Ter Sámi is the easternmost of the Sámi languages. It was traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula, but now it is an extinct language; in 2004, only ten speakers were left. By 2010, the number of speakers had decreased to two.[1] In 2020, they were presumed dead or uncontactable.[citation needed] Other estimates counted about 30 Ter Sámi speakers in Murmansk oblast, as well as in St. Petersburg, in 2007. The mean age of the youngest Ter Sámi speakers at that time was 50.[3]
Zoya Gerasimova (left), one of the last speakers of Ter Sámi. Photo taken in 2006.
In the end of the 19th century, there were six Ter Sámi villages in the eastern part of the Kola Peninsula, with a total population of approximately 450. In 2004, there were approximately 100 ethnic Ter Sámi of whom two elderly persons speak the language; the rest have shifted their language to Russian.[4]
The rapid decline in the number of speakers was caused by Soviet collectivisation, during which its use was prohibited in schools and homes[citation needed] in the 1930s, and the largest Ter Sámi village, Yokanga, was declared "perspectiveless" and its inhabitants were forced to move to the Gremikhamilitary base.[4]
After palatalized consonants, /ɛ/ is realized as [e].[5]
Documentationedit
There are no educational materials or facilities in Ter Sámi, and the language has no standardized orthography. The language is incompletely studied and documented, though text specimens and audio recordings as well as dictionaries for linguistic purposes exist.[6][7]
Writing systemedit
A spelling system for Ter Sámi using the Latin alphabet and based on Skolt Sámi was developed in the 1930s. After the Second World War, this was replaced by a system using the Cyrillic alphabet, and based on Kildin Sámi.[8] This system was used by the Sámi poet Oktyabrina Voronova.[9]
In the Nominative case the base word changes when a plural is made.
Word
Meaning
Plural
Meaning
mi̮rr
forest
mi̮r
forests
k'iлл
language
k'iл
languages
šiɛn'n'
swamp
šiɛn'
swamps
tast
star
taast
stars
The word "ku", meaning: who, which in the cases.
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
ku
kogg
Genitive
konn
kojt
Accusative
konn
kojt
Essive
kon'n'in
kojn
Inessive
kon'n'es't
kojn
Dative
kon'n'i
kojt
Abessive
konta
kojta
Cominative
kon'in
kojgujm
Notesedit
^ abNilsen, Thomas (2010-02-19). "Sami languages disappears". Barent's Observer. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
^"Ter Sámi alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^Rießler, Michael; Wilbur, Joshua (2007). "Documenting the Endangered Kola Saami Languages". In Bull Tove; Kusmenko, Jurij; Rießler, Michael (eds.). Språk og språkforhold i Sápmi [Language and Language Conditions in Sápmi]. Berlin, Germany: Nordeuropa-Institut. p. 40. ISBN978-3-932406-26-3.
^ abTiuraniemi Olli: "Anatoli Zaharov on maapallon ainoa turjansaamea puhuva mies", Kide 6 / 2004.
^Tereškin, Sergej N. (2002). Jokan'gskij dialekt Saamskogo Jazyka. Sankt Petersburg: Rossijskij Gosudarstvennyj pedagogičeskij Universitet imeni.
^"Ter Sami alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^Rießler, Michael (2018). "Kola Sámi literature (Kildin Sámi, Ter Sámi, Akkala Sámi)". In: "Čálli giehta olla guhkás" A writing hand reaches further ({S}ámi proverb) Johanna Domokos (ed.). Helsinki: Yhdenvertaisen kulttuurin puolesta ry, pp. 73–78.
^"Tersamisk - Allkunne". www.allkunne.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2021-01-24.
^Tereškin, Sergej (2002). . Йоганьгский диалект саамского языка. Saint Petersburg.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External linksedit
Media related to Ter Sami language at Wikimedia Commons
Ter saami dictionary
Die Struktur der Nominalphrase im Tersaamischen (in German)
Koltan- ja kuolanlapin sanakirja (dictionary in German, contains Ter Saami)
Koltan- ja kuolanlappalaisia satuja (texts in Kola Saami languages, includes Ter Saami)
January 01, 1970
sámi, easternmost, sámi, languages, traditionally, spoken, northeastern, part, kola, peninsula, extinct, language, 2004, only, speakers, were, left, 2010, number, speakers, decreased, 2020, they, were, presumed, dead, uncontactable, citation, needed, other, es. Ter Sami is the easternmost of the Sami languages It was traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula but now it is an extinct language in 2004 only ten speakers were left By 2010 the number of speakers had decreased to two 1 In 2020 they were presumed dead or uncontactable citation needed Other estimates counted about 30 Ter Sami speakers in Murmansk oblast as well as in St Petersburg in 2007 The mean age of the youngest Ter Sami speakers at that time was 50 3 Ter Samisaa mekiill sa mkӣllNative toRussiaNative speakers2 2010 1 Language familyUralic SamiEastern SamiTer SamiWriting systemLatin script historical Cyrillic script current 2 Language codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code sjt class extiw title iso639 3 sjt sjt a Glottologters1235ELPTer SaamiTer Sami language area red within Sapmi grey Ter Sami is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger 2010 Sami dialects and settlements in Russia Ter Contents 1 History 2 Phonology 2 1 Consonants 2 2 Vowels 3 Documentation 4 Writing system 5 Example of words in Ter Sami 6 Grammar 11 7 Notes 8 External linksHistory edit nbsp Zoya Gerasimova left one of the last speakers of Ter Sami Photo taken in 2006 In the end of the 19th century there were six Ter Sami villages in the eastern part of the Kola Peninsula with a total population of approximately 450 In 2004 there were approximately 100 ethnic Ter Sami of whom two elderly persons speak the language the rest have shifted their language to Russian 4 The rapid decline in the number of speakers was caused by Soviet collectivisation during which its use was prohibited in schools and homes citation needed in the 1930s and the largest Ter Sami village Yokanga was declared perspectiveless and its inhabitants were forced to move to the Gremikha military base 4 Phonology editConsonants edit Labial Alveolar Post alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Plosive p b t d k ɡ Affricate t s d z t ʃ d ʒ Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ x h Nasal m n n ŋ Approximant Lateral j l l Trill r r All consonants except for j may be palatalized ʲ Consonants t d can also sound as half palatalized Vowels edit Front Central Back short long short long short long Close i iː ɨ ɨː u uː Mid ɛ o Open a aː ɔ After palatalized consonants ɛ is realized as e 5 Documentation editThere are no educational materials or facilities in Ter Sami and the language has no standardized orthography The language is incompletely studied and documented though text specimens and audio recordings as well as dictionaries for linguistic purposes exist 6 7 Writing system editA spelling system for Ter Sami using the Latin alphabet and based on Skolt Sami was developed in the 1930s After the Second World War this was replaced by a system using the Cyrillic alphabet and based on Kildin Sami 8 This system was used by the Sami poet Oktyabrina Voronova 9 Example of words in Ter Sami editSample vocabulary in Ter Sami 10 Ter Sami English gloss vyejjve head nykchym tongue kidt hand lonnҍt bird chadce water ke ddҍke stone abbre rain toll fireGrammar 11 editTer Sami has 8 cases Nominative Genitive Accusative Essive Inessive Lative Dative Illative Abessive and Comitative case singular plural NOM change of the main part of word GEN change of the main part of word change of the main part of word ACC change of the main part of word t ESS n n INE s t n DAT a i t ABE ta ta COM n k em g em Examples of the Genitive in the UPA abre pal raining cloudpɛci pal cemi s slaughter of deertaja olmi j German inhabitanttara parnɛ Russian boysPluralsIn the Nominative case the base word changes when a plural is made Word Meaning Plural Meaning mi rr forest mi r forests k ill language k il languages siɛn n swamp siɛn swamps tast star taast stars The word ku meaning who which in the cases Case Singular Plural Nominative ku kogg Genitive konn kojt Accusative konn kojt Essive kon n in kojn Inessive kon n es t kojn Dative kon n i kojt Abessive konta kojta Cominative kon in kojgujmNotes edit a b Nilsen Thomas 2010 02 19 Sami languages disappears Barent s Observer Retrieved 2022 06 04 Ter Sami alphabet pronunciation and language Omniglot com Retrieved 27 November 2017 Riessler Michael Wilbur Joshua 2007 Documenting the Endangered Kola Saami Languages In Bull Tove Kusmenko Jurij Riessler Michael eds Sprak og sprakforhold i Sapmi Language and Language Conditions in Sapmi Berlin Germany Nordeuropa Institut p 40 ISBN 978 3 932406 26 3 a b Tiuraniemi Olli Anatoli Zaharov on maapallon ainoa turjansaamea puhuva mies Kide 6 2004 Tereskin Sergej N 2002 Jokan gskij dialekt Saamskogo Jazyka Sankt Petersburg Rossijskij Gosudarstvennyj pedagogiceskij Universitet imeni Itkonen T I Koltan ja kuolanlapin sanakirja Helsinki Societe Finno Ougrienne 1958 Itkonen T I Koltan ja kuolanlappalaisia satuja 1931 Memoires de la Societe Finno Ougrienne 60 Ter Sami alphabet pronunciation and language Omniglot com Retrieved 16 February 2018 Riessler Michael 2018 Kola Sami literature Kildin Sami Ter Sami Akkala Sami In Calli giehta olla guhkas A writing hand reaches further S ami proverb Johanna Domokos ed Helsinki Yhdenvertaisen kulttuurin puolesta ry pp 73 78 Tersamisk Allkunne www allkunne no in Norwegian Retrieved 2021 01 24 Tereskin Sergej 2002 Jogangskij dialekt saamskogo yazyka Saint Petersburg a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link External links edit nbsp Media related to Ter Sami language at Wikimedia Commons Ter saami dictionary Die Struktur der Nominalphrase im Tersaamischen in German Koltan ja kuolanlapin sanakirja dictionary in German contains Ter Saami Koltan ja kuolanlappalaisia satuja texts in Kola Saami languages includes Ter Saami Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ter Sami amp oldid 1220994913, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
