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Solid fuel

May 26, 2023

Solid fuel refers to various forms of solid material that can be burnt to release energy, providing heat and light through the process of combustion. Solid fuels can be contrasted with liquid fuels and gaseous fuels. Common examples of solid fuels include wood, charcoal, peat, coal, hexamine fuel tablets, dry dung, wood pellets, corn, wheat, rye, and other grains. Solid fuels are extensively used in rocketry as solid propellants.[1] Solid fuels have been used throughout human history to create fire[2] and solid fuel is still in widespread use throughout the world in the present day.[3][4]

A fire made of charcoal briquettes

Solid fuel from biomass is regarded as a renewable energy source which can contribute to climate change mitigation efforts. Solid fuel from fossil fuels (i.e. coal) is not a renewable energy.

Types

Biomass

Biomass that is used for energy production can be processed into solid fuels but also into liquid or gaseous fuels.[5]: 173  In comparison, the term biofuel is nowadays mainly (but not exclusively) used for liquid or gaseous fuels, used for transportation.[6]

Pellet fuels are made from compressed organic matter or biomass.[7] Pellets can be made from any one of five general categories of biomass: industrial waste and co-products, food waste, agricultural residues, energy crops, and untreated lumber.[8] Wood pellets are the most common type of pellet fuel.[9]

This section is an excerpt from Biomass (energy).[edit]
Biomass (for energy) is matter from recently living (but now dead) organisms which is used for bioenergy production. Examples include wood, wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues, and organic waste from industry and households.[10] Wood and wood residues is the largest biomass energy source today. Wood can be used as a fuel directly or processed into pellet fuel or other forms of fuels. Other plants can also be used as fuel, for instance maize, switchgrass, miscanthus and bamboo.[11] The main waste feedstocks are wood waste, agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, and manufacturing waste. Upgrading raw biomass to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods, broadly classified as thermal, chemical, or biochemical.

Wood

Further information: Wood fuel

Wood fuel can refer to several fuels such as firewood, charcoal, wood chips sheets, pellets, and sawdust. The particular form used depends upon factors such as source, quantity, quality and application. In many areas, wood is the most easily available form of fuel, requiring no tools in the case of picking up dead wood, or few tools. Today, burning of wood is the largest use of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass. Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating, and occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity. Wood may be used indoors in a furnace, stove, or fireplace, or outdoors in a furnace, campfire, or bonfire. As with any fire, burning wood fuel creates numerous by-products, some of which may be useful (heat and steam), and others that are undesirable, irritating or dangerous.

When harvested in a sustainable fashion wood is usually considered to be a renewable solid fuel (renewable energy).[12]

There is debate as to whether burning wood can be considered carbon neutral, as technically the wood cannot release more carbon than was sequestered during its growth, although this does not take account of other impacts such as deforestation and rotting has on the carbon footprint.[13]

Peat

Further information: Peat

Peat fuel is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that can be burnt once sufficiently dried. It is used widely in the country districts of Ireland and Scotland where alternatives are absent or expensive.[citation needed] It has a relatively low calorific value, even after essential drying.

Fossil fuels

Coal

Further information: Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. Throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide The extraction of coal, its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with environmental and health effects. Variations such as smokeless coal can be formed naturally in the form of anthracite, a metamorphosed type of coal with a very high carbon content that gives off a smokeless flame when set alight. It is an important type of smokeless fuel.

Coke

Further information: Coke (fuel)

Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes.[12]

Smokeless fuel

Further information: Smokeless fuel

Solid fuels which produce little smoke or volatiles are made from powdered anthracite coal and supplied in the form of briquettes usually for domestic use either in stoves or open fireplaces. The fuel is replacing coal as a fuel for open fires because of the reduction in particulate emissions and its increased efficiency. Smokeless fuel burns at a higher temperature and more slowly than a coal fire. The term also includes charcoal, made by restricted combustion of dry wood, is also widely used for open air barbecues with food cooked on an open fire.

Solid fuels for special applications

Rocket propellant

Further information: Rocket propellant § Solid chemical propellants

Solid rocket propellant consists of a solid oxidizer (such as ammonium nitrate) bound with flakes or powders of energy compounds (such as RDX) plus binders, plasticizers, stabilizers, and other additives. Solid propellant is much easier to store and handle than liquid propellant. It also has a higher energy density so it does not require as large of a space for the same amount of stored energy.

Calorific value

The heat available from each type of fuel is variable, and depends on the carbon and hydrogen content, as well as non-combustible or ash and water content. One measure of the heat produced by burning is the Heat of combustion, an exact measure usually determined using bomb calorimetry and demanding complete combustion to carbon dioxide and water.

Gaseous fuels like methane have higher values than solid fuels like coal. Peat exhibits the lowest value of all common fuels. Thus methane has an HHV (Higher heating value) of 55.50 MJ/kg, the highest value of common fuels.

Diesel fuel has an HHV value of 44.80 MJ/kg and anthracite coal a value of 32.50 MJ/kg. Moisture and ash-free firewood has a lower value of 21.70 MJ/kg while dry peat has the lowest value of all common fuels of about 15.00 MJ/kg.

These are somewhat ideal values and the actual heat realized by any fuel will depend on the fireplace or combustion chamber used and its design for example. But they do give a useful guide to the heat available from any fuel. Dry wood has roughly two thirds the calorific value of coal so a greater weight is needed to make the same amount of heat.

Cost and transport

Solid fuels, compared to liquid fuels or gaseous fuels, are often cheaper, easier to extract, more stable to transport and in many places are more readily available.[14][15]

Coal, in particular, is utilized in the generation of 38% of the world's electricity because it is less expensive than its liquid and gas counterparts.[3]

Damage to health and the environment

Further information: Health and environmental impact of the coal industry

Solid fuels require more destructive methods to extract/burn and often have higher carbon, nitrate and sulphate emissions. With the exception of sustainable wood/biomass solid fuel is normally considered non-renewable as it requires thousands of years to form.[3]

Solid fuels are composed of organic materials and can contribute to poor air quality. The burning of solid fuels releases more organic aerosol[16] than liquefied petroleum gas and releases many volatile organic compounds, which can contribute to poor air quality through the formation of secondary pollutants such as ground level ozone and secondary organic aerosol.[17] The emissions from solid fuels are major drivers of poor air quality in regions where solid fuels are a dominant fuel source.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ . astronautix.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
  2. ^ "Evidence that human ancestors used fire one million years ago". Science Daily. 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
  3. ^ a b c "Coal". iea.org. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
  4. ^ "Coal consumption statistics - Statistics Explained". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
  5. ^ "Chapter 9: Biofuels for transport". Future energy : improved, sustainable and clean options for our planet. T. M. Letcher (3rd ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2020. ISBN 978-0-08-102887-2. OCLC 1137604985.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ^ The EIA states: "Biofuels are transportation fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel that are made from biomass materials." https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=biofuel_home
  7. ^ "Biomass Energy". Alternate Energy. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  8. ^ . BIOMASS Energy Centre. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  9. ^ "About the Densified Biomass Fuel Report". U.S. EIA. October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  10. ^ "Biomass explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
  11. ^ Darby, Thomas. . Real World Energy. Archived from the original on 2014-06-08. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  12. ^ a b "Solid Fuels". Solid Fuel Technology Institute. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  13. ^ Smith, K.R. (1993). "Greenhouse gases from biomass and fossil fuel stoves in developing countries: A Manila pilot study". Chemosphere. 26 (1–4): 479–505. Bibcode:1993Chmsp..26..479S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.558.9180. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(93)90440-G.
  14. ^ "The Guide to Solid Fuels" (PDF). Solid Fuel Association. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  15. ^ "Guide To Solid Fuel". Coal Products Ltd. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  16. ^ Stewart, Gareth J.; Nelson, Beth S.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Farren, Naomi J.; Hopkins, James R.; Ward, Martyn W.; Swift, Stefan J.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu (2021-02-18). "Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 21 (4): 2407–2426. Bibcode:2021ACP....21.2407S. doi:10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021. ISSN 1680-7316.
  17. ^ Stewart, Gareth J.; Acton, W. Joe F.; Nelson, Beth S.; Vaughan, Adam R.; Hopkins, James R.; Arya, Rahul; Mondal, Arnab; Jangirh, Ritu; Ahlawat, Sakshi; Yadav, Lokesh; Sharma, Sudhir K. (2021-02-18). "Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 21 (4): 2383–2406. Bibcode:2021ACP....21.2383S. doi:10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021. ISSN 1680-7316.
  18. ^ World Health Organization. "Household air pollution". Retrieved 2023-01-06.

External links

  •   Media related to Solid fuels at Wikimedia Commons

May 26, 2023
solid, fuel, refers, various, forms, solid, material, that, burnt, release, energy, providing, heat, light, through, process, combustion, contrasted, with, liquid, fuels, gaseous, fuels, common, examples, solid, fuels, include, wood, charcoal, peat, coal, hexa. Solid fuel refers to various forms of solid material that can be burnt to release energy providing heat and light through the process of combustion Solid fuels can be contrasted with liquid fuels and gaseous fuels Common examples of solid fuels include wood charcoal peat coal hexamine fuel tablets dry dung wood pellets corn wheat rye and other grains Solid fuels are extensively used in rocketry as solid propellants 1 Solid fuels have been used throughout human history to create fire 2 and solid fuel is still in widespread use throughout the world in the present day 3 4 A fire made of charcoal briquettes Solid fuel from biomass is regarded as a renewable energy source which can contribute to climate change mitigation efforts Solid fuel from fossil fuels i e coal is not a renewable energy Contents 1 Types 1 1 Biomass 1 1 1 Wood 1 1 2 Peat 1 2 Fossil fuels 1 2 1 Coal 1 2 2 Coke 1 2 3 Smokeless fuel 1 3 Solid fuels for special applications 1 3 1 Rocket propellant 2 Calorific value 3 Cost and transport 4 Damage to health and the environment 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksTypes EditBiomass Edit Biomass that is used for energy production can be processed into solid fuels but also into liquid or gaseous fuels 5 173 In comparison the term biofuel is nowadays mainly but not exclusively used for liquid or gaseous fuels used for transportation 6 Pellet fuels are made from compressed organic matter or biomass 7 Pellets can be made from any one of five general categories of biomass industrial waste and co products food waste agricultural residues energy crops and untreated lumber 8 Wood pellets are the most common type of pellet fuel 9 This section is an excerpt from Biomass energy edit Biomass for energy is matter from recently living but now dead organisms which is used for bioenergy production Examples include wood wood residues energy crops agricultural residues and organic waste from industry and households 10 Wood and wood residues is the largest biomass energy source today Wood can be used as a fuel directly or processed into pellet fuel or other forms of fuels Other plants can also be used as fuel for instance maize switchgrass miscanthus and bamboo 11 The main waste feedstocks are wood waste agricultural waste municipal solid waste and manufacturing waste Upgrading raw biomass to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods broadly classified as thermal chemical or biochemical Wood Edit Further information Wood fuel Wood fuel can refer to several fuels such as firewood charcoal wood chips sheets pellets and sawdust The particular form used depends upon factors such as source quantity quality and application In many areas wood is the most easily available form of fuel requiring no tools in the case of picking up dead wood or few tools Today burning of wood is the largest use of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating and occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity Wood may be used indoors in a furnace stove or fireplace or outdoors in a furnace campfire or bonfire As with any fire burning wood fuel creates numerous by products some of which may be useful heat and steam and others that are undesirable irritating or dangerous When harvested in a sustainable fashion wood is usually considered to be a renewable solid fuel renewable energy 12 There is debate as to whether burning wood can be considered carbon neutral as technically the wood cannot release more carbon than was sequestered during its growth although this does not take account of other impacts such as deforestation and rotting has on the carbon footprint 13 Peat Edit Further information Peat Peat fuel is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that can be burnt once sufficiently dried It is used widely in the country districts of Ireland and Scotland where alternatives are absent or expensive citation needed It has a relatively low calorific value even after essential drying Fossil fuels Edit Coal Edit Further information Coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams Throughout history coal has been used as an energy resource primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat and is also used for industrial purposes such as refining metals Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide as well as one of the largest worldwide The extraction of coal its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with environmental and health effects Variations such as smokeless coal can be formed naturally in the form of anthracite a metamorphosed type of coal with a very high carbon content that gives off a smokeless flame when set alight It is an important type of smokeless fuel Coke Edit Further information Coke fuel Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content usually made from coal It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low ash low sulfur bituminous coal Cokes made from coal are grey hard and porous While coke can be formed naturally the commonly used form is man made The form known as petroleum coke or pet coke is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes 12 Smokeless fuel Edit Further information Smokeless fuel Solid fuels which produce little smoke or volatiles are made from powdered anthracite coal and supplied in the form of briquettes usually for domestic use either in stoves or open fireplaces The fuel is replacing coal as a fuel for open fires because of the reduction in particulate emissions and its increased efficiency Smokeless fuel burns at a higher temperature and more slowly than a coal fire The term also includes charcoal made by restricted combustion of dry wood is also widely used for open air barbecues with food cooked on an open fire Solid fuels for special applications Edit Rocket propellant Edit Further information Rocket propellant Solid chemical propellants Solid rocket propellant consists of a solid oxidizer such as ammonium nitrate bound with flakes or powders of energy compounds such as RDX plus binders plasticizers stabilizers and other additives Solid propellant is much easier to store and handle than liquid propellant It also has a higher energy density so it does not require as large of a space for the same amount of stored energy Calorific value EditThis article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Solid fuel news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message The heat available from each type of fuel is variable and depends on the carbon and hydrogen content as well as non combustible or ash and water content One measure of the heat produced by burning is the Heat of combustion an exact measure usually determined using bomb calorimetry and demanding complete combustion to carbon dioxide and water Gaseous fuels like methane have higher values than solid fuels like coal Peat exhibits the lowest value of all common fuels Thus methane has an HHV Higher heating value of 55 50 MJ kg the highest value of common fuels Diesel fuel has an HHV value of 44 80 MJ kg and anthracite coal a value of 32 50 MJ kg Moisture and ash free firewood has a lower value of 21 70 MJ kg while dry peat has the lowest value of all common fuels of about 15 00 MJ kg These are somewhat ideal values and the actual heat realized by any fuel will depend on the fireplace or combustion chamber used and its design for example But they do give a useful guide to the heat available from any fuel Dry wood has roughly two thirds the calorific value of coal so a greater weight is needed to make the same amount of heat Cost and transport EditSolid fuels compared to liquid fuels or gaseous fuels are often cheaper easier to extract more stable to transport and in many places are more readily available 14 15 Coal in particular is utilized in the generation of 38 of the world s electricity because it is less expensive than its liquid and gas counterparts 3 Damage to health and the environment EditFurther information Health and environmental impact of the coal industry Solid fuels require more destructive methods to extract burn and often have higher carbon nitrate and sulphate emissions With the exception of sustainable wood biomass solid fuel is normally considered non renewable as it requires thousands of years to form 3 Solid fuels are composed of organic materials and can contribute to poor air quality The burning of solid fuels releases more organic aerosol 16 than liquefied petroleum gas and releases many volatile organic compounds which can contribute to poor air quality through the formation of secondary pollutants such as ground level ozone and secondary organic aerosol 17 The emissions from solid fuels are major drivers of poor air quality in regions where solid fuels are a dominant fuel source 18 See also EditBiomass briquettes Fossil fuel Synthetic fuel Nuclear powerReferences Edit Solid astronautix com Archived from the original on August 15 2016 Retrieved 2017 03 09 Evidence that human ancestors used fire one million years ago Science Daily 2012 04 02 Retrieved 2017 03 09 a b c Coal iea org Retrieved 2017 03 09 Coal consumption statistics Statistics Explained ec europa eu Retrieved 2017 03 09 Chapter 9 Biofuels for transport Future energy improved sustainable and clean options for our planet T M Letcher 3rd ed Amsterdam Netherlands 2020 ISBN 978 0 08 102887 2 OCLC 1137604985 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link The EIA states Biofuels are transportation fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel that are made from biomass materials https www eia gov energyexplained index php page biofuel home Biomass Energy Alternate Energy Retrieved 16 February 2015 Sources of biomass BIOMASS Energy Centre Archived from the original on 11 June 2016 Retrieved 16 February 2015 About the Densified Biomass Fuel Report U S EIA October 17 2018 Retrieved October 23 2018 Biomass explained U S Energy Information Administration EIA www eia gov Retrieved 2023 01 24 Darby Thomas What Is Biomass Renewable Energy Real World Energy Archived from the original on 2014 06 08 Retrieved 12 June 2014 a b Solid Fuels Solid Fuel Technology Institute 9 February 2014 Retrieved 22 June 2015 Smith K R 1993 Greenhouse gases from biomass and fossil fuel stoves in developing countries A Manila pilot study Chemosphere 26 1 4 479 505 Bibcode 1993Chmsp 26 479S CiteSeerX 10 1 1 558 9180 doi 10 1016 0045 6535 93 90440 G The Guide to Solid Fuels PDF Solid Fuel Association Retrieved 22 June 2015 Guide To Solid Fuel Coal Products Ltd Retrieved 22 June 2015 Stewart Gareth J Nelson Beth S Acton W Joe F Vaughan Adam R Farren Naomi J Hopkins James R Ward Martyn W Swift Stefan J Arya Rahul Mondal Arnab Jangirh Ritu 2021 02 18 Emissions of intermediate volatility and semi volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi India Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21 4 2407 2426 Bibcode 2021ACP 21 2407S doi 10 5194 acp 21 2407 2021 ISSN 1680 7316 Stewart Gareth J Acton W Joe F Nelson Beth S Vaughan Adam R Hopkins James R Arya Rahul Mondal Arnab Jangirh Ritu Ahlawat Sakshi Yadav Lokesh Sharma Sudhir K 2021 02 18 Emissions of non methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi India Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21 4 2383 2406 Bibcode 2021ACP 21 2383S doi 10 5194 acp 21 2383 2021 ISSN 1680 7316 World Health Organization Household air pollution Retrieved 2023 01 06 External links Edit Media related to Solid fuels at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Solid fuel amp oldid 1153295445, 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