West Slavic fermented cereal soups
In West Slavic countries, as well as in Belarus, fermented cereals, such as rye, wheat, or oatmeal, are used to make soups. In Poland and parts of Belarus, rye is traditional for making żur; a variant made with wheat flour instead of rye is known in Poland as barszcz biały ("white barszcz"). Fermented oatmeal is a common ingredient in Belarus and in some regions of Poland. Fermented wheat or sourdough soups are also found in other western Slavic cuisines, in particular in the Slovak (kyslovka), Silesian (Sauermehlsuppe) and Czech (kyselo) cuisines.
Poland
| Żur in a bowl made of bread | |
| Alternative names | Żurek, Sauermehlsuppe |
|---|---|
| Course | Soup, Entree |
| Place of origin | Poland |
| Serving temperature | Hot |
| Main ingredients | Soured rye flour; sausage, bacon, or ham |
| Variations | Barszcz biały, kisełycia |
| |
Żur (Polish: żur, diminutive: żurek) is a soup made of soured rye flour (akin to sourdough) and meat (usually boiled pork sausage or pieces of smoked sausage, bacon or ham).[1]
The recipe varies regionally. In Poland it is sometimes served in an edible bowl made of bread or with boiled potatoes. In Silesia, a type of sour rye soup known as żur śląski is served in a bowl, poured over mashed potatoes. In the Podlaskie region, it is common to eat żurek with halved hard-boiled eggs. In Polish Subcarpathia, there is a traditional variety made of fermented oatmeal (Polish: żur owsiany or kisełycia). In Poland żurek is traditionally eaten at Easter, but is also popular during other parts of the year. It is sometimes flavored with bits of sausage, usually eaten with bread or buns.[2]
Żur with kiełbasa and halved boiled eggs
Belarus
In Belarus, zhur (Belarusian: жур) or kisyalitsa (Belarusian: кісяліца) is a soup made of fermented oatmeal or rye. Zhur may also denote a thicker porridge, a type of kissel made of fermented oatmeal, which is known since the times of Kievan Rus'.[3][4]
Zhur
Czech Republic
| Alternative names | Krkonošské kyselo, Kübelsauer |
|---|---|
| Course | Soup, Entrée, Main course |
| Place of origin | Czech Republic |
| Region or state | Krkonoše |
| Serving temperature | Hot |
| Main ingredients | Sourdough, mushrooms, caraway |
| 250[5] (depends on ingredients) kcal | |
| |
Kyselo (Czech: kyselo, krkonošské kyselo; German: Kübelsauer[6]) is a soup based on sourdough and mushrooms.[7] It is a traditional Czech cuisine from poor folk food originating in the Northern Bohemia mountain region of Krkonoše.[6] It is very substantial and it contains an abundance of proteins, B vitamins, dietary fiber and other important nutrients.[5]
Origin
Kyselo has been a traditional daily food of poor people in the Krkonoše mountain region for centuries, primarily in the winter.[6][8] It is made from locally accessible, cheap, storable ingredients (the mushrooms are usually used dried) and nutritious ingredients so it provides substantial energy for hard mountain life and work.[9] Historically kyselo was made without eggs. Eggs in early times were produced mainly for sale on the market, not for one's own family, so eggs were only eaten on some holidays.[10] Potatoes became widespread among poor people of Czech lands in the late 18th century, so before that time soups of this type were also made without potatoes.[10]
Usage of sourdough indicates that kyselo has ancient origins, probably in medieval (and prehistoric) fermented cereal porridges.[7][10] The Krkonoše region is on the Czech–Polish border, and kyselo is a close relative of the Polish sour rye soup.[11][12]
Etymology
The word kyselo is derived from the word kyselý, which means 'sour' in Czech. The sourdough which kyselo is made from is called "chlebový kvásek" or "chlebový kvas" (not to be confused with the Russian kvass).
Sometimes another sour mushroom-based Czech soup kulajda or its variants are mistakenly called kyselo.[13] The difference is that kulajda and similar soups do not use sourdough but sour cream or milk and vinegar. To reduce this misunderstanding, kyselo is often called Krkonošské kyselo ("Kyselo of Krkonoše").
In Eastern regions of the Czech Republic and in Slovakia there is a soup called kyselica, but it is a variation of sauerkraut soup.
Ingredients and preparation
The basis of kyselo is strong broth made from mushrooms and caraway in water. Central European mushroom species such as cep and similar ones are used. The mushrooms are usually used dried in the winter.[9] The broth is thickened by sourdough which should ideally be made from rye flour. Families in Krkonoše usually grew their own sourdough for years in special cookware called "kyselák" or "kvasák".[7] The thickened broth is supplemented by onion sautéed in butter, boiled and then roasted potatoes and scrambled eggs and seasoned with salt and vinegar.[6][7][9][11][14][15][16] Due to its ancient origins, kyselo has no fixed recipe, and the preparation is a little different in every family. The recipe is passed on by oral tradition. There are local variants of kyselo in Krkonoše: without eggs or with hard-boiled eggs, boiled but not roasted potatoes, with or without cream, etc.
Nowadays one can purchase an industry-made instant powder kyselo base for use in big canteens[17] or liquid fermented cereal [18]
Following ingredients may be used:
- cured bones [19]
- pork ribs [19]
- weisswurst [19]
- pork belly [20]
- onion [20]
- potatoes [20]
- carrots [21]
- celery [21]
- parsley [21]
- marjoram [19]
- bay leaves [20]
- allspice [20]
- lovage [21]
- caraway
- garlic [19]
- mushrooms [21]
- cream [19]
- horseradish [20]
- eggs to serve [20]
- rye wholemeal bread croutons[citation needed]
Serving
Kyselo is traditionally served hot in a soup plate or bowl.[6] In some restaurants it is served in an edible bread bowl.[5] Sometimes it is garnished with chopped scallion, parsley or other green herbs. The soup is eaten with a tablespoon. The potatoes are often served on a special plate (one for the whole table) and everyone can add any quantity as needed.[16] Usually salt and vinegar are also on the table for personal seasoning preferences.
Kyselo is a very nutritious food so it is often served as a main (and only) course, but in small quantities it could be also served as an entrée.
Folklore and popular culture
As a staple food, kyselo plays an important part in local legends and fairy tales, especially in connection to the mythical mountain lord Krakonoš (German: Rübezahl). It is said that he gave sourdough to people and invented kyselo.[22] In Krkonoše there is also a mountain named Kotel (Polish: Kocioł, German: Kesselkoppe) which means cauldron. When fog rises from the valley at bottom of Kotel, people say that Krakonoš is cooking the kyselo.[23]
The name kyselo is well-known throughout the Czech Republic because of Večerníček children's television series Krkonošské pohádky (Fairy Tales from Krkonoše), in which Anče, one of the main characters, cooks kyselo in almost all of the episodes.[24]
Similar dishes
Eastern European cuisines also have variations of soups based on soured flour or other modes of fermentation. Examples are Russian okroshka made with kvass,[7] Romanian borș made of fermented wheat or barley bran, and Finnish hapanvelli soup is made with pea and sour dough. More distant relative is Japanese miso soup, which also uses a fermented basic ingredient – miso paste.[14]
See also
References
- ^ Aruna Thaker & Arlene Barton (2012). Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 288. ISBN 9781118350461. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
- ^ Robert Strybel (2003). Polish Holiday Cookery. Hippocrene Books. p. 106. ISBN 9780781809948. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
- ^ Vladimir Dal (1863–66). "Жур". Tolkovy slovar zhivogo velikorusskogo yazyka (Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка) [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian). Sankt-Petersburg: Obshchestvo lyubiteley rossiyskoy slovesnosti. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
- ^ The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor. Cambridge, MA: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1953, p.122. Kissel is translated as "porridge" in this edition.
- ^ a b c Petrák, František. "Svérázná krkonošská kuchyně" [Idiosyncratic Cuisine From Krkonoše] (in Czech). Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Lokvenc, Theodor (1978). Toulky krkonošskou minulostí [Wandering the Krkonoše History] (in Czech). Czechia.
- ^ a b c d e Janků-Sandtnerová, Marie (1941). Kniha rozpočtů a kuchařských předpisů [The Book Of Cooking Budgets And Prescriptions] (in Czech). Praha: Česká grafická Unie a.s.
- ^ Jebavý, Josef. "Pravé krkonošské kyselo" [The Right Krkonoše Kyselo] (in Czech). Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ a b c Matějček, Jiří (1982). Rozhovory s mlčenlivými svědky [Dialogues With Silent Witnesses] (in Czech). Czechia: Severočeské nakl.
- ^ a b c Beranová, Magdalena (2005). Jídlo a pití v pravěku a ve středověku [Food And Drink In Prehistory And Middle Ages] (in Czech). Prague: Academia. ISBN 80-200-1340-7.
- ^ a b Míček, Pavel (2 February 2012). "Krkonošské kyselo a Žurek Poľski" [Krkonoše Kyselo and Polish Žurek] (in Czech). Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ Břízová, Joza (1978). Pochutnejte si na polévce [Enjnoy The Soup]. Sešity domácího hospodaření (in Czech). Praha: Nakladatelství Práce.
- ^ Čermák, Jura. "Jednoduché kyselo" [Simple Kyselo]. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ a b Lužná, Magda (2010). Vaříme pro děti podle makrobiotických zásad a nejen pro ně [Cooking For Children On Macrobiotic Principles] (in Czech). Olomouc: ANAG. ISBN 978-80-7263-602-0.
- ^ Marhold, Jiří (1991). Krkonošská kuchařka [Krkonoše Cookbook] (in Czech). Hradec Králové: Kruh. ISBN 80-7031-708-6.
- ^ a b Čermák, Jura. "Krkonošské kyselo" [Krkonoše Kyselo]. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ "Vitana, a.s.: Krkonošské kyselo 2,3kg" [Vitana, a.s.: Krkonoše Kyselo 2,3 kg] (in Czech). Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ^ "Orzeł Polska Żurek Staropolski 500 ml".
- ^ a b c d e f "Żurek". 15 March 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Żurek. Przepis krok po kroku".
- ^ a b c d e "Żurek wielkanocny".
- ^ Kubátová, Marie (2011). Krkonošské pohádky [Krkonoše Fairytales] (in Czech). Praha: Fragment. ISBN 978-80-253-1126-4.
- ^ Pavlová, Svatava (2000). Dva tucty pohádek z Krkonoš a Podkrkonoší [Two Dozens Of Fairytales From Krkonoše and Podkrkonoší] (in Czech). Praha: Knižní klub. ISBN 80-242-0283-2.
- ^ Šimková, Božena (Writer) (1974–1984). Krkonošské pohádky [Krkonoše Fairytales] (Television production) (in Czech). Czechia: Czech Television.