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Muktananda

January 24, 2023

Swami Muktananda Paramahamsa (16 May 1908 – 2 October 1982), born Krishna Rai, was a yoga guru, the founder of Siddha Yoga.[1] He was a disciple of Bhagavan Nityananda.[2][3] He wrote books on the subjects of Kundalini Shakti, Vedanta, and Kashmir Shaivism, including a spiritual autobiography entitled The Play of Consciousness. In honorific style, he is often referred to as Swami Muktananda, or Baba Muktananda, or in a familiar way just Baba.

Muktananda
Born(1908-05-16)16 May 1908
Mangalore, Madras Presidency, British India
Died2 October 1982(1982-10-02) (aged 74)

Biography

Swami Muktananda was born in 1908 near Mangalore in Madras Presidency, British India, to a wealthy family.[4] His birth name was Krishna Rai.[5]

At 15, he encountered Bhagawan Nityananda, a wandering avadhoot who profoundly changed his life.[5] After this encounter, Krishna left home and began his search for the experience of God.[6] He studied under Siddharudha Swami in Hubli, where he learned Sanskrit, Vedanta, and all branches of yoga. He received sannyasa initiation in the Sarasvati order of the Dashanami Sampradaya,[7] taking the name of Swami Muktananda. After Siddharudha's death, Muktananda left to study with a disciple of Siddharudha called Muppinarya Swami at his Sri Airani Holematt in Ranebennur Haveri District. Then Swami Muktananda began wandering India on foot, studying with many different saints and gurus.

In 1947, Muktananda went to Ganeshpuri to receive the darshan of Bhagavan Nityananda, who had originally inspired Muktananda's search for God. He received shaktipat initiation from him on August 15 of that year. Muktananda often said that his spiritual journey did not truly begin until he received shaktipat from Nityananda. He described it as a profound and sublime experience.[8] For the next nine years, Muktananda lived and meditated in a small hut in Yeola. He wrote about his sadhana and kundalini-related meditation experiences in his autobiography.

In 1956, Bhagawan Nityananda acknowledged the culmination of Muktananda's spiritual journey. He appointed Muktananda as the leader of an ashram in Ganeshpuri, near Bombay.[3] The same year he started teaching his Siddha Yoga path. Between 1970 and 1981, Muktananda went on three world tours. During these tours, he established Siddha Yoga ashrams and meditation centers in many countries. In 1975, he founded the Siddha Yoga Ashram in Oakland in the San Francisco Bay area. In 1979, he established Shree Nityananda Ashram (now Shree Muktananda Ashram) in the Catskills, northwest of New York City.[9] Muktananda established Gurudev Siddha Peeth as a public trust in India to administer his work there. He founded the SYDA Foundation in the United States to administer the global work of Siddha Yoga meditation.[10] He wrote many books, sixteen of which are still in print with the SYDA Foundation.

In May 1982, Muktananda appointed two successors, Swami Chidvilasananda and her younger brother, Swami Nityananda, as joint leaders of Siddha Yoga. Nityananda later resigned and formed his own group.

Muktananda died in October 1982. He is buried in his samādhi shrine in Gurudev Siddha Peeth in Ganeshpuri.

Teaching and practice

Central to his teachings were to "See God in each other,"[11] and "Honor your Self. Worship your Self. Meditate on your Self. God dwells within you as you."[11] Muktananda often gave a shorter version of this teaching: "God dwells within you as you."[12]

According to Lola Williamson, Muktananda was known as a "shaktipat guru because kundalini awakening occurred so readily in his presence".[13] Through Shaktipat Intensives participants were said to receive shaktipat initiation, the awakening of Kundalini Shakti that is said to reside within a person, and to deepen their practice of Siddha Yoga meditation.[14] Historically, Shaktipat initiation had been reserved for the few who had done many years of spiritual service and practices; Muktananda offered this initiation to newcomers and yogis alike.[15] There are several published accounts that describe the reception of shaktipat from Muktananda. Paul Zweig wrote one such account of receiving shaktipat from Muktananda.[16] In Gurus of Modern Yoga, Andrea Jain, in her chapter on Muktananda, quotes an anonymous source, who describes his moment of shaktipat, when he was 19 years old, conferred by Muktananda with a wand of peacock feathers in 1975:

I almost jumped when the peacock feathers, firmly but with a soft weightiness, hit me repeatedly on my head, and then gently brushed my face as [Muktananda] [...] powerfully pressed one of his fingers into my forehead at a spot located just between my eyebrows [...] I'm honestly somewhat reluctant to write about what happened next because I know that whatever I say will inevitably diminish it, will make it sound as if it were just another "powerful experience." This was not an experience. This was THE event of my spiritual life. This was full awakening. This wasn't "knowing" anything, because you only know something that is separate from you. This was being: the Ultimate - a fountain of Light, a dancing, ever-new source. Utter freedom, utter joy [...] Completely fulfilled, completely whole, no limits to my power and love and light."[17]

Alleged sexual assaults

Sarah Caldwell, in an essay in the academic journal Nova Religio (2001), argued that Muktananda was both an enlightened spiritual teacher and a practitioner of Shakta Tantrism, but also "engaged in actions that were not ethical, legal or liberatory with many disciples."[18] According to Lola Williamson, "Muktananda stressed the value of celibacy for making progress on the spiritual path, but he almost certainly violated his own rules."[19] Author Andrea Jain asserts "Muktananda engaged in secret sexual rituals with several of his young female disciples—some of whom were teenagers—that were meant to transmit sakti to the tantric hero."[18][20]

In 1981, Stan Trout, a swami for Siddha Yoga, wrote an open letter in which he referred to a number of stories of Muktananda engaging in sexual activities with young women, and threats and harassment in order to force people to "stop talking about your escapades with young girls in your bedroom."[19] In 1983 William Rodarmor printed several allegations in CoEvolution Quarterly from anonymous female devotees that Muktananda regularly had sex with them and raped them.[21][19][22] In the article, based on twenty five interviews,[23] former devotees charged that Muktananda had molested under-age girls, and engaged in sexual interactions with young devotees,[21] which "drew naive young women into esoteric Tantric rituals."[24] Lis Harris repeated and extended Rodarmor's allegations in an article in The New Yorker (1994).[23][22]

Bibliography

  • Light on the Path (1972), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-914602-54-3
  • Mukteshwari: The Way of Muktananda (1972), SYDA Foundation
  • Getting Rid of What You Haven't Got (1974), Wordpress ISBN 0-915104-00-8
  • Ashram Dharma (1975), SYDA Foundation, ISBN 0-911307-38-9
  • I Love You (1975), SYDA Foundation
  • Selected Essays (1976), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-37-0
  • God is With You (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0-914602-57-8
  • I Am that: The Science of Hamsa from the Vijnana Bhairava (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-914602-27-6
  • I Welcome You All With Love (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-65-6
  • In the Company of a Siddha: Interviews and Conversations With Swami Muktananda (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0-911307-53-2
  • The Nectar of Chanting: Sacred Texts and Mantras Sung in the Ashrams of Swami Muktananda (1978), SYDA Foundation, ISBN 0-914602-16-0
  • Play of Consciousness: A Spiritual Autobiography (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-81-8
  • Satsang with Baba : questions and answers between Swami Muktananda and his devotees (1978), Volumes 1 – 5, SYDA, ISBN 0-914602-40-3
  • Kundalini: The Secret of Life (1979), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-34-6
  • To Know the Knower (1979), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-914602-91-8
  • Meditate (1980), State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-87395-471-8
  • Kundalini Stavah (1980), SYDA Foundation, ISBN 0-914602-55-1
  • The Perfect Relationship: The Guru and the Disciple (1980), SYDA Foundation, ISBN 0-914602-53-5
  • Reflections of the Self (1980), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-914602-50-0
  • Secret of the Siddhas (1980), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-31-1
  • A Book for the Mind (1981), SYDA Foundation
  • Does Death Really Exist? (1981), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-36-2
  • Lalleshwari (1981), SYDA Foundation, ISBN 0-914602-66-7
  • Where Are You Going?: A Guide to the Spiritual Journey (1981), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-60-5
  • I Have Become Alive: Secrets of the Inner Journey (1985), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-26-5
  • From the Finite to the Infinite (1990), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-31-1
  • Mystery of the Mind (1992), SYDA Foundation
  • The Self is Already Attained (1993), Siddha Yoga Meditation Publications, ISBN 0-914602-77-2
  • Bhagawan Nityananda (1996), Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-45-1
  • Nothing Exists that Is Not Shiva: Commentaries on the Shiva Sutra, Vijnana Bhairava, Guru Gita, and Other Sacred Texts (1997) Siddha Yoga Publications, ISBN 0-911307-56-7

References

  1. ^ Safransky, Sy (July 1976). "An Interview With Swami Muktananda". The Sun Magazine. Retrieved 16 August 2021. Muktananda was said to be a living saint, a perfectly realized human being, a sadguru — the highest of gurus.
  2. ^ S.P. Sabharathnam Douglas Brooks. Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage. Agama Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-9654096-0-5
  3. ^ a b Jones & Ryan 2006, p. 296.
  4. ^ Ancient Wisdom and Modern Science. p. 283.
  5. ^ a b "Baba Muktananda's Meditation Revolution Continues Ten Years After His Passing". Hinduism Today. October 1992. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  6. ^ Douglas Brooks, Swami Durgananda, Paul E. Muller-Ortega, Constantina Rhodes Bailly, S.P. Sabharathnam. Meditation Revolution: a History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga lineage. (Agama Press) 1997, p.32
  7. ^ John Paul Healy (2010), Yearning to Belong: Discovering a New Religious Movement, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p.9
  8. ^ Muktananda, Swami (1978). Play of Consciousness. Siddha Yoga Publications. ISBN 978-0-911307-81-8.
  9. ^ Brooks, Douglas; Durgananda, Swami; Muller-Ortega, Paul; Mahony, William; Rhodes-Bailly, Constantina; Sabharathnam, S.P. (1997). Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage; Agama Press; ISBN 0965409600.
  10. ^ . Hinduism Today. April 1995. Archived from the original on 22 May 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2006.
  11. ^ a b "Essential Teachings". Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  12. ^ Reverend Eugene S. Callender, Nobody is a Nobody, (Amazon) 2010, p.290
  13. ^ Homegrown Gurus, edited by Ann Gleig and Lola Williamson, chapter 4, Swamis, Scholars and Gurus by Lola Williamson, page 87
  14. ^ Brooks, Douglas; Durgananda, Swami; Muller-Ortega, Paul; Mahony, William; Rhodes-Bailly, Constantina; Sabharathnam, S.P. (1997). Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage; Agama Press; pp 135-152. ISBN 0965409600.
  15. ^ Brooks, Douglas; Durgananda, Swami; Muller-Ortega, Paul; Mahony, William; Rhodes-Bailly, Constantina; Sabharathnam, S.P. (1997). Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage; Agama Press; p 93. ISBN 0965409600.
  16. ^ Paul Zweig, in John White (editor), Kundalini, Evolution, and Enlightenment (ISBN 1-55778-303-9)
  17. ^ Andrea R. Jain, "Muktananda: Entrepreneurial Godman, Tantric Hero", Chapter 9 of Gurus of Modern Yoga, edited by Mark Singleton and Ellen Goldberg, Oxford University Press, 2014
  18. ^ a b Caldwell 2001.
  19. ^ a b c Williamson 2010, p. 114.
  20. ^ Jain 2014, p. 204.
  21. ^ a b Rodarmor 1983.
  22. ^ a b Urban 2012, p. 247.
  23. ^ a b Harris 1994.
  24. ^ Urban 2012, p. 244.

Sources

  • Caldwell, Sarah (2001), "The Heart of the Secret: A Personal and Scholarly Encounter with Shakta Tantrism in Siddha Yoga", Nova Religio, 5 (1): 9–51, doi:10.1525/nr.2001.5.1.9, JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2001.5.1.9, S2CID 143965805
  • Harris, Lis (14 November 1994). "O Guru, Guru, Guru". The New Yorker. pp. 92–93. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  • Jain, Andrea R. (2014), "Muktananda: Entrepreneurial Godman, Tantric hero", in Singleton, Mark; Goldberg, Ellen (eds.), Gurus of Modern Yoga, Oxford University Press
  • Jain, Andrea R. (2015), Selling Yoga: From Counterculture to Pop Culture, Oxford University Press
  • Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase Publishing
  • Rodarmor, William (1983). "The Secret Life of Swami Muktananda". CoEvolution Quarterly.
  • Urban, Hugh B. (2012), The Cult of Ecstacy: Meldings of East and West in a New Age of Tantra, in the book Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion, University of California Press, pp. 203–263, JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1pp4mm.12
  • Williamson, Lola (2010), Transcendent in America: Hindu-Inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion, New York University Press

External links

  • Official SYDA website
  •   Quotations related to Muktananda at Wikiquote

January 24, 2023
muktananda, swami, paramahamsa, 1908, october, 1982, born, krishna, yoga, guru, founder, siddha, yoga, disciple, bhagavan, nityananda, wrote, books, subjects, kundalini, shakti, vedanta, kashmir, shaivism, including, spiritual, autobiography, entitled, play, c. Swami Muktananda Paramahamsa 16 May 1908 2 October 1982 born Krishna Rai was a yoga guru the founder of Siddha Yoga 1 He was a disciple of Bhagavan Nityananda 2 3 He wrote books on the subjects of Kundalini Shakti Vedanta and Kashmir Shaivism including a spiritual autobiography entitled The Play of Consciousness In honorific style he is often referred to as Swami Muktananda or Baba Muktananda or in a familiar way just Baba MuktanandaBorn 1908 05 16 16 May 1908Mangalore Madras Presidency British IndiaDied2 October 1982 1982 10 02 aged 74 Contents 1 Biography 2 Teaching and practice 3 Alleged sexual assaults 4 Bibliography 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksBiography EditSwami Muktananda was born in 1908 near Mangalore in Madras Presidency British India to a wealthy family 4 His birth name was Krishna Rai 5 At 15 he encountered Bhagawan Nityananda a wandering avadhoot who profoundly changed his life 5 After this encounter Krishna left home and began his search for the experience of God 6 He studied under Siddharudha Swami in Hubli where he learned Sanskrit Vedanta and all branches of yoga He received sannyasa initiation in the Sarasvati order of the Dashanami Sampradaya 7 taking the name of Swami Muktananda After Siddharudha s death Muktananda left to study with a disciple of Siddharudha called Muppinarya Swami at his Sri Airani Holematt in Ranebennur Haveri District Then Swami Muktananda began wandering India on foot studying with many different saints and gurus In 1947 Muktananda went to Ganeshpuri to receive the darshan of Bhagavan Nityananda who had originally inspired Muktananda s search for God He received shaktipat initiation from him on August 15 of that year Muktananda often said that his spiritual journey did not truly begin until he received shaktipat from Nityananda He described it as a profound and sublime experience 8 For the next nine years Muktananda lived and meditated in a small hut in Yeola He wrote about his sadhana and kundalini related meditation experiences in his autobiography In 1956 Bhagawan Nityananda acknowledged the culmination of Muktananda s spiritual journey He appointed Muktananda as the leader of an ashram in Ganeshpuri near Bombay 3 The same year he started teaching his Siddha Yoga path Between 1970 and 1981 Muktananda went on three world tours During these tours he established Siddha Yoga ashrams and meditation centers in many countries In 1975 he founded the Siddha Yoga Ashram in Oakland in the San Francisco Bay area In 1979 he established Shree Nityananda Ashram now Shree Muktananda Ashram in the Catskills northwest of New York City 9 Muktananda established Gurudev Siddha Peeth as a public trust in India to administer his work there He founded the SYDA Foundation in the United States to administer the global work of Siddha Yoga meditation 10 He wrote many books sixteen of which are still in print with the SYDA Foundation In May 1982 Muktananda appointed two successors Swami Chidvilasananda and her younger brother Swami Nityananda as joint leaders of Siddha Yoga Nityananda later resigned and formed his own group Muktananda died in October 1982 He is buried in his samadhi shrine in Gurudev Siddha Peeth in Ganeshpuri Teaching and practice EditCentral to his teachings were to See God in each other 11 and Honor your Self Worship your Self Meditate on your Self God dwells within you as you 11 Muktananda often gave a shorter version of this teaching God dwells within you as you 12 According to Lola Williamson Muktananda was known as a shaktipat guru because kundalini awakening occurred so readily in his presence 13 Through Shaktipat Intensives participants were said to receive shaktipat initiation the awakening of Kundalini Shakti that is said to reside within a person and to deepen their practice of Siddha Yoga meditation 14 Historically Shaktipat initiation had been reserved for the few who had done many years of spiritual service and practices Muktananda offered this initiation to newcomers and yogis alike 15 There are several published accounts that describe the reception of shaktipat from Muktananda Paul Zweig wrote one such account of receiving shaktipat from Muktananda 16 In Gurus of Modern Yoga Andrea Jain in her chapter on Muktananda quotes an anonymous source who describes his moment of shaktipat when he was 19 years old conferred by Muktananda with a wand of peacock feathers in 1975 I almost jumped when the peacock feathers firmly but with a soft weightiness hit me repeatedly on my head and then gently brushed my face as Muktananda powerfully pressed one of his fingers into my forehead at a spot located just between my eyebrows I m honestly somewhat reluctant to write about what happened next because I know that whatever I say will inevitably diminish it will make it sound as if it were just another powerful experience This was not an experience This was THE event of my spiritual life This was full awakening This wasn t knowing anything because you only know something that is separate from you This was being the Ultimate a fountain of Light a dancing ever new source Utter freedom utter joy Completely fulfilled completely whole no limits to my power and love and light 17 Alleged sexual assaults EditSarah Caldwell in an essay in the academic journal Nova Religio 2001 argued that Muktananda was both an enlightened spiritual teacher and a practitioner of Shakta Tantrism but also engaged in actions that were not ethical legal or liberatory with many disciples 18 According to Lola Williamson Muktananda stressed the value of celibacy for making progress on the spiritual path but he almost certainly violated his own rules 19 Author Andrea Jain asserts Muktananda engaged in secret sexual rituals with several of his young female disciples some of whom were teenagers that were meant to transmit sakti to the tantric hero 18 20 In 1981 Stan Trout a swami for Siddha Yoga wrote an open letter in which he referred to a number of stories of Muktananda engaging in sexual activities with young women and threats and harassment in order to force people to stop talking about your escapades with young girls in your bedroom 19 In 1983 William Rodarmor printed several allegations in CoEvolution Quarterly from anonymous female devotees that Muktananda regularly had sex with them and raped them 21 19 22 In the article based on twenty five interviews 23 former devotees charged that Muktananda had molested under age girls and engaged in sexual interactions with young devotees 21 which drew naive young women into esoteric Tantric rituals 24 Lis Harris repeated and extended Rodarmor s allegations in an article in The New Yorker 1994 23 22 Bibliography EditLight on the Path 1972 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 914602 54 3 Mukteshwari The Way of Muktananda 1972 SYDA Foundation Getting Rid of What You Haven t Got 1974 Wordpress ISBN 0 915104 00 8 Ashram Dharma 1975 SYDA Foundation ISBN 0 911307 38 9 I Love You 1975 SYDA Foundation Selected Essays 1976 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 911307 37 0 God is With You 1978 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 914602 57 8 I Am that The Science of Hamsa from the Vijnana Bhairava 1978 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 914602 27 6 I Welcome You All With Love 1978 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 911307 65 6 In the Company of a Siddha Interviews and Conversations With Swami Muktananda 1978 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 911307 53 2 The Nectar of Chanting Sacred Texts and Mantras Sung in the Ashrams of Swami Muktananda 1978 SYDA Foundation ISBN 0 914602 16 0 Play of Consciousness A Spiritual Autobiography 1978 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 911307 81 8 Satsang with Baba questions and answers between Swami Muktananda and his devotees 1978 Volumes 1 5 SYDA ISBN 0 914602 40 3 Kundalini The Secret of Life 1979 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 911307 34 6 To Know the Knower 1979 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 914602 91 8 Meditate 1980 State University of New York Press ISBN 0 87395 471 8 Kundalini Stavah 1980 SYDA Foundation ISBN 0 914602 55 1 The Perfect Relationship The Guru and the Disciple 1980 SYDA Foundation ISBN 0 914602 53 5 Reflections of the Self 1980 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 914602 50 0 Secret of the Siddhas 1980 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 911307 31 1 A Book for the Mind 1981 SYDA Foundation Does Death Really Exist 1981 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 911307 36 2 Lalleshwari 1981 SYDA Foundation ISBN 0 914602 66 7 Where Are You Going A Guide to the Spiritual Journey 1981 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 911307 60 5 I Have Become Alive Secrets of the Inner Journey 1985 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 911307 26 5 From the Finite to the Infinite 1990 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 911307 31 1 Mystery of the Mind 1992 SYDA Foundation The Self is Already Attained 1993 Siddha Yoga Meditation Publications ISBN 0 914602 77 2 Bhagawan Nityananda 1996 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 911307 45 1 Nothing Exists that Is Not Shiva Commentaries on the Shiva Sutra Vijnana Bhairava Guru Gita and Other Sacred Texts 1997 Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 0 911307 56 7References Edit Safransky Sy July 1976 An Interview With Swami Muktananda The Sun Magazine Retrieved 16 August 2021 Muktananda was said to be a living saint a perfectly realized human being a sadguru the highest of gurus S P Sabharathnam Douglas Brooks Meditation Revolution A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage Agama Press 1997 ISBN 978 0 9654096 0 5 a b Jones amp Ryan 2006 p 296 Ancient Wisdom and Modern Science p 283 a b Baba Muktananda s Meditation Revolution Continues Ten Years After His Passing Hinduism Today October 1992 Retrieved 24 November 2021 Douglas Brooks Swami Durgananda Paul E Muller Ortega Constantina Rhodes Bailly S P Sabharathnam Meditation Revolution a History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga lineage Agama Press 1997 p 32 John Paul Healy 2010 Yearning to Belong Discovering a New Religious Movement Ashgate Publishing Ltd p 9 Muktananda Swami 1978 Play of Consciousness Siddha Yoga Publications ISBN 978 0 911307 81 8 Brooks Douglas Durgananda Swami Muller Ortega Paul Mahony William Rhodes Bailly Constantina Sabharathnam S P 1997 Meditation Revolution A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage Agama Press ISBN 0965409600 Muktananda s Legacy Hinduism Today April 1995 Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 Retrieved 1 June 2006 a b Essential Teachings Retrieved 9 July 2014 Reverend Eugene S Callender Nobody is a Nobody Amazon 2010 p 290 Homegrown Gurus edited by Ann Gleig and Lola Williamson chapter 4 Swamis Scholars and Gurus by Lola Williamson page 87 Brooks Douglas Durgananda Swami Muller Ortega Paul Mahony William Rhodes Bailly Constantina Sabharathnam S P 1997 Meditation Revolution A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage Agama Press pp 135 152 ISBN 0965409600 Brooks Douglas Durgananda Swami Muller Ortega Paul Mahony William Rhodes Bailly Constantina Sabharathnam S P 1997 Meditation Revolution A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage Agama Press p 93 ISBN 0965409600 Paul Zweig in John White editor Kundalini Evolution and Enlightenment ISBN 1 55778 303 9 Andrea R Jain Muktananda Entrepreneurial Godman Tantric Hero Chapter 9 of Gurus of Modern Yoga edited by Mark Singleton and Ellen Goldberg Oxford University Press 2014 a b Caldwell 2001 a b c Williamson 2010 p 114 Jain 2014 p 204 a b Rodarmor 1983 a b Urban 2012 p 247 a b Harris 1994 Urban 2012 p 244 Sources EditCaldwell Sarah 2001 The Heart of the Secret A Personal and Scholarly Encounter with Shakta Tantrism in Siddha Yoga Nova Religio 5 1 9 51 doi 10 1525 nr 2001 5 1 9 JSTOR 10 1525 nr 2001 5 1 9 S2CID 143965805 Harris Lis 14 November 1994 O Guru Guru Guru The New Yorker pp 92 93 Retrieved 30 May 2021 Jain Andrea R 2014 Muktananda Entrepreneurial Godman Tantric hero in Singleton Mark Goldberg Ellen eds Gurus of Modern Yoga Oxford University Press Jain Andrea R 2015 Selling Yoga From Counterculture to Pop Culture Oxford University Press Jones Constance Ryan James D 2006 Encyclopedia of Hinduism Infobase Publishing Rodarmor William 1983 The Secret Life of Swami Muktananda CoEvolution Quarterly Urban Hugh B 2012 The Cult of Ecstacy Meldings of East and West in a New Age of Tantra in the book Tantra Sex Secrecy Politics and Power in the Study of Religion University of California Press pp 203 263 JSTOR 10 1525 j ctt1pp4mm 12 Williamson Lola 2010 Transcendent in America Hindu Inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion New York University PressExternal links EditOfficial SYDA website Quotations related to Muktananda at Wikiquote Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muktananda amp oldid 1133354426, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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