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Armenian Revolutionary Federation

November 16, 2023

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Armenian: Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն, romanized: Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutyun,[a] abbr. ARF (ՀՅԴ) or ARF-D), also known as Dashnaktsutyun[b] (Armenian: Դաշնակցություն, lit. "Federation"[c]), is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party[37][38][39] founded in 1890 in Tiflis, Russian Empire by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian.[40] As of 2023, the party operates in Armenia, Lebanon, Iran and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is present. The party was also active in Artsakh until the Azerbaijani offensive in September 2023. Although it has long been the most influential political party in the Armenian diaspora, it has a comparatively smaller proportional presence in modern-day Armenia.[41] As of October 2023, the party was represented in two national parliaments, with ten seats in the National Assembly of Armenia and three seats in the Parliament of Lebanon[42][43] as part of the March 8 Alliance.

Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն
Other nameDashnaktsutyun
AbbreviationARF (English)
ՀՅԴ (Armenian)
Bureau ChairmanHakob Ter-Khachaturyan
Supreme Council
Chairman		Ishkhan Saghatelyan
FoundersChristapor Mikaelian
Stepan Zorian
Simon Zavarian
Founded1890[1] in Tiflis, Russian Empire
(now Tbilisi, Georgia)
HeadquartersHanrapetutyun Street 30, Yerevan
NewspaperYerkir (Երկիր, "Country") and Droshak (Դրօշակ, "Banner")
Student wingARF Shant Student Association
ARF Armen Karo Student Association
Youth wingArmenian Youth Federation
TV ChannelYerkir Media (in Armenia)
Membership (2012)6,800 (in Armenia only)[2]
Ideology
Political positionCenter-left[31] to left-wing[32][33]
National affiliationHomeland Salvation Movement (in Armenia; 2020–2021)
Armenia Alliance (in Armenia)
March 8 Alliance (in Lebanon)
European affiliationParty of European Socialists (observer)[34]
Continental affiliationForum of Socialists of the CIS Countries
International affiliationSocialist International (1951–1960; 1996–present)[35]
Labour and Socialist International (1923–1940)
Second International (1907–1916)
Colors  Red and   gold
Slogan"Ազատութիւն կամ մահ"
Azatut'yun kam mah
("Freedom or Death")[28]
Anthem"Մշակ, բանուոր"
Mshak Banvor
("Peasant and Worker")
AffiliatesArmenian Relief Society
Homenetmen
Hamazkayin
Armenian National Committee of America
National Assembly of Armenia[36]
10 / 107
National Assembly of Artsakh
0 / 33
Parliament of Lebanon
3 / 128
Party flag
Website
arfd.am
^ a: United Armenia is an irredentist concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland. The ARF idea of "United Armenia" incorporates claims to Western Armenia (eastern Turkey), Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh),
the landlocked exclave Nakhichevan of Azerbaijan and
the Javakheti (Javakhk) region of Georgia.

The ARF has traditionally advocated socialist democracy[44] and has been a full member of the Socialist International since 2003; it joined the Second International in 1907.[35][45] It has the largest membership of the political parties present in the Armenian diaspora, having established affiliates in more than 20 countries.[46] Compared to other diasporan Armenian parties which tend to primarily focus on educational or humanitarian projects, the ARF is the most politically oriented of the organizations and traditionally has been one of the staunchest supporters of Armenian nationalism.[46] The party campaigns for the recognition of the Armenian genocide and the right to reparations. It also advocates the establishment of United Armenia, partially based on the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920.

The ARF originated as a merger of various Armenian political groups, mainly from the Russian Empire, with the declared goal of achieving "the political and economic freedom of Turkish Armenia" by means of armed rebellion.[47] In the 1890s, the party sought to unify the various small groups in the Ottoman Empire that were advocating reform and defending Armenian villages from the massacres and banditry that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. ARF members formed groups of partisans (fedayi) that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The party refrained from revolutionary activity in the Russian Empire until the decision of the Russian authorities to confiscate Armenian Church property in 1903.[48] Initially restricting its demands to the establishment of autonomy and democratic rights for Armenians in the two empires, the party adopted an independent and united Armenia as part of its program in 1919.[49]

In 1918, the party was instrumental in the formation of the First Republic of Armenia, which fell to the Soviet communists in 1920.[50] After the communists exiled its leadership, the ARF established itself within Armenian-diaspora communities, where it helped Armenians to preserve their cultural identity.[51] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the ARF reestablished its presence in Armenia. Prior to Serzh Sargsyan's election as President of Armenia in February 2008 and for a short time thereafter, the ARF was a member of the governing coalition, even though it nominated its own candidate in the 2008 presidential elections.[52]

ARF reentered Sargsyan's cabinet in February 2016 in what was defined as a "long-term political cooperation" agreement with the Republican Party by means of which the ARF would share responsibility for all government policies.[53] The ARF then approved of Sargsyan's nomination in April 2018 as Prime Minister, from which post he resigned six days later (23 April 2018) amid large-scale protests in what came to be known as the Velvet Revolution.[54] By the evening of 25 April 2018, ARF-Dashnaktsutyun had withdrawn from the coalition.

Following the Velvet Revolution, the party lost support from the general public in Armenia and is now being polled at 1–2%.[timeframe?] The party lost political representation in the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election after receiving only 3.89% of the votes, which is lower than the 5% minimum threshold required for representation in the National Assembly.

During the 2020–2021 Armenian protests, the party confirmed it would participate in the 2021 Armenian parliamentary election as part of a political alliance - the Armenia Alliance - with Reborn Armenia. In the 2021 election, the Armenia Alliance, led by the second President of Armenia, Robert Kocharyan, won 21% of the popular vote and gained 29 seats in the National Assembly.[55][56]

Early history

 
ARF Founders left to right: Stepan Zorian, Christapor Mikaelian, Simon Zavarian

In the late 19th century, the Russian Empire became the hub of small groups advocating reform in Armenian-populated areas in the Ottoman Empire. In 1890, recognizing the need to unify these groups in order to be more efficient, Christapor Mikaelian, Simon Zavarian and Stepan Zorian created a new political party called the "Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries" (Հայ Յեղափոխականների Դաշնակցութիւն, Hay Heghapokhakanneri Dashnaktsutyun), which would eventually be called the "Armenian Revolutionary Federation" or "Dashnaktsutiun" in 1890.[1]: 103, 106 

The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, an existing Armenian socialist and revolutionary party, initially agreed to join the "Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries." However, the Hunchaks soon withdrew due to disputes over ideological and organizational questions, such as the role of socialism in the party's program. Another faction of non-socialists led by Konstantin Khatisian split from the federation early on. Despite this, the party began to organize itself in the Ottoman Empire and convened its First General Congress in 1892, where a program containing socialist principles was adopted.[47] The original aim of the ARF was to gain autonomy for the Armenian-populated areas in the Ottoman Empire by means of armed rebellion. At the First Congress, the party adopted a decentralized modus operandi according to which the chapters in different countries were allowed to plan and implement policies in tune with their local political atmosphere. The party set its goal of a society based on the democratic principles of freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, freedom of religion and agrarian reform.[40][1][page needed]

Russian Empire

The ARF gradually acquired significant strength and sympathy among Russian Armenians. Mainly because of the ARF's stance towards the Ottoman Empire, the party enjoyed the support of the central Russian administration, as tsarist and ARF foreign policy had the same alignment until 1903.[57] On 12 June 1903, the tsarist authorities passed an edict to bring all Armenian Church property under imperial control. This was faced by strong ARF opposition, because the ARF perceived the tsarist edict as a threat to the Armenian national existence. As a result, the ARF leadership decided to defend Armenian churches by dispatching militiamen who acted as guards and by holding mass demonstrations.[57][58] In 1904, the party broke with its old policy of non-struggle against the Tsarist authorities, engaging in acts of terrorism against the imperial bureaucracy and establishing separate schools, courts, and prisons in Russian Armenia.[48]

In 1905–06, the Armenian-Tatar massacres broke out during which the ARF became involved in armed activities. Some sources claim that the Russian government incited the massacres in order to reinforce its authority during the revolutionary turmoil of 1905.[59] The first outbreak of violence occurred in Baku, in February 1905.[60] The ARF held the Russian authorities responsible for inaction and instigation of massacres that were part of a larger anti-Armenian policy. On 11 May 1905, Dashnak revolutionary Drastamat Kanayan assassinated Russian governor general Nakashidze, who was considered by the Armenian population as the main instigator of hate and confrontation between the Armenians and the Tatars. Unable to rely on the state for protection, the Armenian bourgeoisie turned to the ARF. Against the criticisms of their rivals to the left (the Hunchaks, Bolsheviks and Specifists), the Dashnak leaders argued that, given employment discrimination against Armenian workers in non-Armenian concerns, the defence provided to the Armenian bourgeoisie was essential to the safekeeping of employment opportunities for Armenian laborers.[61] The Russian Tsar's envoy in the Caucasus, Vorontsov-Dashkov, reported that the ARF bore a major portion of responsibilities for perpetrating the massacres.[62] The ARF, however, argued that it helped to organize the defence of the Armenian population against Muslim attacks. The blows suffered at the hands of the Dashnakist fighting squads proved a catalyst for the consolidation of the Muslim community of the Caucasus.[60] During that period, the ARF regarded armed activity, including terror, as necessary for the achievement of political goals.[63]

In January 1912, 159 ARF members, being lawyers, bankers, merchants and other intellectuals, were tried before the Russian senate for their participation in the party. They were defended by then-lawyer Alexander Kerensky, who challenged much of the evidence used against them as the "original investigators had been encouraged by the local administration to use any available means" to convict the men.[64] Kerensky succeeded in having the evidence reexamined for one of the defendants. He and several other lawyers "made openly contemptuous declarations" about this discrepancy to the Russian press, which was forbidden to attend the trials, and this in turn greatly embarrassed the senators. The Senate eventually opened an inquiry against the chief magistrate who had brought the charges against the Dashnak members and concluded that he was insane. Ninety-four of the accused were acquitted, while the rest were either imprisoned or exiled for varying periods, the most severe being six years.[65]

Persian Empire

See also: Iranian Constitutional Revolution and Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran
 
Yeprem Khan was a revolutionary leader of Iran

The Dashnaktsutiun held a meeting on 26 April 1907, dubbed the Fourth General Congress, at which ARF leaders such as Aram Manukian, Hamo Ohanjanyan and Stepan Stepanian discussed their engagement in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.[66] They established that the movement was one that had political, ideological and economic components and was thus aimed at establishing law and order, human rights and the interests of all working people. They also felt that it would work for the benefit and interest of Armenian-Iranians. The final vote was 25 votes in favour and one absentia.[66]

From 1907 to 1908, during the time when the Young Turks came to power in the Ottoman Empire, Armenians from the Caucasus, Western Armenia, and Iran started to collaborate with Iranian constitutionalists and revolutionaries.[66] Political parties, notably the Dashnaktsutiun, wanted to influence the direction of the revolution towards greater democracy and to safeguard gains already achieved. The Dashnak contribution to the fight was mostly military, as it sent some of its well-known fedayees to Iran after the guerrilla campaign in the Ottoman Empire ended with the rise of the Young Turks.[66] A notable ARF member already in Iran was Yeprem Khan, who had established a branch of the party in the country. Yeprem Khan was highly instrumental in the Constitutional revolution of Iran. After the Persian national parliament was shelled by the Russian Colonel Vladimir Liakhov, Yeprem Khan rallied with Sattar Khan and other revolutionary leaders in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran against Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar.[67] Relations between Sattar Khan and the ARF oscillated between amity and resentment. Sometimes he was viewed as being ignorant, while at other times he was dubbed a great hero.[67] Nonetheless, the ARF came to collaborate with him and alongside Yeprem Khan posted many victories including the capture of Rasht in February 1909. At the end of June 1909, the fighters arrived in Tehran and after several battles, took over the Majles building and the Sepahsalar Mosque. Yeprem Khan was then appointed chief of Tehran police. This caused tensions between the Dashnaks and Khan.[67]

Ottoman Empire

Abdul Hamid Period (1894–1908)

Main articles: Sasun Resistance (1894), 1896 Ottoman Bank takeover, Khanasor Expedition, Sasun Uprising (1904), and Yıldız assassination attempt

The ARF became a major political force in Armenian life. It was especially active in the Ottoman Empire, where it organized or participated in many revolutionary activities. The ARF was especially influential due to their ability to educate the population through a system of "educating, explaining,and encouraging". This was a tactic used to disseminate information to gain support in terms of political elections, campaigns, or alliances to strengthen the ARF's social relations. When they weren't educating their youth and preparing the new generation for revolution, they themselves were taking part in revolutionary activities.[68] For example, in 1894, the ARF took part in the Sasun Resistance, supplying arms to the local population to help the people of Sasun defend themselves against the Hamidian purges.[69] In June 1896, the Armenakan Party organized the Van Rebellion in the province of Van. The Armenakans, assisted by members of the Hunchakian and ARF parties, supplied all able-bodied men of Van with weapons. They rose to defend the civilians from the attack and subsequent massacre.[70]

 
Fedayi group fighting under the ARF banner. Text in Armenian reads Azatutyun kam Mah (Liberty or Death)

To raise awareness of the massacres of 1895–96, members of the Dashnaktsutiun led by Papken Siuni, occupied the Ottoman Bank on 26 August 1896.[71] The purpose of the raid was to dictate the ARF's demands of reform in the Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire and to attract European attention to their cause since the Europeans had many assets in the bank. The operation caught European attention but at the cost of more massacres by Sultan Abdul Hamid II.[72]

During this period, many famous intellectuals joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, including Harutiun Shahrigian, Avetik Isahakyan, Hakob Zavriev, Levon Shant, Karekin Khajag, Vartkes Serengülian, Abraham Gyulkhandanyan, Vahan Papazian, Siamanto, Nikol Aghbalian and many others.

The Khanasor Expedition was performed by the Armenian militia against the Kurdish Mazrik tribe on 25 July 1897. During the Defense of Van, the Mazrik tribe had ambushed a squad of Armenian defenders and massacred them. The Khanasor Expedition was the ARF's retaliation.[69][73] Some Armenians consider this their first victory over the Ottoman Empire and celebrate each year in its remembrance.[74][75]

On 30 March 1904, the ARF played a major role in the Second Sasun Uprising. The ARF sent arms and fedayi to defend the region for the second time.[69] Among the 500 fedayees participating in the resistance were famed figures such as Kevork Chavush, Sepasdatsi Murad and Hrayr Djoghk. Although they managed to hold off the Ottoman army for several months, despite their lack of fighters and firepower, Ottoman forces captured Sasun and massacred thousands of Armenians.[69]

In 1905, members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation organized the failed Yıldız Attempt, an assassination plot on Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern day Istanbul);[69] the explosion missed its target by a few minutes and was helped by Belgian anarchist Edward Joris.[76][77] One of Dashnaksutiun's founders Kristapor Mikaelian was killed by an accidental explosion during the planning of the operation.

Young Turk Revolution (1908–14)

 
Armen Garo (Karekin Pastermadjian), an ARF member of Chamber of Deputies from Erzurum during the Second Constitutional Era.[78]
See also: Young Turk Revolution

In the 1890s the party used terrorism against the Ottoman Empire and Russia with the goal of gaining an independent nation,[79] more well known attacks occurred against Bedros Kapamciyan, the mayor of Van who was assassinated in December 1912, and the assassination of archbishop Leon Tourian in New York City on December 24, 1933.[80]

Together with the Committee of Union and Progress, a group of mostly European-educated Turks, the ARF had been one of the largest revolutionary groups trying to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II.[81] In a general assembly meeting in 1907, the ARF acknowledged that the Armenian and Turkish revolutionaries had the same goals. Although the Tanzimat reforms had given Armenians more rights and seats in the parliament, the ARF hoped to gain autonomy to govern Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire as a "state within a state". The "Second congress of the Ottoman opposition" took place in Paris, France, in 1907. Opposition leaders including Ahmed Riza (liberal), Sabahheddin Bey, and ARF member Khachatur Maloumian attended. During the meeting, an alliance between the two parties was officially declared.[81][82] The ARF decided to cooperate with the Committee of Union and Progress, hoping that if the Young Turks came to power, autonomy would be granted to the Armenians.

In 1908, Abdul Hamid II was overthrown during the Young Turk Revolution, which launched the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. Dashnaktsutiun became a legal political party and Armenians gained more seats in the 1908 parliament, but the reforms fell short of the greater autonomy that the ARF had hoped for. The Adana massacre in 1909 also created antipathy between Armenians and Turks, and the ARF cut relations with the Young Turks in 1912.[82] Between December 1912 and 1914 ARF politicians held negotiations with the CUP about political reforms in the eastern provinces. The Armenians had the support of the Russians and the CUP accused the Armenians that their actions caused further division between Turks and Armenians.[83] The CUP and ARF continued a close cooperation throughout the Second Constitutional Era up until 1914.

World War I and the Armenian genocide

See also: World War I, Armenian genocide, Armenian resistance, and Operation Nemesis
 
Aram Manukian, one of the leaders of the Van Resistance

In 1915, Dashnak leaders were deported and killed alongside other Armenian intellectuals during a purge by Ottoman officials against the leaders of the empire's Armenian communities.[84] The ARF, maintaining its ideological commitment to a "Free, Independent, and United Armenia", led the defense of the Armenian people during the Armenian genocide, becoming leaders of the successful Van Resistance. Jevdet Bey, the Ottoman administrator of Van, tried to suppress the resistance by killing two Armenian leaders (Ishkhan and Vramian) and trying to imprison Aram Manukian, who had risen to fame and gained the nickname "Aram of Van".[85] Moreover, on 19 April, he issued an order to exterminate all Armenians, and threatened to kill all Muslims who helped them.[86]

About 185,000 Armenians lived in Vaspurakan. In the city of Van itself, there were around 30,000 Armenians, but more Armenians from surrounding villages joined them during the Ottoman offensive. The battle started on 20 April 1915, with Aram Manukian as the leader of the resistance, and lasted for two months. In May, the Armenian battalions and Russian regulars entered the city and successfully drove the Ottoman army out of Van.[85] The Dashnaktsutiun was also involved in other less-successful resistance movements in Zeitun, Shabin-Karahisar, Urfa, and Musa Dagh. After the end of the Van resistance, ARF leader Aram Manukian became governor of the Administration for Western Armenia and worked to ease the sufferings of Armenians.

At the end of World War I, members of the Young Turks movement, considered executors of the Armenian genocide by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, were assassinated during Operation Nemesis.[87][88]

Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)

Main article: First Republic of Armenia

As a result of the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, the Armenian, Georgian, and Azerbaijani leaders of the Caucasus united to create the Transcaucasian Federation in the winter of 1918. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had drastic consequences for the Armenians: Turkish forces reoccupied Western Armenia. The federation lasted for only three months, eventually leading to the proclamation of the Republics of Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. The negotiators for Armenia were from the ARF.[89]

 
Members of the second cabinet of the First Republic of Armenia, 1 October 1919.
Sitting: Avetik Sahakyan, Alexander Khatisyan, General Christophor Araratov. Standing: Nikol Aghbalian, Abraham Gyulkhandanyan, S. Araradian.

With the collapse of the Transcaucasian Federation, the Armenians were left to fend for themselves as the Turkish army approached the capital of Yerevan. At first, fearing a major military defeat and massacre of the population of Armenia, the Dashnaks wanted to evacuate the city of Yerevan. Instead, the Military Council headed by Colonel Pirumian decided that they would not surrender and would confront the Turkish army.[90] The opposing armies met on 28 May 1918, near Sardarapat. The battle was a major military success for the Armenian army as it was able to halt the invading Turkish forces.[91] The Armenians also stood their ground at the Battle of Kara Killisse and at the Battle of Bash Abaran. The creation of the First Republic of Armenia was proclaimed on the same day of the Battle of Sardarapat, and the ARF became the ruling party. However, the new state was devastated, with a dislocated economy, hundreds of thousands of refugees, and a mostly starving population.[90]

The ARF, led by General Andranik, tried several times to seize Shusha (known as Shushi by Armenians), a city in Karabakh. Just before the Armistice of Mudros was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha, to control the main city of Karabakh. Andranik's forces got within 42 km (26 mi) of the city when the First World War ended, and Turkey, along with Germany and Austria-Hungary, surrendered to the Allies.[92] British forces ordered Andranik to stop all military advances, assuring him that the conflict would be solved with the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Andranik, not wanting to antagonize the British, retreated to Goris, Zangezur.[92]

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation had a strong presence in the DRA government. Most of the important government posts, such as prime minister, defence minister and interior minister were controlled by its members.

The DRA wanted to recover the country's economy, and create new rules and regulations, but the situation required it to focus on overcoming widespread hunger in the country. The situation was complicated externally, provoked by Turkish and Azerbaijani Muslim riots. In 1920 the situation in the country became worse, with apparent rapprochement between Soviet Russia and Kemal's Turkey. When the Turkish-Armenian war started in autumn 1920, Armenia was isolated and abandoned by Western allies. The newly formed League of Nations did not provide any help. Soviet Russia intensified its pressure on Armenia. Losing the war, Armenia signed the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920, which resulted in the recognition of large territorial losses to Turkey. The Armenia military-revolutionary committee formed in Soviet Azerbaijan. Despite their tight grip on power, the ARF ceded power to the Communist Red Army troops invading from the north, which culminated with a Soviet takeover.[50] The ARF was banned, its leaders exiled, and many of its members dispersed to other parts of the world.[50]

Exile

See also: Armenian diaspora

After the communists took over the short-lived First Republic of Armenia and ARF leaders were exiled, the Dashnaks moved their base of operations to where the Armenian diaspora had settled. With the large influx of Armenian refugees in the Levant, the ARF established a strong political structure in Lebanon and to a lesser extent, Syria. From 1921 to 1990, the Dashnaktsutiun established political structures in more than 200 states, including the USA, where a large number of Armenians had settled.[46]

With political and geographic division came religious division. One part of the Armenian Church claimed it wanted to be separate from the head, whose seat was in Echmiadzin, Armenian SSR. Some Armenians in the US thought Moscow tried to use the Armenian Church to promote Communists' ideas outside the country. The Armenian Church thus separated into two branches, Echmiadzin and Cilician, and started to operate separately. In the US, Echmiadzin branch churches of the Armenian Apostolic Church would not admit members of the ARF. This was one of the reasons why the ARF discouraged people from attending these churches and brought the representatives from a different wing of the church, the Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia, from Lebanon to the US.[93] In 1933, members of ARF were convicted in the assassination of Armenian archbishop Levon Tourian with large butcher knives in New York City.[94] Prior to his murder, the archbishop had been accused of being exclusively pro-Soviet by the ARF.[95] The ARF was legally exonerated of any direct involvement in the assassination, but the incident weakened the party in the United States and led to its members being ostracized by the other Armenian political parties.[96]

During World War II, some Berlin-based ARF members saw an opportunity to remove Soviet control from Armenia by supporting the Nazis. The Armenian Legion, composed largely of former Soviet Red Army POWs, was led by Drastamat Kanayan. It participated in the occupation of the Crimean Peninsula[97] but was later based in the Netherlands and France a result of Adolf Hitler's distrust of their loyalty.[citation needed]

During the 1950s, tensions arose between the ARF and the Armenian SSR. The death of Catholicos Garegin of the Holy See of Cilicia prompted a struggle for succession. The National Ecclesiastic Assembly, which was largely influenced by the ARF, elected Zareh of Aleppo. This decision was rejected by the Echmiadzin-based Catholicos of All Armenians, the anti-ARF coalition, and Soviet Armenian authorities. Zareh extended his administrative authority over a large part of the Armenian diaspora, furthering the rift that had already been created by his election.[72] This event split the large Armenian community of Lebanon, creating sporadic clashes between the supporters of Zareh and those who opposed his election.[72]

Religious conflict was part of a greater conflict that raged between the two "camps" of the Armenian diaspora. The ARF still resented the fact that they were ousted from Armenia after the Red Army took control, and the ARF leaders supported the creation of a "Free, Independent, and United Armenia", free from both Soviet and Turkish hegemony. The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party and Ramgavar Party, the main rivals of the ARF, supported the newly established Soviet rule in Armenia.[72]

Lebanon

Main article: Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon
Year Mandates
1943
1 / 55
1947
2 / 55
1951
2 / 77
1953
1 / 44
1957
2 / 66
1960
4 / 99
1964
4 / 99
1968
4 / 99
1972
1 / 99
1992
1 / 128
1996
1 / 128
2000
2 / 128
2005
2 / 128
2009
3 / 128
2018
3 / 128
2022
3 / 128

From 1923 to 1958, conflicts erupted among Armenian political parties struggling to dominate and organize the diaspora. The ARF and Hunchakian parties struggled in 1926 for control of the newly established shanty-town of Bourj Hammoud in Lebanon; ARF member Vahan Vartabedian was assassinated. The assassination of Hunchakian members Mihran Aghazarian and S. Dekhrouhi followed in 1929 and 1931 respectively.[98] In 1956, when Bishop Zareh was consecrated Catholicos of Cilicia, the Catholicos of Echmiadzin refused to recognize his authority. This controversy polarized the Armenian community of Lebanon. As a result, in the context of the Lebanese civil strife of 1958, an armed conflict erupted between supporters (the ARF) and opponents (Hunchakians, Ramgavars) of Zareh.[72]

Prior to the Lebanese Civil War of 1975–90, the party was closely allied to the Phalangist Party of Pierre Gemayel and generally ran joint tickets with the Phalangists, especially in Beirut constituencies with large Armenian populations.[99] The refusal of the ARF, along with most Armenian groups, to play an active role in the civil war, however, soured relations between the two parties, and the Lebanese Forces (a militia dominated by Phalangists and commanded by Bachir Gemayel, Pierre Gemayel's son), responded by attacking the Armenian quarters of many Lebanese towns, including Bourj Hammoud.[99] Many Armenians affiliated with the ARF took up arms voluntarily to defend their quarters. In the midst of the Lebanese civil war, the shadowy guerrilla organization Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide emerged and carried out assassinations from 1975 to 1983. The guerrilla organization has sometimes been linked to the Dashnaks.[100]

Ethnic Armenians are allocated six seats in Lebanon's 128-member National Assembly. The Lebanese branch of the ARF has usually controlled a majority of the Armenian vote and won most of the ethnic Armenian seats in the National Assembly. A major change occurred in the parliamentary election of 2000. With a rift between ARF and the Mustaqbal (Future) party of Rafik Hariri and the ARF was left with only one parliamentary seat, its worst result in many decades. The ARF called for a boycott of the 2005 Beirut elections. Relations soured further when on 5 August 2007 by-election in the Metn district, which includes the predominantly Armenian area of Bourj Hammoud, ARF decided to support Camille Khoury, the candidate backed by opposition leader Michel Aoun's Free Patriotic Movement against Phalangist leader Amine Gemayel and subsequently won the seat. In the 2009 Lebanese general elections, the ARF won 2 seats in parliament which it holds presently. In June 2011, a new Lebanese government was formed where ARF party members were appointed to two ministerial positions, including Ministry of Industry, as part of the March 8 alliance.

The ARF Lebanon branch is headquartered in Bourj Hammoud in the Shaghzoian Centre, along with the ARF Lebanon Central Committee's Aztag Daily newspaper and "Voice Of Van" 24-hour radio station.[101]

Syria

During the French Mandate and under the parliamentary régime in Syria, there were reserved seats for the various religious communities, like in Lebanon, including for Armenians. This system is unofficially still living. Even when they didn't take part as such in elections, Armenian parties such as Dashnak exerted an influence on them.[102][103][104][105]

Independent Armenia

 
The Simon Vratsyan centre of the ARF Supreme Council of Armenia in the capital Yerevan

The ARF has always maintained its ideological commitment to "a Free, Independent, and United Armenia".[106] The term United Armenia refers to the borders of Armenia recognized by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and outlined in the Treaty of Sèvres.[107] After Armenia fell under Soviet control in 1920, the ARF within the Armenian diaspora opposed Soviet rule over Armenia and rallied in support of Armenian independence. It contributed to organizing a social and cultural framework aimed at preserving the Armenian identity.[108] However, because of tight communist control, the ARF could not operate in the Armenian SSR and the political party remained banned until 1991.

In the leadup to the reestablishment of independent Armenia, the ARF was opposed to Armenia's immediate independence from the Soviet Union, considering the threat of neighboring Turkey to be too great.[17][109]

When independence was achieved in 1991, the ARF soon became one of the major and most active political parties, rivaled mainly by the Pan-Armenian National Movement. Subsequently, on 28 December 1994, President Levon Ter-Petrosyan in a famous television speech banned the ARF, which was the nation's leading opposition party, along with Yerkir, the country's largest daily newspaper.[110] Ter-Petrosyan introduced evidence that supposedly detailed a plot hatched by the ARF to engage in terrorism against his administration, endanger Armenia's national security and overthrow the government. Throughout the evening, government security forces arrested leading ARF figures, and police seized computers, fax machines, files and printing equipment from ARF offices. In addition to Yerkir, government forces also closed several literary, women's, cultural, and youth publications.[110] A group of eleven ARF members were arrested and accused of being members of a purported secret terrorist cell within the ARF known as the "Dro Group" (named after the Dro Committee, the group that was allegedly behind the plot), which was allegedly led by ARF member Hrant Markarian.[111] Another group of thirty-one ARF members, including ARF Bureau member Vahan Hovhannisyan, were also arrested and charged with attempting to stage an armed coup, among other crimes.[111]

Gerard Libaridian, an historian and close adviser of Ter-Petrosyan, collected and presented the evidence against the defendants. He later stated in an interview that he was unsure if the evidence was true, inviting the notion that the party was banned because of its increasing chances of winning seats in the July 1995 parliamentary elections.[112][verification needed] The trials were marked by accusations of misconduct, including forced confessions, and were regarded as politically motivated by the opposition and human rights groups.[113][111] Several months after the elections, most of the men were found not guilty with the exception of several defendants charged for engaging in corrupt business practices.[citation needed] Three men from the "Dro Group" case (Arsen Artsruni, Armenak Mnjoyan, Armen Grigoryan) and one man from the group of 31 (Tigran Avetisyan) were sentenced to death for murder.[114][115][116] Their sentences were commuted to life imprisonment in 2003.[114][116] Mnjoyan died while in prison in early 2019, while Artsruni and Avetisyan continue to serve their sentences.[114][116]

The ban on the party was lifted less than a week after Ter-Petrosyan fell from power in February 1998 and was replaced by Robert Kocharyan, who was backed by the Dashnaks.[50] Most of the ARF members convicted in relation to the "Dro Group" and "Group of 31" cases were released after the relegalization of the party.

In 2007, the ARF was not part of but had a cooperation agreement in place with the governing coalition, which consisted of two parties in the government coalition, the Republican Party and Prosperous Armenia Party. The Country of Law party was also a member of the governing coalition until it pulled out in May 2006. With 16 of the 131 seats in the National Assembly of Armenia, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation became the third-largest party in parliament.

In addition to its parliamentary seats, the following governmental ministries were also headed by ARF members: Ministry of Agriculture, Davit Lokian;[117] Ministry of Education and Science, Levon Mkrtchian;[118] Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Aghvan Vardanian;[119] Ministry of Healthcare, Norair Davidian.[120] On 13 July 2007, the ARF History Museum was inaugurated in Yerevan, displaying the history of the party and of its notable members.

In 2007, the ARF announced that it would nominate its own candidate to run for president of Armenia in the February 2008 presidential election. In an innovation on 24–25 November 2007, the ARF conducted a non-binding Armenia-wide primary election. They invited the public to vote to advise the party which of two candidates, Vahan Hovhannisyan and Armen Rustamyan, they should formally nominate for president of Armenia in the subsequent official election. What characterized it as a primary instead of a standard opinion poll was that the public knew of the primary in advance, all eligible voters were invited, and the voting was by secret ballot. Nearly 300,000 people voted in makeshift tents and mobile ballot boxes. Vahan Hovhannisyan received the most votes and was subsequently nominated for the presidential election by the ARF Supreme Council in a secret ballot.[121] In the presidential election, Hovhannisyan placed fourth with 6.2% of the vote.[122] In 2008, ARF re-joined the ruling political coalition in Armenia[52] and supported strong police actions during the 2008 Armenian presidential election protests that led to ten deaths.

Due to the signature of the so-called Zurich Protocols the ARF left the coalition and became an opposition party once again in 2009, but relations with other factions in the Armenian opposition remained frosty.[123] In 2012 parliamentary election the ARF won 5 seats losing 11 parliamentary seats from 2007.

ARF then reentered Sargsyan's cabinet in February 2016, obtaining three ministerial posts: Ministry of Economy, Local Government and Education; also, as a result of what was defined as a "long-term political cooperation" agreement with the Republican Party, ARF also got to appoint the regional governors of Aragatsotn and Shirak Provinces.[53]

After the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes, the ARF helped the Ministry of Defense of Armenia in setting up a volunteer reserve battalion, made up mostly of party members. This unit, made up of experienced commanders and soldiers, some of them veterans from the Nagorno-Karabakh war, is one of the newest units of the Armenian military. It traces back its heritage from the Shushi independent battalion of the previous war and is called the "ARF battalion".[124]

Following the 2017 elections, the party won 7 seats in the National Assembly with 6,58% of the votes.

Following the start of the Armenian Velvet Revolution, the ARF broke its coalition with the Republican Party of Armenia and moved into opposition; later on, the party supported Nikol Pashinyan's new cabinet. The 2018 election saw the collapse of the party. The ARF only scored 3,89% of the votes and won no seats. It was the first time since the independence of Armenia that ARF had no political representation in the National Assembly.

Since its loss in the 2018 election, the ARF has become the main extra parliamentary opposition party to the Pashinyan government.

The ARF also gained popularity by intensifying its social aid programs to those in need in Armenia, especially in the rural areas. The party has provided aid to locals during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, mainly thanks to various donation made by members of the Armenian diaspora.

During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, the ARF again formed volunteer battalions to fight in the war.[125] After the conclusion of the war, the party formed a coalition with 16 other political parties (most notably the former ruling Republican Party and the parliamentary opposition party Prosperous Armenia) calling itself the "Homeland Salvation Movement", calling on Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan to resign for the defeat of the Armenian side in the war. Along with the other parties in the coalition, the ARF supported former prime minister Vazgen Manukyan as their candidate for prime minister. The Homeland Salvation Movement attempted to force Pashinyan's resignation through the organization of mass protests.[126]

The ARF formed the Armenia Alliance electoral alliance with ex-president Robert Kocharyan and the Reborn Armenia party to participate in the 2021 snap parliamentary election. The alliance won 29 seats out of 107, 10 of which were taken by candidates put forward by the ARF.[55]

Electoral record

In the 2000s, the party usually garnered some 10 to 15 percent of the vote in national elections.[citation needed] In a 2007 confidential telegram Anthony Godfrey, U.S. Embassy in Armenia chargé d'affaires, wrote that the party "has had a historically loyal following of 10 to 12 percent of the population, but probably has little chance to expand from that base."[citation needed] Following the 2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution, the party polled at 1–2%.[127][128][129] The ARF, for the first time since 1999, did not win seats in parliament and effectively became an extra-parliamentary opposition party. However, the party gained 10 seats in parliament following the 2021 elections, as part of the Armenia Alliance coalition.

Electoral history

Ottoman Empire

Chamber of Deputies

Year Total seats +/–
1908
4 / 275
   4
1912
10 / 288
   6
1914
4 / 275
   6
1919
0 / 160
   4

Russian Republic

Russian Constituent Assembly

Year Total seats +/–
1917
10 / 767
   10

Republic of Armenia

Parliamentary elections

Year Votes % Seats +/– Outcome
1919 230,772 89.0%
72 / 80
   1st
Majority government
Party in Exile (1921 to 1990)
1995
–
1 / 190
  71 14th
In opposition
1999 84,232 7.79%
5 / 131
   4 4th
government support
2003 136,270 11.36%
11 / 131
  6 4th
Coalition government
2007 177,907 13.16%
16 / 131
  5 3rd
Coalition government until 2009
3rd
In opposition
2012 85,550 5.68%
5 / 131
  11 4th
In opposition
4th
Coalition government since 2016
2017 103,173 6.58%
7 / 105
  2 4th
Coalition government until October 2018
2018 48,811 3.89%
0 / 132
   7 5th
In opposition
2021[a] 269,481 21.11%
10 / 107
   10 2nd
Main opposition

a.^ Run within Armenia Alliance.

Presidential elections by popular vote

Year Candidate Votes % #
1991 Sos Sargsyan
–
 4.3% 3rd
1996 banned, endorsed Vazgen Manukyan[130]
1998 endorsed Robert Kocharyan[131]
2003
2008 Vahan Hovhannisyan 100,966 6.2% 4nd
2013 did not participate

Presidential elections by parliament vote

Year Candidate Votes % #
2018 endorsed Armen Sarkissian[132]
2022 boycott[133]

Republic of Artsakh

Parliamentary elections

Year Votes % Seats +/– Outcome
2000
–
–
9 / 33
   9 2nd
Main opposition
2005[b] 10.573 17.36%
3 / 22
   6 3rd
In opposition
2010 12,725 20.18%
4 / 22
   1 3rd
In opposition
2015 12,965 18.81%
7 / 22
   3 3rd
In opposition
2020 4,758 6.47%
3 / 33
   4 4th
In opposition

b. ^ Run within Movement 88.

Artsakh

After the Soviet Union expanded into the South Caucasus, it established the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923.[134][135][136] In the final years of the Soviet Union, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation established a branch in Nagorno-Karabakh. In January 1991, the Dashnaktsutiun won the parliamentary election and governed as the ruling party during the entirety of the Nagorno-Karabakh war.[137] The Dashnaks actively supported the independence of Nagorno-Karabakh (or Artsakh as Armenians call it). It aided the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army by sending armed volunteers to the front lines and supplying the army with weapons, food, medicine and moral support.[138] The party even had its own infantry battalion, subordinated to NKR army command, the "Shushi independent battalion", which became one of the most efficient Armenian units during the war. After deciding not to run in the second parliamentary elections, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation ran in the 1999 elections and won 9 of the 33 seats in the National Assembly of Nagorno Karabakh.[137] At the June 2005 elections, the Dashnaktsutiun was part of an electoral alliance with Movement 88 that won 3 out of 33 seats. Following the March 2020 elections, the party won 3 seats in the National Assembly.

Ideology and goals

See also: United Armenia
 
The modern concept of the United Armenia as used by the ARF.[51]

The principal founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were nationalist,[139] socialists, and Marxist elements were omnipresent in the introductory section of the party's first program written by Rosdom, entitled "General Theory".[140] The ARF first set down its ideological and political goals during the Hamidian regime. It denounced the Ottoman regime and the unbearable conditions of life for its Armenians and advocated changing the regime in power and securing more rights through revolution and armed struggle. The ARF had and still has socialism within its political philosophy. Its program expresses the entire, multifaceted make-up of the Armenian revolutionary movement, including its national-liberation, political, and social-economic aspects.[141] Politically the ARF is aligned with Marxist socialism, being influenced by Marxist analysis of history, capitalism, and politics.[142]

Despite subsequent modifications, the above-mentioned principles and tendencies continue to characterize the ideological world of the Dashnaktsutiun, and its approach toward issues has remained unchanged. In recent decades, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation reasserted itself ideologically and reformulated the section of its program called "General Theory", adapting it to current concepts of socialism, democracy and rights of self-determination.[141] The party has long supported a parliamentary republican political system and campaigned for a "yes" vote in the 2015 constitutional referendum.[143][144]

Its primary goals are:

  • Creation of a free, independent, and united Armenia. The borders of United Armenia shall include all territories designated as Armenia by the Treaty of Sèvres as well as the regions of Artsakh, Javakhk, and Nakhichevan (See map).[51]
  • International condemnation of the genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire against the Armenians, return of the lands which are occupied, and just reparations to the Armenian nation[51]
  • The gathering of worldwide expatriate Armenians on the lands of United Armenia.[51]
  • Strengthening Armenia's statehood, institutionalization of democracy and the rule of law, securing the people's economic well-being, and establishment of social justice, and a democratic and socialistic independent republic in Armenia[51]

In 1907, the Dashnaktsutiun joined the Second International until its dissolution during World War I.[145] It later joined the reformed Socialist International and remained a full member until 1960, when it decided to pull out of the organization.[146] In 1996, it was re-accepted as an observer member, and in 1999 the Dashnaks earned full membership in the international organization.[146] The party was also a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940.[147]

A member of the ARF is called Dashnaktsakan (in Eastern Armenian) or Tashnagtsagan (in Western Armenian), or Dashnak/Tashnag for short. Other than calling each other by name, members formally address one another as Comrade (Ընկեր or Unger for boys and men, Ընկերուհի or Ungerouhi for girls and women).[148]

The party has supported some pro-European policies which favor the European integration of Armenia. The party was in favor of Armenia's continued political association and economic integration with the European Union. However, in 2013 the ARF backed the government's decision to join the Eurasian Economic Union instead of signing an Association Agreement and DCTFA with the EU, stating that there were "security concerns" facing Armenia.[149] In 2016, the ARF signed a memorandum of co-operation with the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D). Former S&D President Gianni Pittella stated, "Armenia deserves to benefit from both its membership of the Eurasian Economic Union and the closest relations with the European Union. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation has its place within the European social-democratic family."[150]

Affiliate organizations

The ARF is considered the foremost organization in the Armenian diaspora, having established numerous Armenian schools, community centers, Scouting and athletic groups, relief societies, youth groups, camps, and other organs throughout the world.[46]

The ARF also works as an umbrella organ for the Armenian Relief Society, the Homenetmen Armenian General Athletic Union, the Hamazkayin Cultural Foundation, and many other community organizations.[46] It operates the Armenian Youth Federation, which encourages the youth of the diaspora to join the political cause of the ARF and the Armenian people.

The ARF Shant Student Association and the ARF Armen Karo Student Association are organizations of college and university students on various campuses and are the only ARF organizations whose membership is exclusively from this group.

The Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide (JCAG) was the militant arm of the ARF.[151][152] It was active in from 1975 to 1987.[153] They were responsible for a number of assassinations of Turkish diplomats with the goal of bringing attention to the Armenian genocide.[154]

US and Canada

Armenian National Committee of America, an ARF-affiliated organization, is the strongest Armenian lobby organization in the United States.[155] Its sister organization, the Armenian National Committee of Canada, operates in Canada as the strongest and most influential Armenian Canadian organization.[156]

Western US Committee controversy

In December 2020, the ARF's highest body, the Bureau, appointed a new Central Committee in the Western United States, citing the limitations created by the COVID-19 pandemic as reason for the appointment without the calling of a convention.[157] After this, a group of ARF members refused to accept the decision, convened an assembly and elected a body which claimed to be the legitimate Central Committee of the ARF in the Western United States.[158][159] This group took control of the bank account and various movable and immovable properties of the ARF Western Region of the US, including the official organ Asbarez.[157][158] The members of this group were expelled from the party by decision of the Bureau in March 2021.[158][159] The expelled group then initiated lawsuits, including Federal RICO litigation.[160] On July 18, 2021, at the ARF Western United States 55th Regional Convention, sanctioned and attended by the ARF Bureau, a new Central Committee of the ARF Western United States Region was elected for a two-year term.[161] On March 8, 2022, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation's World Congress, its highest authority, issued a public statement re-affirming that "the only ARF entity operating in the Western United States region is the ARF Central Committee elected for a term of two years on July 18, 2021 at the ARF Western United States 55th Regional Convention. This entity is the only one authorized to incorporate the use of the ARF's name and use its flag, insignia and anthem."[162] The newspaper Oragark was established as the new official publication of the organization in the Western United States in April 2022.[163]

Other countries

Branches of the Armenian National Committee in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Egypt, England, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Russia, Switzerland, Syria, the Netherlands and Uruguay subsequently have played a significant role in the campaign for the recognition of the Armenian genocide in their respective countries.[164]

Media

ARF and its affiliate organizations worldwide publish 12 newspapers: 4 daily and 8 weeklies. Also, there are two TV channels, including one online. Two radio stations are aired every day, including one online.

Periodicals
Name (in Armenian) Type Date est. Location Language(s) Website
Yerkir (Երկիր) weekly 1991   Yerevan, Armenia Eastern Armenian www.yerkir.am
Aparaj (Ապառաժ) weekly   Stepanakert, Artsakh Eastern Armenian aparaj.am
Alik (Ալիք) daily 1931   Tehran, Iran Eastern Armenian alikonline.ir
Housaper (Յուսաբեր) daily 1913   Cairo, Egypt Western Armenian
Aztag (Ազդակ) daily 1927   Beirut, Lebanon Western Armenian www.aztagdaily.com
Hairenik (Հայրենիք) weekly 1899   Watertown, Massachusetts, U.S. Western Armenian hairenikweekly.com
Armenian Weekly weekly 1934   Watertown, Massachusetts, U.S. English armenianweekly.com
Haytoug (Հայդուկ) youth magazine (AYF) 1978   Los Angeles, California, U.S. Western Armenian, English www.haytoug.org
Horizon (Հորիզոն) weekly 1979   Montreal, Canada Western Armenian, English, French horizonweekly.ca
Ardziv (Արծիւ) youth magazine (AYF) 1991   Toronto, Canada Western Armenian, English, French ardziv.org
Artsakank (Արձագանգ) weekly   Nicosia, Cyprus Western Armenian, English www.artsakank.com.cy
Azat Or (Ազատ Օր) weekly 1945   Athens, Greece Western Armenian, Greek azator.gr
Kantsasar (Գանձասար) weekly 1978   Aleppo, Syria Western Armenian www.kantsasar.com
Armenia (Արմենիա) weekly 1931   Buenos Aires, Argentina Western Armenian, Spanish diarioarmenia.org.ar
ARFWest.org online 2020   Los Angeles, California, U.S. Eastern and Western Armenian, English ARFWest.org
Oragark online 2022   Burbank, California, U.S. English, Eastern and Western Armenian Oragark.com
Television
Name Date established Location Language(s) Website
Yerkir Media (Երկիր Մեդիա) 2003   Yerevan, Armenia Armenian www.yerkirmedia.am
Nor Hai Horizon TV 1993   Toronto, Canada Armenian, English www.horizontv.ca
Radio
Name In Armenian Type Date established Location Language(s) Circulation Website
Voice of Van Վանայ Ձայն radio station 1927   Beirut, Lebanon Armenian — www.voiceofvan.net
Azat Alik Ազատ Ալիք online radio station   Greece Armenian —
Radio Yeraz Ռատիո Երազ online radio station 2011   Aleppo, Syria Armenian first Armenian online radio station in Syria www.radioyeraz.com
www.radioyeraz.net

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ Reformed spelling: Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցություն; Eastern Armenian pronunciation: Hay Heghapokhagan Dashnaktsutyun; Western Armenian pronunciation: Hay Heghapokhagan Tashnagtsutiun. The abbreviation in both cases is written as ՀՅԴ which is pronounced as Ho-Yi-Da in Eastern and Ho-Hi-Ta in Western Armenian.
  2. ^ Collectively referred to as Dashnaks for short
  3. ^ Eastern Armenian: Դաշնակցություն, Dashnaktsutyun; Western Armenian: Դաշնակցութիւն, Tashnagtsoutioun
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External links

  • Official web site – Armenian Revolutionary Federation
  • Official English language site – Armenian Revolutionary Federation – Dashnaktsutyun (Armenian Socialist Party)
  • Armenian Revolutionary Federation Archives Institute 7 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  • Altintas, Toygun: Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.

November 16, 2023
armenian, revolutionary, federation, armenian, Հայ, Յեղափոխական, Դաշնակցութիւն, romanized, heghapokhakan, dashnaktsutyun, abbr, ՀՅԴ, also, known, dashnaktsutyun, armenian, Դաշնակցություն, federation, armenian, nationalist, socialist, political, party, founded,. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation Armenian Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն romanized Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutyun a abbr ARF ՀՅԴ or ARF D also known as Dashnaktsutyun b Armenian Դաշնակցություն lit Federation c is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party 37 38 39 founded in 1890 in Tiflis Russian Empire by Christapor Mikaelian Stepan Zorian and Simon Zavarian 40 As of 2023 update the party operates in Armenia Lebanon Iran and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is present The party was also active in Artsakh until the Azerbaijani offensive in September 2023 Although it has long been the most influential political party in the Armenian diaspora it has a comparatively smaller proportional presence in modern day Armenia 41 As of October 2023 update the party was represented in two national parliaments with ten seats in the National Assembly of Armenia and three seats in the Parliament of Lebanon 42 43 as part of the March 8 Alliance Armenian Revolutionary Federation Հայ Յեղափոխական ԴաշնակցութիւնOther nameDashnaktsutyunAbbreviationARF English ՀՅԴ Armenian Bureau ChairmanHakob Ter KhachaturyanSupreme CouncilChairmanIshkhan SaghatelyanFoundersChristapor MikaelianStepan ZorianSimon ZavarianFounded1890 1 in Tiflis Russian Empire now Tbilisi Georgia HeadquartersHanrapetutyun Street 30 YerevanNewspaperYerkir Երկիր Country and Droshak Դրօշակ Banner Student wingARF Shant Student AssociationARF Armen Karo Student AssociationYouth wingArmenian Youth FederationTV ChannelYerkir Media in Armenia Membership 2012 6 800 in Armenia only 2 IdeologyArmenian nationalism 6 United Armenia a 10 Market socialism 13 Left wing populism 14 15 Russophilia 20 Historical Democratic socialism 24 Revolutionary socialism 25 Anti Sovietism 30 Political positionCenter left 31 to left wing 32 33 National affiliationHomeland Salvation Movement in Armenia 2020 2021 Armenia Alliance in Armenia March 8 Alliance in Lebanon European affiliationParty of European Socialists observer 34 Continental affiliationForum of Socialists of the CIS CountriesInternational affiliationSocialist International 1951 1960 1996 present 35 Labour and Socialist International 1923 1940 Second International 1907 1916 Colors Red and goldSlogan Ազատութիւն կամ մահ Azatut yun kam mah Freedom or Death 28 Anthem Մշակ բանուոր Mshak Banvor Peasant and Worker AffiliatesArmenian Relief SocietyHomenetmenHamazkayinArmenian National Committee of AmericaNational Assembly of Armenia 36 10 107National Assembly of Artsakh0 33Parliament of Lebanon3 128Party flagWebsitearfd wbr amPolitics of ArmeniaPolitical partiesElectionsPolitics of ArtsakhPolitical partiesElections a United Armenia is an irredentist concept referring to areas within the traditional Armenian homeland The ARF idea of United Armenia incorporates claims to Western Armenia eastern Turkey Nagorno Karabakh Artsakh the landlocked exclave Nakhichevan of Azerbaijan andthe Javakheti Javakhk region of Georgia The ARF has traditionally advocated socialist democracy 44 and has been a full member of the Socialist International since 2003 it joined the Second International in 1907 35 45 It has the largest membership of the political parties present in the Armenian diaspora having established affiliates in more than 20 countries 46 Compared to other diasporan Armenian parties which tend to primarily focus on educational or humanitarian projects the ARF is the most politically oriented of the organizations and traditionally has been one of the staunchest supporters of Armenian nationalism 46 The party campaigns for the recognition of the Armenian genocide and the right to reparations It also advocates the establishment of United Armenia partially based on the Treaty of Sevres of 1920 The ARF originated as a merger of various Armenian political groups mainly from the Russian Empire with the declared goal of achieving the political and economic freedom of Turkish Armenia by means of armed rebellion 47 In the 1890s the party sought to unify the various small groups in the Ottoman Empire that were advocating reform and defending Armenian villages from the massacres and banditry that were widespread in some of the Armenian populated areas of the empire ARF members formed groups of partisans fedayi that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance The party refrained from revolutionary activity in the Russian Empire until the decision of the Russian authorities to confiscate Armenian Church property in 1903 48 Initially restricting its demands to the establishment of autonomy and democratic rights for Armenians in the two empires the party adopted an independent and united Armenia as part of its program in 1919 49 In 1918 the party was instrumental in the formation of the First Republic of Armenia which fell to the Soviet communists in 1920 50 After the communists exiled its leadership the ARF established itself within Armenian diaspora communities where it helped Armenians to preserve their cultural identity 51 After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 the ARF reestablished its presence in Armenia Prior to Serzh Sargsyan s election as President of Armenia in February 2008 and for a short time thereafter the ARF was a member of the governing coalition even though it nominated its own candidate in the 2008 presidential elections 52 ARF reentered Sargsyan s cabinet in February 2016 in what was defined as a long term political cooperation agreement with the Republican Party by means of which the ARF would share responsibility for all government policies 53 The ARF then approved of Sargsyan s nomination in April 2018 as Prime Minister from which post he resigned six days later 23 April 2018 amid large scale protests in what came to be known as the Velvet Revolution 54 By the evening of 25 April 2018 ARF Dashnaktsutyun had withdrawn from the coalition Following the Velvet Revolution the party lost support from the general public in Armenia and is now being polled at 1 2 timeframe The party lost political representation in the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election after receiving only 3 89 of the votes which is lower than the 5 minimum threshold required for representation in the National Assembly During the 2020 2021 Armenian protests the party confirmed it would participate in the 2021 Armenian parliamentary election as part of a political alliance the Armenia Alliance with Reborn Armenia In the 2021 election the Armenia Alliance led by the second President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan won 21 of the popular vote and gained 29 seats in the National Assembly 55 56 Contents 1 Early history 1 1 Russian Empire 1 2 Persian Empire 1 3 Ottoman Empire 1 3 1 Abdul Hamid Period 1894 1908 1 3 2 Young Turk Revolution 1908 14 1 4 World War I and the Armenian genocide 1 5 Republic of Armenia 1918 1920 2 Exile 2 1 Lebanon 2 2 Syria 3 Independent Armenia 4 Electoral history 4 1 Ottoman Empire 4 2 Russian Republic 4 3 Republic of Armenia 4 4 Republic of Artsakh 5 Artsakh 6 Ideology and goals 7 Affiliate organizations 7 1 US and Canada 7 1 1 Western US Committee controversy 7 2 Other countries 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 External linksEarly history nbsp ARF Founders left to right Stepan Zorian Christapor Mikaelian Simon ZavarianIn the late 19th century the Russian Empire became the hub of small groups advocating reform in Armenian populated areas in the Ottoman Empire In 1890 recognizing the need to unify these groups in order to be more efficient Christapor Mikaelian Simon Zavarian and Stepan Zorian created a new political party called the Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries Հայ Յեղափոխականների Դաշնակցութիւն Hay Heghapokhakanneri Dashnaktsutyun which would eventually be called the Armenian Revolutionary Federation or Dashnaktsutiun in 1890 1 103 106 The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party an existing Armenian socialist and revolutionary party initially agreed to join the Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries However the Hunchaks soon withdrew due to disputes over ideological and organizational questions such as the role of socialism in the party s program Another faction of non socialists led by Konstantin Khatisian split from the federation early on Despite this the party began to organize itself in the Ottoman Empire and convened its First General Congress in 1892 where a program containing socialist principles was adopted 47 The original aim of the ARF was to gain autonomy for the Armenian populated areas in the Ottoman Empire by means of armed rebellion At the First Congress the party adopted a decentralized modus operandi according to which the chapters in different countries were allowed to plan and implement policies in tune with their local political atmosphere The party set its goal of a society based on the democratic principles of freedom of assembly freedom of speech freedom of religion and agrarian reform 40 1 page needed Russian Empire The ARF gradually acquired significant strength and sympathy among Russian Armenians Mainly because of the ARF s stance towards the Ottoman Empire the party enjoyed the support of the central Russian administration as tsarist and ARF foreign policy had the same alignment until 1903 57 On 12 June 1903 the tsarist authorities passed an edict to bring all Armenian Church property under imperial control This was faced by strong ARF opposition because the ARF perceived the tsarist edict as a threat to the Armenian national existence As a result the ARF leadership decided to defend Armenian churches by dispatching militiamen who acted as guards and by holding mass demonstrations 57 58 In 1904 the party broke with its old policy of non struggle against the Tsarist authorities engaging in acts of terrorism against the imperial bureaucracy and establishing separate schools courts and prisons in Russian Armenia 48 In 1905 06 the Armenian Tatar massacres broke out during which the ARF became involved in armed activities Some sources claim that the Russian government incited the massacres in order to reinforce its authority during the revolutionary turmoil of 1905 59 The first outbreak of violence occurred in Baku in February 1905 60 The ARF held the Russian authorities responsible for inaction and instigation of massacres that were part of a larger anti Armenian policy On 11 May 1905 Dashnak revolutionary Drastamat Kanayan assassinated Russian governor general Nakashidze who was considered by the Armenian population as the main instigator of hate and confrontation between the Armenians and the Tatars Unable to rely on the state for protection the Armenian bourgeoisie turned to the ARF Against the criticisms of their rivals to the left the Hunchaks Bolsheviks and Specifists the Dashnak leaders argued that given employment discrimination against Armenian workers in non Armenian concerns the defence provided to the Armenian bourgeoisie was essential to the safekeeping of employment opportunities for Armenian laborers 61 The Russian Tsar s envoy in the Caucasus Vorontsov Dashkov reported that the ARF bore a major portion of responsibilities for perpetrating the massacres 62 The ARF however argued that it helped to organize the defence of the Armenian population against Muslim attacks The blows suffered at the hands of the Dashnakist fighting squads proved a catalyst for the consolidation of the Muslim community of the Caucasus 60 During that period the ARF regarded armed activity including terror as necessary for the achievement of political goals 63 In January 1912 159 ARF members being lawyers bankers merchants and other intellectuals were tried before the Russian senate for their participation in the party They were defended by then lawyer Alexander Kerensky who challenged much of the evidence used against them as the original investigators had been encouraged by the local administration to use any available means to convict the men 64 Kerensky succeeded in having the evidence reexamined for one of the defendants He and several other lawyers made openly contemptuous declarations about this discrepancy to the Russian press which was forbidden to attend the trials and this in turn greatly embarrassed the senators The Senate eventually opened an inquiry against the chief magistrate who had brought the charges against the Dashnak members and concluded that he was insane Ninety four of the accused were acquitted while the rest were either imprisoned or exiled for varying periods the most severe being six years 65 Persian Empire See also Iranian Constitutional Revolution and Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran nbsp Yeprem Khan was a revolutionary leader of IranThe Dashnaktsutiun held a meeting on 26 April 1907 dubbed the Fourth General Congress at which ARF leaders such as Aram Manukian Hamo Ohanjanyan and Stepan Stepanian discussed their engagement in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution 66 They established that the movement was one that had political ideological and economic components and was thus aimed at establishing law and order human rights and the interests of all working people They also felt that it would work for the benefit and interest of Armenian Iranians The final vote was 25 votes in favour and one absentia 66 From 1907 to 1908 during the time when the Young Turks came to power in the Ottoman Empire Armenians from the Caucasus Western Armenia and Iran started to collaborate with Iranian constitutionalists and revolutionaries 66 Political parties notably the Dashnaktsutiun wanted to influence the direction of the revolution towards greater democracy and to safeguard gains already achieved The Dashnak contribution to the fight was mostly military as it sent some of its well known fedayees to Iran after the guerrilla campaign in the Ottoman Empire ended with the rise of the Young Turks 66 A notable ARF member already in Iran was Yeprem Khan who had established a branch of the party in the country Yeprem Khan was highly instrumental in the Constitutional revolution of Iran After the Persian national parliament was shelled by the Russian Colonel Vladimir Liakhov Yeprem Khan rallied with Sattar Khan and other revolutionary leaders in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran against Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar 67 Relations between Sattar Khan and the ARF oscillated between amity and resentment Sometimes he was viewed as being ignorant while at other times he was dubbed a great hero 67 Nonetheless the ARF came to collaborate with him and alongside Yeprem Khan posted many victories including the capture of Rasht in February 1909 At the end of June 1909 the fighters arrived in Tehran and after several battles took over the Majles building and the Sepahsalar Mosque Yeprem Khan was then appointed chief of Tehran police This caused tensions between the Dashnaks and Khan 67 Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid Period 1894 1908 Main articles Sasun Resistance 1894 1896 Ottoman Bank takeover Khanasor Expedition Sasun Uprising 1904 and Yildiz assassination attempt The ARF became a major political force in Armenian life It was especially active in the Ottoman Empire where it organized or participated in many revolutionary activities The ARF was especially influential due to their ability to educate the population through a system of educating explaining and encouraging This was a tactic used to disseminate information to gain support in terms of political elections campaigns or alliances to strengthen the ARF s social relations When they weren t educating their youth and preparing the new generation for revolution they themselves were taking part in revolutionary activities 68 For example in 1894 the ARF took part in the Sasun Resistance supplying arms to the local population to help the people of Sasun defend themselves against the Hamidian purges 69 In June 1896 the Armenakan Party organized the Van Rebellion in the province of Van The Armenakans assisted by members of the Hunchakian and ARF parties supplied all able bodied men of Van with weapons They rose to defend the civilians from the attack and subsequent massacre 70 nbsp Fedayi group fighting under the ARF banner Text in Armenian reads Azatutyun kam Mah Liberty or Death To raise awareness of the massacres of 1895 96 members of the Dashnaktsutiun led by Papken Siuni occupied the Ottoman Bank on 26 August 1896 71 The purpose of the raid was to dictate the ARF s demands of reform in the Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire and to attract European attention to their cause since the Europeans had many assets in the bank The operation caught European attention but at the cost of more massacres by Sultan Abdul Hamid II 72 During this period many famous intellectuals joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation including Harutiun Shahrigian Avetik Isahakyan Hakob Zavriev Levon Shant Karekin Khajag Vartkes Serengulian Abraham Gyulkhandanyan Vahan Papazian Siamanto Nikol Aghbalian and many others The Khanasor Expedition was performed by the Armenian militia against the Kurdish Mazrik tribe on 25 July 1897 During the Defense of Van the Mazrik tribe had ambushed a squad of Armenian defenders and massacred them The Khanasor Expedition was the ARF s retaliation 69 73 Some Armenians consider this their first victory over the Ottoman Empire and celebrate each year in its remembrance 74 75 On 30 March 1904 the ARF played a major role in the Second Sasun Uprising The ARF sent arms and fedayi to defend the region for the second time 69 Among the 500 fedayees participating in the resistance were famed figures such as Kevork Chavush Sepasdatsi Murad and Hrayr Djoghk Although they managed to hold off the Ottoman army for several months despite their lack of fighters and firepower Ottoman forces captured Sasun and massacred thousands of Armenians 69 In 1905 members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation organized the failed Yildiz Attempt an assassination plot on Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the capital of the Ottoman Empire Constantinople modern day Istanbul 69 the explosion missed its target by a few minutes and was helped by Belgian anarchist Edward Joris 76 77 One of Dashnaksutiun s founders Kristapor Mikaelian was killed by an accidental explosion during the planning of the operation Young Turk Revolution 1908 14 nbsp Armen Garo Karekin Pastermadjian an ARF member of Chamber of Deputies from Erzurum during the Second Constitutional Era 78 See also Young Turk Revolution In the 1890s the party used terrorism against the Ottoman Empire and Russia with the goal of gaining an independent nation 79 more well known attacks occurred against Bedros Kapamciyan the mayor of Van who was assassinated in December 1912 and the assassination of archbishop Leon Tourian in New York City on December 24 1933 80 Together with the Committee of Union and Progress a group of mostly European educated Turks the ARF had been one of the largest revolutionary groups trying to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II 81 In a general assembly meeting in 1907 the ARF acknowledged that the Armenian and Turkish revolutionaries had the same goals Although the Tanzimat reforms had given Armenians more rights and seats in the parliament the ARF hoped to gain autonomy to govern Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire as a state within a state The Second congress of the Ottoman opposition took place in Paris France in 1907 Opposition leaders including Ahmed Riza liberal Sabahheddin Bey and ARF member Khachatur Maloumian attended During the meeting an alliance between the two parties was officially declared 81 82 The ARF decided to cooperate with the Committee of Union and Progress hoping that if the Young Turks came to power autonomy would be granted to the Armenians In 1908 Abdul Hamid II was overthrown during the Young Turk Revolution which launched the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire Dashnaktsutiun became a legal political party and Armenians gained more seats in the 1908 parliament but the reforms fell short of the greater autonomy that the ARF had hoped for The Adana massacre in 1909 also created antipathy between Armenians and Turks and the ARF cut relations with the Young Turks in 1912 82 Between December 1912 and 1914 ARF politicians held negotiations with the CUP about political reforms in the eastern provinces The Armenians had the support of the Russians and the CUP accused the Armenians that their actions caused further division between Turks and Armenians 83 The CUP and ARF continued a close cooperation throughout the Second Constitutional Era up until 1914 World War I and the Armenian genocide See also World War I Armenian genocide Armenian resistance and Operation Nemesis nbsp Aram Manukian one of the leaders of the Van ResistanceIn 1915 Dashnak leaders were deported and killed alongside other Armenian intellectuals during a purge by Ottoman officials against the leaders of the empire s Armenian communities 84 The ARF maintaining its ideological commitment to a Free Independent and United Armenia led the defense of the Armenian people during the Armenian genocide becoming leaders of the successful Van Resistance Jevdet Bey the Ottoman administrator of Van tried to suppress the resistance by killing two Armenian leaders Ishkhan and Vramian and trying to imprison Aram Manukian who had risen to fame and gained the nickname Aram of Van 85 Moreover on 19 April he issued an order to exterminate all Armenians and threatened to kill all Muslims who helped them 86 About 185 000 Armenians lived in Vaspurakan In the city of Van itself there were around 30 000 Armenians but more Armenians from surrounding villages joined them during the Ottoman offensive The battle started on 20 April 1915 with Aram Manukian as the leader of the resistance and lasted for two months In May the Armenian battalions and Russian regulars entered the city and successfully drove the Ottoman army out of Van 85 The Dashnaktsutiun was also involved in other less successful resistance movements in Zeitun Shabin Karahisar Urfa and Musa Dagh After the end of the Van resistance ARF leader Aram Manukian became governor of the Administration for Western Armenia and worked to ease the sufferings of Armenians At the end of World War I members of the Young Turks movement considered executors of the Armenian genocide by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were assassinated during Operation Nemesis 87 88 Republic of Armenia 1918 1920 Main article First Republic of Armenia As a result of the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 the Armenian Georgian and Azerbaijani leaders of the Caucasus united to create the Transcaucasian Federation in the winter of 1918 The Treaty of Brest Litovsk had drastic consequences for the Armenians Turkish forces reoccupied Western Armenia The federation lasted for only three months eventually leading to the proclamation of the Republics of Armenia Georgia and Azerbaijan The negotiators for Armenia were from the ARF 89 nbsp Members of the second cabinet of the First Republic of Armenia 1 October 1919 Sitting Avetik Sahakyan Alexander Khatisyan General Christophor Araratov Standing Nikol Aghbalian Abraham Gyulkhandanyan S Araradian With the collapse of the Transcaucasian Federation the Armenians were left to fend for themselves as the Turkish army approached the capital of Yerevan At first fearing a major military defeat and massacre of the population of Armenia the Dashnaks wanted to evacuate the city of Yerevan Instead the Military Council headed by Colonel Pirumian decided that they would not surrender and would confront the Turkish army 90 The opposing armies met on 28 May 1918 near Sardarapat The battle was a major military success for the Armenian army as it was able to halt the invading Turkish forces 91 The Armenians also stood their ground at the Battle of Kara Killisse and at the Battle of Bash Abaran The creation of the First Republic of Armenia was proclaimed on the same day of the Battle of Sardarapat and the ARF became the ruling party However the new state was devastated with a dislocated economy hundreds of thousands of refugees and a mostly starving population 90 The ARF led by General Andranik tried several times to seize Shusha known as Shushi by Armenians a city in Karabakh Just before the Armistice of Mudros was signed Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha to control the main city of Karabakh Andranik s forces got within 42 km 26 mi of the city when the First World War ended and Turkey along with Germany and Austria Hungary surrendered to the Allies 92 British forces ordered Andranik to stop all military advances assuring him that the conflict would be solved with the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 Andranik not wanting to antagonize the British retreated to Goris Zangezur 92 The Armenian Revolutionary Federation had a strong presence in the DRA government Most of the important government posts such as prime minister defence minister and interior minister were controlled by its members The DRA wanted to recover the country s economy and create new rules and regulations but the situation required it to focus on overcoming widespread hunger in the country The situation was complicated externally provoked by Turkish and Azerbaijani Muslim riots In 1920 the situation in the country became worse with apparent rapprochement between Soviet Russia and Kemal s Turkey When the Turkish Armenian war started in autumn 1920 Armenia was isolated and abandoned by Western allies The newly formed League of Nations did not provide any help Soviet Russia intensified its pressure on Armenia Losing the war Armenia signed the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920 which resulted in the recognition of large territorial losses to Turkey The Armenia military revolutionary committee formed in Soviet Azerbaijan Despite their tight grip on power the ARF ceded power to the Communist Red Army troops invading from the north which culminated with a Soviet takeover 50 The ARF was banned its leaders exiled and many of its members dispersed to other parts of the world 50 ExileSee also Armenian diaspora After the communists took over the short lived First Republic of Armenia and ARF leaders were exiled the Dashnaks moved their base of operations to where the Armenian diaspora had settled With the large influx of Armenian refugees in the Levant the ARF established a strong political structure in Lebanon and to a lesser extent Syria From 1921 to 1990 the Dashnaktsutiun established political structures in more than 200 states including the USA where a large number of Armenians had settled 46 With political and geographic division came religious division One part of the Armenian Church claimed it wanted to be separate from the head whose seat was in Echmiadzin Armenian SSR Some Armenians in the US thought Moscow tried to use the Armenian Church to promote Communists ideas outside the country The Armenian Church thus separated into two branches Echmiadzin and Cilician and started to operate separately In the US Echmiadzin branch churches of the Armenian Apostolic Church would not admit members of the ARF This was one of the reasons why the ARF discouraged people from attending these churches and brought the representatives from a different wing of the church the Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia from Lebanon to the US 93 In 1933 members of ARF were convicted in the assassination of Armenian archbishop Levon Tourian with large butcher knives in New York City 94 Prior to his murder the archbishop had been accused of being exclusively pro Soviet by the ARF 95 The ARF was legally exonerated of any direct involvement in the assassination but the incident weakened the party in the United States and led to its members being ostracized by the other Armenian political parties 96 During World War II some Berlin based ARF members saw an opportunity to remove Soviet control from Armenia by supporting the Nazis The Armenian Legion composed largely of former Soviet Red Army POWs was led by Drastamat Kanayan It participated in the occupation of the Crimean Peninsula 97 but was later based in the Netherlands and France a result of Adolf Hitler s distrust of their loyalty citation needed During the 1950s tensions arose between the ARF and the Armenian SSR The death of Catholicos Garegin of the Holy See of Cilicia prompted a struggle for succession The National Ecclesiastic Assembly which was largely influenced by the ARF elected Zareh of Aleppo This decision was rejected by the Echmiadzin based Catholicos of All Armenians the anti ARF coalition and Soviet Armenian authorities Zareh extended his administrative authority over a large part of the Armenian diaspora furthering the rift that had already been created by his election 72 This event split the large Armenian community of Lebanon creating sporadic clashes between the supporters of Zareh and those who opposed his election 72 Religious conflict was part of a greater conflict that raged between the two camps of the Armenian diaspora The ARF still resented the fact that they were ousted from Armenia after the Red Army took control and the ARF leaders supported the creation of a Free Independent and United Armenia free from both Soviet and Turkish hegemony The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party and Ramgavar Party the main rivals of the ARF supported the newly established Soviet rule in Armenia 72 Lebanon Main article Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon Year Mandates1943 1 551947 2 551951 2 771953 1 441957 2 661960 4 991964 4 991968 4 991972 1 991992 1 1281996 1 1282000 2 1282005 2 1282009 3 1282018 3 1282022 3 128From 1923 to 1958 conflicts erupted among Armenian political parties struggling to dominate and organize the diaspora The ARF and Hunchakian parties struggled in 1926 for control of the newly established shanty town of Bourj Hammoud in Lebanon ARF member Vahan Vartabedian was assassinated The assassination of Hunchakian members Mihran Aghazarian and S Dekhrouhi followed in 1929 and 1931 respectively 98 In 1956 when Bishop Zareh was consecrated Catholicos of Cilicia the Catholicos of Echmiadzin refused to recognize his authority This controversy polarized the Armenian community of Lebanon As a result in the context of the Lebanese civil strife of 1958 an armed conflict erupted between supporters the ARF and opponents Hunchakians Ramgavars of Zareh 72 Prior to the Lebanese Civil War of 1975 90 the party was closely allied to the Phalangist Party of Pierre Gemayel and generally ran joint tickets with the Phalangists especially in Beirut constituencies with large Armenian populations 99 The refusal of the ARF along with most Armenian groups to play an active role in the civil war however soured relations between the two parties and the Lebanese Forces a militia dominated by Phalangists and commanded by Bachir Gemayel Pierre Gemayel s son responded by attacking the Armenian quarters of many Lebanese towns including Bourj Hammoud 99 Many Armenians affiliated with the ARF took up arms voluntarily to defend their quarters In the midst of the Lebanese civil war the shadowy guerrilla organization Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide emerged and carried out assassinations from 1975 to 1983 The guerrilla organization has sometimes been linked to the Dashnaks 100 Ethnic Armenians are allocated six seats in Lebanon s 128 member National Assembly The Lebanese branch of the ARF has usually controlled a majority of the Armenian vote and won most of the ethnic Armenian seats in the National Assembly A major change occurred in the parliamentary election of 2000 With a rift between ARF and the Mustaqbal Future party of Rafik Hariri and the ARF was left with only one parliamentary seat its worst result in many decades The ARF called for a boycott of the 2005 Beirut elections Relations soured further when on 5 August 2007 by election in the Metn district which includes the predominantly Armenian area of Bourj Hammoud ARF decided to support Camille Khoury the candidate backed by opposition leader Michel Aoun s Free Patriotic Movement against Phalangist leader Amine Gemayel and subsequently won the seat In the 2009 Lebanese general elections the ARF won 2 seats in parliament which it holds presently In June 2011 a new Lebanese government was formed where ARF party members were appointed to two ministerial positions including Ministry of Industry as part of the March 8 alliance The ARF Lebanon branch is headquartered in Bourj Hammoud in the Shaghzoian Centre along with the ARF Lebanon Central Committee s Aztag Daily newspaper and Voice Of Van 24 hour radio station 101 Syria During the French Mandate and under the parliamentary regime in Syria there were reserved seats for the various religious communities like in Lebanon including for Armenians This system is unofficially still living Even when they didn t take part as such in elections Armenian parties such as Dashnak exerted an influence on them 102 103 104 105 Independent Armenia nbsp The Simon Vratsyan centre of the ARF Supreme Council of Armenia in the capital YerevanThe ARF has always maintained its ideological commitment to a Free Independent and United Armenia 106 The term United Armenia refers to the borders of Armenia recognized by U S President Woodrow Wilson and outlined in the Treaty of Sevres 107 After Armenia fell under Soviet control in 1920 the ARF within the Armenian diaspora opposed Soviet rule over Armenia and rallied in support of Armenian independence It contributed to organizing a social and cultural framework aimed at preserving the Armenian identity 108 However because of tight communist control the ARF could not operate in the Armenian SSR and the political party remained banned until 1991 In the leadup to the reestablishment of independent Armenia the ARF was opposed to Armenia s immediate independence from the Soviet Union considering the threat of neighboring Turkey to be too great 17 109 When independence was achieved in 1991 the ARF soon became one of the major and most active political parties rivaled mainly by the Pan Armenian National Movement Subsequently on 28 December 1994 President Levon Ter Petrosyan in a famous television speech banned the ARF which was the nation s leading opposition party along with Yerkir the country s largest daily newspaper 110 Ter Petrosyan introduced evidence that supposedly detailed a plot hatched by the ARF to engage in terrorism against his administration endanger Armenia s national security and overthrow the government Throughout the evening government security forces arrested leading ARF figures and police seized computers fax machines files and printing equipment from ARF offices In addition to Yerkir government forces also closed several literary women s cultural and youth publications 110 A group of eleven ARF members were arrested and accused of being members of a purported secret terrorist cell within the ARF known as the Dro Group named after the Dro Committee the group that was allegedly behind the plot which was allegedly led by ARF member Hrant Markarian 111 Another group of thirty one ARF members including ARF Bureau member Vahan Hovhannisyan were also arrested and charged with attempting to stage an armed coup among other crimes 111 Gerard Libaridian an historian and close adviser of Ter Petrosyan collected and presented the evidence against the defendants He later stated in an interview that he was unsure if the evidence was true inviting the notion that the party was banned because of its increasing chances of winning seats in the July 1995 parliamentary elections 112 verification needed The trials were marked by accusations of misconduct including forced confessions and were regarded as politically motivated by the opposition and human rights groups 113 111 Several months after the elections most of the men were found not guilty with the exception of several defendants charged for engaging in corrupt business practices citation needed Three men from the Dro Group case Arsen Artsruni Armenak Mnjoyan Armen Grigoryan and one man from the group of 31 Tigran Avetisyan were sentenced to death for murder 114 115 116 Their sentences were commuted to life imprisonment in 2003 114 116 Mnjoyan died while in prison in early 2019 while Artsruni and Avetisyan continue to serve their sentences 114 116 The ban on the party was lifted less than a week after Ter Petrosyan fell from power in February 1998 and was replaced by Robert Kocharyan who was backed by the Dashnaks 50 Most of the ARF members convicted in relation to the Dro Group and Group of 31 cases were released after the relegalization of the party In 2007 the ARF was not part of but had a cooperation agreement in place with the governing coalition which consisted of two parties in the government coalition the Republican Party and Prosperous Armenia Party The Country of Law party was also a member of the governing coalition until it pulled out in May 2006 With 16 of the 131 seats in the National Assembly of Armenia the Armenian Revolutionary Federation became the third largest party in parliament In addition to its parliamentary seats the following governmental ministries were also headed by ARF members Ministry of Agriculture Davit Lokian 117 Ministry of Education and Science Levon Mkrtchian 118 Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs Aghvan Vardanian 119 Ministry of Healthcare Norair Davidian 120 On 13 July 2007 the ARF History Museum was inaugurated in Yerevan displaying the history of the party and of its notable members In 2007 the ARF announced that it would nominate its own candidate to run for president of Armenia in the February 2008 presidential election In an innovation on 24 25 November 2007 the ARF conducted a non binding Armenia wide primary election They invited the public to vote to advise the party which of two candidates Vahan Hovhannisyan and Armen Rustamyan they should formally nominate for president of Armenia in the subsequent official election What characterized it as a primary instead of a standard opinion poll was that the public knew of the primary in advance all eligible voters were invited and the voting was by secret ballot Nearly 300 000 people voted in makeshift tents and mobile ballot boxes Vahan Hovhannisyan received the most votes and was subsequently nominated for the presidential election by the ARF Supreme Council in a secret ballot 121 In the presidential election Hovhannisyan placed fourth with 6 2 of the vote 122 In 2008 ARF re joined the ruling political coalition in Armenia 52 and supported strong police actions during the 2008 Armenian presidential election protests that led to ten deaths Due to the signature of the so called Zurich Protocols the ARF left the coalition and became an opposition party once again in 2009 but relations with other factions in the Armenian opposition remained frosty 123 In 2012 parliamentary election the ARF won 5 seats losing 11 parliamentary seats from 2007 ARF then reentered Sargsyan s cabinet in February 2016 obtaining three ministerial posts Ministry of Economy Local Government and Education also as a result of what was defined as a long term political cooperation agreement with the Republican Party ARF also got to appoint the regional governors of Aragatsotn and Shirak Provinces 53 After the 2016 Nagorno Karabakh clashes the ARF helped the Ministry of Defense of Armenia in setting up a volunteer reserve battalion made up mostly of party members This unit made up of experienced commanders and soldiers some of them veterans from the Nagorno Karabakh war is one of the newest units of the Armenian military It traces back its heritage from the Shushi independent battalion of the previous war and is called the ARF battalion 124 Following the 2017 elections the party won 7 seats in the National Assembly with 6 58 of the votes Following the start of the Armenian Velvet Revolution the ARF broke its coalition with the Republican Party of Armenia and moved into opposition later on the party supported Nikol Pashinyan s new cabinet The 2018 election saw the collapse of the party The ARF only scored 3 89 of the votes and won no seats It was the first time since the independence of Armenia that ARF had no political representation in the National Assembly Since its loss in the 2018 election the ARF has become the main extra parliamentary opposition party to the Pashinyan government The ARF also gained popularity by intensifying its social aid programs to those in need in Armenia especially in the rural areas The party has provided aid to locals during the 2020 COVID 19 pandemic mainly thanks to various donation made by members of the Armenian diaspora During the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh War the ARF again formed volunteer battalions to fight in the war 125 After the conclusion of the war the party formed a coalition with 16 other political parties most notably the former ruling Republican Party and the parliamentary opposition party Prosperous Armenia calling itself the Homeland Salvation Movement calling on Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan to resign for the defeat of the Armenian side in the war Along with the other parties in the coalition the ARF supported former prime minister Vazgen Manukyan as their candidate for prime minister The Homeland Salvation Movement attempted to force Pashinyan s resignation through the organization of mass protests 126 The ARF formed the Armenia Alliance electoral alliance with ex president Robert Kocharyan and the Reborn Armenia party to participate in the 2021 snap parliamentary election The alliance won 29 seats out of 107 10 of which were taken by candidates put forward by the ARF 55 Electoral recordIn the 2000s the party usually garnered some 10 to 15 percent of the vote in national elections citation needed In a 2007 confidential telegram Anthony Godfrey U S Embassy in Armenia charge d affaires wrote that the party has had a historically loyal following of 10 to 12 percent of the population but probably has little chance to expand from that base citation needed Following the 2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution the party polled at 1 2 127 128 129 The ARF for the first time since 1999 did not win seats in parliament and effectively became an extra parliamentary opposition party However the party gained 10 seats in parliament following the 2021 elections as part of the Armenia Alliance coalition Electoral historyOttoman Empire Chamber of Deputies Year Total seats 1908 4 275 nbsp 41912 10 288 nbsp 61914 4 275 nbsp 61919 0 160 nbsp 4Russian Republic Russian Constituent Assembly Year Total seats 1917 10 767 nbsp 10Republic of Armenia Parliamentary elections Year Votes Seats Outcome1919 230 772 89 0 72 80 nbsp 1st Majority governmentParty in Exile 1921 to 1990 1995 1 190 nbsp 71 14thIn opposition1999 84 232 7 79 5 131 nbsp 4 4thgovernment support2003 136 270 11 36 11 131 nbsp 6 4th Coalition government2007 177 907 13 16 16 131 nbsp 5 3rd Coalition government until 20093rdIn opposition2012 85 550 5 68 5 131 nbsp 11 4thIn opposition4th Coalition government since 20162017 103 173 6 58 7 105 nbsp 2 4th Coalition government until October 20182018 48 811 3 89 0 132 nbsp 7 5thIn opposition2021 a 269 481 21 11 10 107 nbsp 10 2ndMain oppositiona Run within Armenia Alliance Presidential elections by popular vote Year Candidate Votes 1991 Sos Sargsyan 4 3 3rd1996 banned endorsed Vazgen Manukyan 130 1998 endorsed Robert Kocharyan 131 20032008 Vahan Hovhannisyan 100 966 6 2 4nd2013 did not participatePresidential elections by parliament vote Year Candidate Votes 2018 endorsed Armen Sarkissian 132 2022 boycott 133 Republic of Artsakh Parliamentary elections Year Votes Seats Outcome2000 9 33 nbsp 9 2ndMain opposition2005 b 10 573 17 36 3 22 nbsp 6 3rdIn opposition2010 12 725 20 18 4 22 nbsp 1 3rdIn opposition2015 12 965 18 81 7 22 nbsp 3 3rdIn opposition2020 4 758 6 47 3 33 nbsp 4 4thIn oppositionb Run within Movement 88 ArtsakhAfter the Soviet Union expanded into the South Caucasus it established the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast NKAO within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923 134 135 136 In the final years of the Soviet Union the Armenian Revolutionary Federation established a branch in Nagorno Karabakh In January 1991 the Dashnaktsutiun won the parliamentary election and governed as the ruling party during the entirety of the Nagorno Karabakh war 137 The Dashnaks actively supported the independence of Nagorno Karabakh or Artsakh as Armenians call it It aided the Nagorno Karabakh Defense Army by sending armed volunteers to the front lines and supplying the army with weapons food medicine and moral support 138 The party even had its own infantry battalion subordinated to NKR army command the Shushi independent battalion which became one of the most efficient Armenian units during the war After deciding not to run in the second parliamentary elections the Armenian Revolutionary Federation ran in the 1999 elections and won 9 of the 33 seats in the National Assembly of Nagorno Karabakh 137 At the June 2005 elections the Dashnaktsutiun was part of an electoral alliance with Movement 88 that won 3 out of 33 seats Following the March 2020 elections the party won 3 seats in the National Assembly Ideology and goalsSee also United Armenia nbsp The modern concept of the United Armenia as used by the ARF 51 The principal founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were nationalist 139 socialists and Marxist elements were omnipresent in the introductory section of the party s first program written by Rosdom entitled General Theory 140 The ARF first set down its ideological and political goals during the Hamidian regime It denounced the Ottoman regime and the unbearable conditions of life for its Armenians and advocated changing the regime in power and securing more rights through revolution and armed struggle The ARF had and still has socialism within its political philosophy Its program expresses the entire multifaceted make up of the Armenian revolutionary movement including its national liberation political and social economic aspects 141 Politically the ARF is aligned with Marxist socialism being influenced by Marxist analysis of history capitalism and politics 142 Despite subsequent modifications the above mentioned principles and tendencies continue to characterize the ideological world of the Dashnaktsutiun and its approach toward issues has remained unchanged In recent decades the Armenian Revolutionary Federation reasserted itself ideologically and reformulated the section of its program called General Theory adapting it to current concepts of socialism democracy and rights of self determination 141 The party has long supported a parliamentary republican political system and campaigned for a yes vote in the 2015 constitutional referendum 143 144 Its primary goals are Creation of a free independent and united Armenia The borders of United Armenia shall include all territories designated as Armenia by the Treaty of Sevres as well as the regions of Artsakh Javakhk and Nakhichevan See map 51 International condemnation of the genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire against the Armenians return of the lands which are occupied and just reparations to the Armenian nation 51 The gathering of worldwide expatriate Armenians on the lands of United Armenia 51 Strengthening Armenia s statehood institutionalization of democracy and the rule of law securing the people s economic well being and establishment of social justice and a democratic and socialistic independent republic in Armenia 51 In 1907 the Dashnaktsutiun joined the Second International until its dissolution during World War I 145 It later joined the reformed Socialist International and remained a full member until 1960 when it decided to pull out of the organization 146 In 1996 it was re accepted as an observer member and in 1999 the Dashnaks earned full membership in the international organization 146 The party was also a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940 147 A member of the ARF is called Dashnaktsakan in Eastern Armenian or Tashnagtsagan in Western Armenian or Dashnak Tashnag for short Other than calling each other by name members formally address one another as Comrade Ընկեր or Unger for boys and men Ընկերուհի or Ungerouhi for girls and women 148 The party has supported some pro European policies which favor the European integration of Armenia The party was in favor of Armenia s continued political association and economic integration with the European Union However in 2013 the ARF backed the government s decision to join the Eurasian Economic Union instead of signing an Association Agreement and DCTFA with the EU stating that there were security concerns facing Armenia 149 In 2016 the ARF signed a memorandum of co operation with the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats S amp D Former S amp D President Gianni Pittella stated Armenia deserves to benefit from both its membership of the Eurasian Economic Union and the closest relations with the European Union The Armenian Revolutionary Federation has its place within the European social democratic family 150 Affiliate organizationsThe ARF is considered the foremost organization in the Armenian diaspora having established numerous Armenian schools community centers Scouting and athletic groups relief societies youth groups camps and other organs throughout the world 46 The ARF also works as an umbrella organ for the Armenian Relief Society the Homenetmen Armenian General Athletic Union the Hamazkayin Cultural Foundation and many other community organizations 46 It operates the Armenian Youth Federation which encourages the youth of the diaspora to join the political cause of the ARF and the Armenian people The ARF Shant Student Association and the ARF Armen Karo Student Association are organizations of college and university students on various campuses and are the only ARF organizations whose membership is exclusively from this group The Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide JCAG was the militant arm of the ARF 151 152 It was active in from 1975 to 1987 153 They were responsible for a number of assassinations of Turkish diplomats with the goal of bringing attention to the Armenian genocide 154 US and Canada Armenian National Committee of America an ARF affiliated organization is the strongest Armenian lobby organization in the United States 155 Its sister organization the Armenian National Committee of Canada operates in Canada as the strongest and most influential Armenian Canadian organization 156 Western US Committee controversy In December 2020 the ARF s highest body the Bureau appointed a new Central Committee in the Western United States citing the limitations created by the COVID 19 pandemic as reason for the appointment without the calling of a convention 157 After this a group of ARF members refused to accept the decision convened an assembly and elected a body which claimed to be the legitimate Central Committee of the ARF in the Western United States 158 159 This group took control of the bank account and various movable and immovable properties of the ARF Western Region of the US including the official organ Asbarez 157 158 The members of this group were expelled from the party by decision of the Bureau in March 2021 158 159 The expelled group then initiated lawsuits including Federal RICO litigation 160 On July 18 2021 at the ARF Western United States 55th Regional Convention sanctioned and attended by the ARF Bureau a new Central Committee of the ARF Western United States Region was elected for a two year term 161 On March 8 2022 the Armenian Revolutionary Federation s World Congress its highest authority issued a public statement re affirming that the only ARF entity operating in the Western United States region is the ARF Central Committee elected for a term of two years on July 18 2021 at the ARF Western United States 55th Regional Convention This entity is the only one authorized to incorporate the use of the ARF s name and use its flag insignia and anthem 162 The newspaper Oragark was established as the new official publication of the organization in the Western United States in April 2022 163 Other countries Branches of the Armenian National Committee in Argentina Australia Belgium Bulgaria Canada Cyprus Egypt England France Georgia Greece Iran Israel Lebanon Russia Switzerland Syria the Netherlands and Uruguay subsequently have played a significant role in the campaign for the recognition of the Armenian genocide in their respective countries 164 MediaARF and its affiliate organizations worldwide publish 12 newspapers 4 daily and 8 weeklies Also there are two TV channels including one online Two radio stations are aired every day including one online PeriodicalsName in Armenian Type Date est Location Language s WebsiteYerkir Երկիր weekly 1991 nbsp Yerevan Armenia Eastern Armenian www wbr yerkir wbr amAparaj Ապառաժ weekly nbsp Stepanakert Artsakh Eastern Armenian aparaj wbr amAlik Ալիք daily 1931 nbsp Tehran Iran Eastern Armenian alikonline wbr irHousaper Յուսաբեր daily 1913 nbsp Cairo Egypt Western ArmenianAztag Ազդակ daily 1927 nbsp Beirut Lebanon Western Armenian www wbr aztagdaily wbr comHairenik Հայրենիք weekly 1899 nbsp Watertown Massachusetts U S Western Armenian hairenikweekly wbr comArmenian Weekly weekly 1934 nbsp Watertown Massachusetts U S English armenianweekly wbr comHaytoug Հայդուկ youth magazine AYF 1978 nbsp Los Angeles California U S Western Armenian English www wbr haytoug wbr orgHorizon Հորիզոն weekly 1979 nbsp Montreal Canada Western Armenian English French horizonweekly wbr caArdziv Արծիւ youth magazine AYF 1991 nbsp Toronto Canada Western Armenian English French ardziv wbr orgArtsakank Արձագանգ weekly nbsp Nicosia Cyprus Western Armenian English www wbr artsakank wbr com wbr cyAzat Or Ազատ Օր weekly 1945 nbsp Athens Greece Western Armenian Greek azator wbr grKantsasar Գանձասար weekly 1978 nbsp Aleppo Syria Western Armenian www wbr kantsasar wbr comArmenia Արմենիա weekly 1931 nbsp Buenos Aires Argentina Western Armenian Spanish diarioarmenia wbr org wbr arARFWest org online 2020 nbsp Los Angeles California U S Eastern and Western Armenian English ARFWest orgOragark online 2022 nbsp Burbank California U S English Eastern and Western Armenian Oragark comTelevisionName Date established Location Language s WebsiteYerkir Media Երկիր Մեդիա 2003 nbsp Yerevan Armenia Armenian www wbr yerkirmedia wbr amNor Hai Horizon TV 1993 nbsp Toronto Canada Armenian English www wbr horizontv wbr caRadioName In Armenian Type Date established Location Language s Circulation WebsiteVoice of Van Վանայ Ձայն radio station 1927 nbsp Beirut Lebanon Armenian www wbr voiceofvan wbr netAzat Alik Ազատ Ալիք online radio station nbsp Greece Armenian web wbr archive wbr org wbr web wbr 20120512092829 wbr http wbr azatalik wbr gr 80 wbr Radio Yeraz Ռատիո Երազ online radio station 2011 nbsp Aleppo Syria Armenian first Armenian online radio station in Syria www wbr radioyeraz wbr com www wbr radioyeraz wbr netSee alsoArmenian national movement Armenian fedayees List of Armenian Revolutionary Federation members Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon ARF History MuseumReferencesNotes Reformed spelling Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցություն Eastern Armenian pronunciation Hay Heghapokhagan Dashnaktsutyun Western Armenian pronunciation Hay Heghapokhagan Tashnagtsutiun The abbreviation in both cases is written as ՀՅԴ which is pronounced as Ho Yi Da in Eastern and Ho Hi Ta in Western Armenian Collectively referred to as Dashnaks for short Eastern Armenian Դաշնակցություն Dashnaktsutyun Western Armenian Դաշնակցութիւն Tashnagtsoutioun Sources a b c Libaridian Gerard J 2004 Modern Armenia People Nation State Transaction Publishers ISBN 978 0 7658 0205 7 Յուրաքանչյուր երկրորդ չափահաս հայաստանցին կուսակցակա ն Every second Armenian a party member Tert am in Armenian Yerevan 15 May 2012 Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 7 September 2014 Armenian Nationalist Party Threatens President Over Turkey Protocols Yerevan Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 14 January 2010 Archived from the original on 8 September 2014 Retrieved 7 September 2014 Cornell 2011 p 11 Abbasov Shahin 15 October 2010 Azerbaijan Baku Reaches Out to Armenian Hard liners in Karabakh PR Bid EurasiaNet New York Open Society Institute Archived from the original on 8 September 2014 Retrieved 7 September 2014 3 4 5 Armenia Internal Instability Ahead PDF Yerevan Brussels International Crisis Group 18 October 2004 p 8 Archived PDF from the original on 23 September 2015 Retrieved 11 June 2014 Ծրագիր Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցության 1998 Armenian Revolutionary Federation Website ՀՅ Դաշնակցությունը նպատակադրում է Ա Ազատ Անկախ եւ Միացյալ Հայաստանի կերտում Միացյալ Հայաստանի սահմանների մեջ պիտի մտնեն Սեւրի դաշնագրով նախատեսված հայկական հողերը ինչպես նաեւ Արցախի Ջավախքի եւ Նախիջեւանի երկրամասերը Harutyunyan 2009 p 89 7 8 9 The first numbers of the lists of eleven political forces presented their visions of the fight against corruption and economic development Տասնմեկ քաղաքական ուժերի ցուցակների առաջին համարները ներկայացրին կոռուպցիայի դեմ պայքարի ու տնտեսության զարգացման իրենց տեսլականները in Armenian Armenpress 5 December 2018 Archived from the original on 9 November 2019 Retrieved 10 December 2018 It is necessary to get rid of the phrase there are no means there can be no reforms Armen Rustamyan Պետք է ձերբազատվել չկան միջոցներ չեն կարող լինել բարեփոխումներ ձևակերպումից Արմեն Ռուստամյան Yerkir in Armenian 16 September 2017 Archived from the original on 9 November 2019 Retrieved 10 December 2018 11 12 https en vestikavkaza ru analysis Dashnaktsutyun wants to disrupt peacekeeping initiatives html https epress am en 2011 11 18 dashnaktsutyun mp finds terrible things in 2012 budget html Kalantarian Karine 25 November 2009 Dashnaks Explain Criticism Of Russia azatutyun am RFE RL Archived from the original on 24 August 2020 a b Danielyan Emil 16 December 1995 ARMENIA Banned Opposition Party Has Deep Roots Azg Transitions Online Archived from the original on 4 July 2020 Bedevian Astghik Stepanian Ruzanna 4 December 2014 Armenian Parliament Backs Eurasian Union Entry azatutyun am RFE RL Archived from the original on 24 August 2020 Stepanian Ruzanna 1 September 2010 Dashnaks Back New Russian Armenian Pact azatutyun am RFE RL Archived from the original on 24 August 2020 16 17 18 19 Դաշնակցության սոցիալիզմի մոդելը The Socialist Model of Dashnaktsutyun parliamentarf am in Armenian Armenian Revolutionary Federation faction in the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia 9 July 2011 Archived from the original on 31 January 2018 Retrieved 28 September 2015 Evaluation Report on Armenia on Transparency of party funding PDF Strasbourg Council of Europe 3 December 2010 p 5 Archived PDF from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 29 September 2014 Where is the Armenian LEFT the true alternative Yerevan Institute for Democracy and Human Rights IDHR 10 December 2007 Archived from the original on 7 September 2014 21 22 23 Hovannisian 1971 p 40 Danielyan Emil 16 December 1995 ARMENIA Banned Opposition Party Has Deep Roots Azg Transitions Online Archived from the original on 4 July 2020 Goltz 2015 p 314 a b Verluise 1995 p 38 Panossian 2006 p 365 26 27 28 29 https europeelects eu armenia Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 25 September 2020 Retrieved 10 December 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link ռ կ Ազատություն 23 May 2019 Dashnaktsutyun Holds Rally Again Slams Government Ազատ Եվրոպա Ազատություն Ռադիոկայան RFE RL Archived from the original on 11 July 2021 Retrieved 11 July 2021 ARF Joins Party of European Socialists as Observer Member Armenian Weekly 16 June 2015 Archived from the original on 17 June 2015 Retrieved 23 June 2015 a b ARF news 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