According to Tamil legends, there were three Sangam periods, namely Head Sangam, Middle Sangam and Last Sangam period. Historians use the term Sangam period to refer the last of these, with the first two being legendary. It is also called the last Sangam period (Tamil: கடைச்சங்க பருவம், Kadaiccanga paruvam),[8] or third Sangam period (Tamil: மூன்றாம் சங்க பருவம், Mūnṟām sanka paruvam).
The Sangam literature is thought to have been produced in three Sangam academies of each period. The evidence on the early history of the Tamil kingdoms consists of the epigraphs of the region, the Sangam literature, and archaeological data. The period between 600 BCE to 300 CE, Tamilakam was ruled by the three Tamil dynasties of Pandya, Chola and Chera, and a few independent chieftains, the Velir.
There is a wealth of sources detailing the history, socio-political environment and cultural practices of ancient Tamilakam, including volumes ofliterature and epigraphy.[6]
The Sangam Tamils enjoyed a high degree of cultural life. Their interests in education, literature, music, dance, drama and festivals have been described in the Sangam literature.
Society
The fourfold vedic system of caste hierarchy did not exist during sangam period. The society was organised by occupational groups living apart from each other.[12]
^Jesudasan, Dennis S. (20 September 2019). "Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^Dr. Anjali (2017). Social and Cultural History of Ancient India. Lucknow: OnlineGatha—The Endless Tale. pp. 123–136. ISBN978-93-86352-69-9.
^Saju, M. T. (20 September 2019). "Carbon dating confirms Keeladi 3 centuries older". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
^Wilson, A.Jeyaratnam (2000). Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in 19th and 20th Centuries. "They had earlier felt secure in the concept of the Tamilakam, a vast area of "Tamilness" from the south of Dekhan in India to the north of Sri Lanka...". ISBN9780774807593. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
^Pierre-Yves Manguin; A Mani; Geoff Wade (2011). Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross Cultural exchange. originally imported from Kerala to Tamilakam(Southern India) to Illam(Sri Lanka). ISBN9789814345101.
^ abAbraham, Shinu (2003). "Chera, Chola, Pandya: using archaeological evidence to identify the Tamil kingdoms of early historic South India". Asian Perspectives. 42 (2): 207–223. doi:10.1353/asi.2003.0031. hdl:10125/17189. S2CID 153420843.
^"Women, Transition, and Change: A Study of the Impact of Conflict and Displacement on Women in Traditional Tamil Society". 1995.
^Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Brill. p. 46.
^ abcdefgDaniélou, Alain (11 February 2003). A Brief History of India. Simon and Schuster. ISBN9781594777943.
^M., Arunachalam (1989). Musical Tradition Of Tamilnadu (1st ed.). madras: International Society For The Investigation of Ancient Civilisations. p. 11.
^Rosen, Elizabeth S. (1975). "Prince ILango Adigal, Shilappadikaram (The anklet Bracelet), translated by Alain Damelou. Review". Artibus Asiae. 37 (1/2): 148–150. doi:10.2307/3250226. JSTOR 3250226.
^Nath sen, Sailendra (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization (Second ed.). Routledge. p. 202. ISBN9788122411980.
Bibliography
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sangam period.
A. L. Basham, The Wonder that was India, Picador (1995) ISBN0-330-43909-X
P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar, History of the Tamils from the earliest times to 600 AD, Madras, 1929; Chennai, Asian Educational Svcs. (2001) ISBN81-206-0145-9.
July 05, 2023
sangam, period, tamil, சங, கக, லம, caṅkakālam, malayalam, ഘക, saṅkakālam, particularly, referring, third, period, history, ancient, tamil, nadu, kerala, parts, lanka, then, known, tamilakam, dating, back, century, named, after, legendary, sangam, academies, po. The Sangam period or age Tamil சங கக லம caṅkakalam Malayalam സ ഘക ല saṅkakalam particularly referring to the third Sangam period is the period of the history of ancient Tamil Nadu Kerala and parts of Sri Lanka then known as Tamilakam dating back to c 3rd century CE 1 It was named after the legendary Sangam academies of poets and scholars centered in the city of Madurai 2 which are believed to be mythicalSangam periodTamilakam located in the tip of South India during the Sangam Period ruled by Chera dynasty Chola dynasty and the Pandyan dynastyAlternative namesSangam Age Third Sangam period Last Sangam periodGeographical rangeIndian subcontinentPeriodIron Age IndiaDatesc 600 BCE c 300 CEMajor sitesKeezhadi excavation site Kodumanal Arikamedu Murugan Temple Saluvankuppam AdichanallurIn Old Tamil language the term Tamilakam Tamiḻakam Purananuru 168 18 Tamil தம ழகம ப றந ன ற 168 18 referred to the whole of the ancient Tamil speaking area 3 corresponding roughly to the area known as southern India today consisting of the territories of the present day Indian states of Tamil Nadu Kerala parts of Andhra Pradesh parts of Karnataka and northern Sri Lanka 4 5 also known as Eelam 6 7 Contents 1 History 2 Literary sources 3 Culture 3 1 Society 4 See also 5 References 5 1 BibliographyHistory EditMain articles History of Tamil Nadu and History of Kerala See also First Sangam Second Sangam and Third Sangam According to Tamil legends there were three Sangam periods namely Head Sangam Middle Sangam and Last Sangam period Historians use the term Sangam period to refer the last of these with the first two being legendary It is also called the last Sangam period Tamil கட ச சங க பர வம Kadaiccanga paruvam 8 or third Sangam period Tamil ம ன ற ம சங க பர வம Munṟam sanka paruvam The Sangam literature is thought to have been produced in three Sangam academies of each period The evidence on the early history of the Tamil kingdoms consists of the epigraphs of the region the Sangam literature and archaeological data The period between 600 BCE to 300 CE Tamilakam was ruled by the three Tamil dynasties of Pandya Chola and Chera and a few independent chieftains the Velir Sangam Time span No of Poets Kingdom 9 Books 9 First 4440 years 9 from 9600 BCE to 5200 10 BCE 549 9 Pandiya No books survivedSecond 3700 years 9 1700 9 Pandiya Tolkappiyam author Tolkappiyar Third 1850 years 9 Pandiya covers entire corpus of Sangam LiteratureLiterary sources EditMain articles Sources of ancient Tamil history Sangam literature and The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature Ilango Adigal is the author of Silappatikaram one of the five great epics of Tamil literature 11 There is a wealth of sources detailing the history socio political environment and cultural practices of ancient Tamilakam including volumes of literature and epigraphy 6 Tamils portal India portal Hinduism portalCulture EditFurther information Economy of ancient Tamil country Agriculture in ancient Tamil country and Industry in ancient Tamil country The Sangam Tamils enjoyed a high degree of cultural life Their interests in education literature music dance drama and festivals have been described in the Sangam literature Society Edit The fourfold vedic system of caste hierarchy did not exist during sangam period The society was organised by occupational groups living apart from each other 12 See also EditHistory of Tamil Nadu Tolkappiyam Purananuru Paripaatal List of Sangam poets Warring states Three KingdomsReferences Edit Jesudasan Dennis S 20 September 2019 Keezhadi excavations Sangam era older than previously thought finds study The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 12 August 2021 Dr Anjali 2017 Social and Cultural History of Ancient India Lucknow OnlineGatha The Endless Tale pp 123 136 ISBN 978 93 86352 69 9 Saju M T 20 September 2019 Carbon dating confirms Keeladi 3 centuries older The Times of India Retrieved 8 February 2021 Wilson A Jeyaratnam 2000 Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism Its Origins and Development in 19th and 20th Centuries They had earlier felt secure in the concept of the Tamilakam a vast area of Tamilness from the south of Dekhan in India to the north of Sri Lanka ISBN 9780774807593 Retrieved 28 April 2012 Pierre Yves Manguin A Mani Geoff Wade 2011 Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia Reflections on Cross Cultural exchange originally imported from Kerala to Tamilakam Southern India to Illam Sri Lanka ISBN 9789814345101 a b Abraham Shinu 2003 Chera Chola Pandya using archaeological evidence to identify the Tamil kingdoms of early historic South India Asian Perspectives 42 2 207 223 doi 10 1353 asi 2003 0031 hdl 10125 17189 S2CID 153420843 Women Transition and Change A Study of the Impact of Conflict and Displacement on Women in Traditional Tamil Society 1995 Zvelebil Kamil 1973 The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India Brill p 46 a b c d e f g Danielou Alain 11 February 2003 A Brief History of India Simon and Schuster ISBN 9781594777943 M Arunachalam 1989 Musical Tradition Of Tamilnadu 1st ed madras International Society For The Investigation of Ancient Civilisations p 11 Rosen Elizabeth S 1975 Prince ILango Adigal Shilappadikaram The anklet Bracelet translated by Alain Damelou Review Artibus Asiae 37 1 2 148 150 doi 10 2307 3250226 JSTOR 3250226 Nath sen Sailendra 1999 Ancient Indian History and Civilization Second ed Routledge p 202 ISBN 9788122411980 Bibliography Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sangam period A L Basham The Wonder that was India Picador 1995 ISBN 0 330 43909 X P T Srinivasa Iyengar History of the Tamils from the earliest times to 600 AD Madras 1929 Chennai Asian Educational Svcs 2001 ISBN 81 206 0145 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sangam period amp oldid 1158811479, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
