jacobins and other factions as inspiration and extrapolating a number of social trends describing a fictional pan European revolution against the Christian aristocracy 8 7 17 10 The protagonist of the drama Count Henry in Polish Henryk is a conflicted poet who finds himself leading together with his fellow aristocrats a defense of the Holy Trinity castle b against revolutionary forces professing democratic and atheist ideals commanded by a leader named Pancras in Polish Pankracy In the end both sides are portrayed as a failure while the revolutionaries take the castle their leader increasingly doubts the righteous of their cause and the drama ends with him seeing the vision of the Christianity being triumphant after all 7 17 10 The play is divided into four parts and thirty two scenes 10 The first two parts of the work build up the character of Count Henry focusing on his private life as a husband father and artist while the next two are focused on large revolutionary struggle 7 Analysis EditThe initial title of the drama was Maz The Husband 28 Another title that Krasinski considered was Ludzka Komedia The Human Comedy 29 30 c That title as well as the final title of the drama that Krasinski settled on were both inspired by Dante s Divine Comedy and have a double meaning it depicts history as a work of humanity or as a comedy taking place in absence of divine intervention but contrary to God s will 31 29 The work has been influenced by Krasinski s thoughts about the Polish November Uprising and the contemporary French July Revolution of 1830 coupled with his study of the changes wrought by the emerging capitalism to Western Europe 8 7 Krasinski s work effectively discussed the concept of class struggle before Karl Marx coined the term 7 32 9 It has been described as the first literary expression of class war 13 and a queer prefiguring of Marx 33 The philosophy of the revolutionaries in the drama has been described as nothing other than dialectical materialism 7 The drama s themes are social revolution and the destruction of the noble class It is critical both of the weak and cowardly aristocracy whose destruction it prophesied but also of the revolution which he portrayed as a destructive force The work is also tackling the topics of the identity of a poet the nature of poetry and myths of romantic ideals such as perfect love fame and happiness 8 Count Henry has been analyzed as an example of the worst possible version of Romantic individualism conceited and egoistical only partially redeemed by his service to humankind a task in which he will ultimately fail in as well 17 10 Professing to defend the Christian ideals he ultimately commits the sin of suicide 7 He has also been described as influenced by Goethe s Faust 11 Halina Florynska Lalewicz summarized the message of the work as follows Krasinski seems to say that in historical reality neither side can be fully in the right Righteousness resides solely in the divine dimension and it can be brought into the world by none other than Providence and the forces aligned with it Man caught up in history is always a tragic figure condemned to be imperfect and make the wrong choices 17 One aspect of the Undivine Comedy that has attracted criticism is its presentation of Jews as conspirators against the Christian world order 25 34 15 Published in 1835 it was one of the first works perhaps the first in a string of modern antisemitic literature leading to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 34 15 Maria Janion thus termed it a tainted masterpiece 25 According to Agata Adamiecka Sitek this poses a significant problem today as the work is both canonical and profoundly embarrassing for Polish culture on par perhaps with The Merchant of Venice in the western theatre canon 25 The controversial nature of the material led to the cancellation of a recent stage production by director Oliver Frljic pl that was due to open in 2014 in Warsaw 25 35 Reception Edit The Undivine Comedy performance in Teatr Nowy Lodz 1959 19th century romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz discussed the work in four of his lectures given at the College de France calling it the highest achievement of the Slavic theater 7 as well as a thoroughly nationalistic touching on all the problems of Polish messianism 36 He criticized Krasinski for his depictions of the Israelites Jews which he characterized as a national offense 36 Monica Mary Gardner in 1915 in her biography of Krasinski described the work as the masterpiece of matured genius 37 Over a century after the play was first published Waclaw Lednicki pl writing in 1959 for The Polish Review called it a masterpiece of Polish drama 38 Shortly afterward Polish writer and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Czeslaw Milosz in his 1969 book The History of Polish Literature called this work truly pioneering and undoubtedly a masterpiece not only of Polish but also of world literature Milosz notes that it is uprising such a brilliant work was created by an author who was barely out of his teens 7 Gordon M Wickstrom in 1972 writing for the Educational Theatre Journal called it the finest achievement of Polish Romantic drama 10 Robert Mann in 1983 in the Slavic and East European Journal noted that it ranks alongside Mickiewicz s Forefather s Eve and Slowacki s Kordian as one of the greatest dramatic works in Polish Romantic literature 11 In 1986 Frank Northen Magill in the Critical Survey of Drama Authors wrote that The Undivine Comedy suffices to ensure Krasinski s position as a dramatist of international stature 39 Writing for the same journal as Mann in 1997 Megan L Dixon described the work as a classic of 19th century High Romanticism worthy of comparison to Goethe or Byron 40 Gerard T Kapolka in 2000 in The Polish Review referred to it as a great play 6 Halina Florynska Lalewicz in her biography of Krasinski published in 2004 at Culture pl calls it an outstanding example of Romantic metaphysical drama 17 Harold B Segel in Polish Romantic Drama Three Plays in English Translation 2014 remarks that the play has steadily gained prestige in the twentieth century and is widely regarded in contemporary Poland as one of the greatest dramatic works to emerge from the Romantic period 12 Notes Edit The title has also been rendered in English as The Non Divine Comedy 1 The Ungodly Comedy 2 The Infernal Comedy 3 4 and The Unholy Comedy 5 Gerard T Kapolka suggested that a better title conveying Krasinski s intent might be The Godless Comedy 6 while Mary Lowell Putnam proposed The Profane Comedy 3 A real castle Okopy Swietej Trojcy pl located in the Okopy Ternopil Oblast 26 27 This title likely mentioned to Honore de Balzac by their mutual friend Henry Reeve may have inspired the French author to give that title to his own La Comedie humaine 30 References Edit Filipczak Dorota 1994 Theology in Asylum The Failure of Salvific Story in Malcolm Lowry s Lunar Caustic Literature and Theology 8 4 394 404 doi 10 1093 litthe 8 4 394 ISSN 0269 1205 JSTOR 23924705 Deborah Holmes Lisa Silverman 2009 Interwar Vienna Culture Between Tradition and Modernity Camden House p 44 ISBN 978 1 57113 420 2 a b c d e Budrewicz Aleksandra 2014 Przeklad parafraza czy plagiat Nie Boska komedia Zygmunta Krasinskiego po angielsku Wiek XIX Rocznik Towarzystwa Literackiego Im Adama Mickiewicza in Polish XLIX 1 23 44 ISSN 2080 0851 Waclaw Lednicki 1964 Zygmunt Krasinski Romantic Universalist Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America p 180 Artur Sandauer 1 June 2005 On the situation of the Polish writer of Jewish descent in the twentieth century it is not I who should have written this study Hebrew University Magnes Press p 18 ISBN 9789654932103 a b c Kapolka Gerard T 2000 Review of The Undivine Comedy Zygmunt Krasinski The Polish Review 45 2 239 241 ISSN 0032 2970 JSTOR 25779189 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Czeslaw Milosz 24 October 1983 The History of Polish Literature Updated Edition University of California Press pp 245 and 246 ISBN 978 0 520 04477 7 a b c d e f g Sudolski Zbigniew 2016 Zygmunt Krasinski Internetowy Polski Slownik Biograficzny in Polish Archived from the original on 12 August 2019 a b Christopher John Murray 13 May 2013 Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era 1760 1850 Routledge p 626 ISBN 978 1 135 45579 8 a b c d e f g h i Wickstrom Gordon M 1972 The Un Divine Comedy Drama of Art and Revolution Educational Theatre Journal 24 3 269 282 doi 10 2307 3205896 ISSN 0013 1989 JSTOR 3205896 a b c Mann Robert 1983 Krasinski s Undivine Comedy and Goethe s Faust The Slavic and East European Journal 27 3 354 364 doi 10 2307 307862 ISSN 0037 6752 JSTOR 307862 a b Segel Harold B 8 April 2014 Polish Romantic Drama Three Plays in English Translation Routledge p 26 ISBN 978 1 134 40042 3 a b Zygmunt Krasinski Polish poet and dramatist Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 26 May 2020 Tworczosc Zwiazek Literatow Polskich RSW Prasa Ksiaza Ruch 1960 p 93 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b c d Fiecko Jerzy 27 November 2014 Co zrobic z Niedokonczonym poematem Zygmunta Krasinskiego Sztuka Edycji in Polish 6 23 28 doi 10 12775 SE 2014 004 ISSN 2391 7903 Victor Erlich 1964 The double image concepts of the poet in Slavic literatures Johns Hopkins Press p 53 ISBN 9780598223975 a b c d e f g h Florynska Lalewicz Halina 2004 Zygmunt Krasinski Culture pl in Polish Retrieved 25 May 2020 Monica M Gardner 29 January 2015 The Anonymous Poet of Poland Cambridge University Press p 134 ISBN 978 1 107 46104 8 a b O Classe ed 2000 Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English A L Taylor amp Francis p 775 ISBN 978 1 884964 36 7 Thompson Ewa 1 November 2001 On Zygmunt Krasinski s Undivine Comedy The Chesterton Review 27 4 495 501 doi 10 5840 chesterton20012748 Retrieved 30 May 2020 a b Clements Andrew 1988 Finnissy s Undivine Comedy The Musical Times 129 1745 330 332 doi 10 2307 964740 ISSN 0027 4666 JSTOR 964740 Malgorzata Sokalska 1 September 2012 Wokol Krasinskiego in Polish Wydawnictwo UJ p 137 ISBN 978 83 233 8753 4 Swidzinski J ed 2003 Wydalony z Parnasu ksiega poswecona pamieci Zygmunta Krasinskiego in Polish Wydawn Poznanskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciol Nauk p 26 ISBN 978 83 7063 373 8 Starnawski Jerzy 2003 Od zarania dziejow literatury polskiej po wiek XX in Polish Wydawn Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego p 201 ISBN 978 83 7171 629 4 a b c d e Adamiecka Sitek Agata 2016 Poles Jews and Aesthetic Experience On the Cancelled Theatre Production by Olivier Frljic Polish Theatre Journal 1 Franciszek Wiktor Mleczko 1963 Wies rodzinna wzywa Ludowa Spoldzielnia Wydawnicza p 53 Katarzyna Weglicka 2006 Wedrowki kresowe gawedy o miejscach ludziach i zdarzeniach Ksiazka i Wiedza p 165 ISBN 978 83 05 13450 7 Zbigniew Sudolski 1997 Krasinski opowiesc biograficzna Wydawn Ancher p 149 ISBN 978 83 85576 19 8 a b Belza Igor 1974 Portrety romantykow Original from Pennsylvania State University Pax p 173 a b Folkierski Wladyslaw Maguire Robert A 1960 The History of Two Titles The Undivine Comedy and the Comedie Humaine The Polish Review 5 1 103 108 ISSN 0032 2970 JSTOR 25776296 Kuciak Agnieszka 2003 Dante Romantykow Recepcja Boskiej Komedii u Mickiewicza Slowackiego Krasinskiego i Norwida in Polish Poznan Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM p 31 ISBN 978 83 232 1240 9 Czeslaw Milosz 21 August 1981 Emperor of the Earth Modes of Eccentric Vision University of California Press p 57 ISBN 978 0 520 04503 3 Anne Applebaum 13 June 2017 Between East and West Across the Borderlands of Europe Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group p 288 ISBN 978 0 525 43319 4 a b Bronner Stepehn Eric 2019 A Rumor about the Jews Conspiracy Anti Semitism and the Protocols of Zion Second ed New Brunswick NJ Palgrave macmillan p 67 ISBN 978 3 319 95395 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Mrozek Witold 20 January 2014 Niedoszla Nie Boska czyli co zdjal Klata wyborcza pl in Polish Retrieved 27 May 2020 a b Duker Abraham G 1962 The Mystery of the Jews in Mickiewicz s Towianist Lectures on Slav Literature The Polish Review 40 66 Monica M Gardner 29 January 2015 The Anonymous Poet of Poland Cambridge University Press p 90 ISBN 978 1 107 46104 8 Lednicki Waclaw 1959 The Undivine Comedy The Polish Review 4 3 106 135 ISSN 0032 2970 JSTOR 25776261 Frank Northen Magill 1986 Critical Survey of Drama Authors Salem Press p 1095 ISBN 978 0 89356 385 1 Dixon Megan L 1997 Maria beyond Marriage in Zygmunt Krasinski s Nie Boska komedia The Slavic and East European Journal 41 3 442 457 doi 10 2307 310186 ISSN 0037 6752 JSTOR 310186 External links EditA student edition of the Nie Boska Komedia in Polish with notes produced by the Modern Poland Foundation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Undivine Comedy amp oldid 1116616145, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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