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Soil acidification

February 15, 2024

Soil acidification is the buildup of hydrogen cations, which reduces the soil pH. Chemically, this happens when a proton donor gets added to the soil. The donor can be an acid, such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or carbonic acid. It can also be a compound such as aluminium sulfate, which reacts in the soil to release protons. Acidification also occurs when base cations such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium are leached from the soil.

Soil acidification naturally occurs as lichens and algae begin to break down rock surfaces. Acids continue with this dissolution as soil develops. With time and weathering, soils become more acidic in natural ecosystems. Soil acidification rates can vary, and increase with certain factors such as acid rain, agriculture, and pollution.[1]

Causes edit

Acid rain edit

Rainfall is naturally acidic due to carbonic acid forming from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This compound causes rainfall pH to be around 5.0–5.5. When rainfall has a lower pH than natural levels, it can cause rapid acidification of soil. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are precursors of stronger acids that can lead to acid rain production when they react with water in the atmosphere. These gases may be present in the atmosphere due to natural sources such as lightning and volcanic eruptions, or from anthropogenic emissions.[2] Basic cations like calcium are leached from the soil as acidic rainfall flows, which allows aluminum and proton levels to increase.[3][4]

Nitric and sulfuric acids in acid rain and snow can have different effects on the acidification of forest soils, particularly seasonally in regions where a snow pack may accumulate during the winter.[5] Snow tends to contain more nitric acid than sulfuric acid, and as a result, a pulse of nitric acid-rich snow meltwater may leach through high elevation forest soils during a short time in the spring.[6] This volume of water may comprise as much as 50% of the annual precipitation. The nitric acid flush of meltwater may cause a sharp, short term, decrease in the drainage water pH entering groundwater and surface waters.[7] The decrease in pH can solubilize Al3+ that is toxic to fish,[8] especially newly-hatched fry with immature gill systems through which they pass large volumes of water to obtain O2 for respiration. As the snow meltwater flush passes, water temperatures rise, and lakes and streams produce more dissolved organic matter; the Al concentration in drainage water decreases and is bound to organic acids, making it less toxic to fish. In rain, the ratio of nitric-to-sulfuric acids decreases to approximately 1:2. The higher sulfuric acid content of rain also may not release as much Al3+ from soils as does nitric acid, in part due to the retention (adsorption) of SO42- by soils. This process releases OH− into soil solution and buffers the pH decrease caused by the added H+ from both acids. The forest floor organic soil horizons (layers) that are high in organic matter also buffer pH, and decrease the load of H+ that subsequently leaches through underlying mineral horizons.[9][10]

Biological weathering edit

Main article: Weathering § Biological weathering

Plant roots acidify soil by releasing protons and organic acids so as to chemically weather soil minerals.[11] Decaying remains of dead plants on soil may also form organic acids which contribute to soil acidification.[12] Acidification from leaf litter on the O-horizon is more pronounced under coniferous trees such as pine, spruce and fir, which return fewer base cations to the soil, rather than under deciduous trees; however, soil pH differences attributed to vegetation often preexisted that vegetation, and help select for species which tolerate them. Calcium accumulation in existing biomass also strongly affects soil pH - a factor which can vary from species to species.[13]

Parent materials edit

Certain parent materials also contribute to soil acidification. Granites and their allied igneous rocks are called "acidic" because they have a lot of free quartz, which produces silicic acid on weathering.[14] Also, they have relatively low amounts of calcium and magnesium. Some sedimentary rocks such as shale and coal are rich in sulfides, which, when hydrated and oxidized, produce sulfuric acid which is much stronger than silicic acid. Many coal soils are too acidic to support vigorous plant growth, and coal gives off strong precursors to acid rain when it is burned. Marine clays are also sulfide-rich in many cases, and such clays become very acidic if they are drained to an oxidizing state.

Soil amendments edit

Soil amendments such as fertilizers and manures can cause soil acidification. Sulfur based fertilizers can be highly acidifying, examples include elemental sulfur and iron sulfate while others like potassium sulfate have no significant effect on soil pH. While most nitrogen fertilizers have an acidifying effect, ammonium-based nitrogen fertilizers are more acidifying than other nitrogen sources.[15] Ammonia-based nitrogen fertilizers include ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, and ammonium nitrate. Organic nitrogen sources, such as urea and compost, are less acidifying. Nitrate sources which have little or no ammonium, such as calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and sodium nitrate, are not acidifying.[16][17][18]

Pollution edit

Acidification may also occur from nitrogen emissions into the air, as the nitrogen may end up deposited into the soil.[19] Animal livestock is responsible for nearly 65 percent of man-made ammonia emissions.[20]

Anthropogenic sources of sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides play a major role in increase of acid rain production.[clarification needed] The use of fossil fuels and motor exhaust are the largest anthropogenic contributors to sulfuric gases and nitrogen oxides, respectively.[21]

Aluminum is one of the few elements capable of making soil more acidic.[22] This is achieved by aluminum taking hydroxide ions out of water, leaving hydrogen ions behind.[23] As a result, the soil is more acidic, which makes it unlivable for many plants. Another consequence of aluminum in soils is aluminum toxicity, which inhibits root growth.[24]

Agriculture management practices edit

Agriculture managements approaches such as monoculture and chemical fertilization often leads to soil problems such as soil acidification, degradation, and soil-borne diseases, which ultimately have a negative impact on agricultural productivity and sustainability.[25][26]

Effects edit

Main article: Soil biodiversity § Acidification

Soil acidification can cause damage to plants and organisms in the soil. In plants, soil acidification results in smaller, less durable roots.[27] Acidic soils sometimes damage the root tips reducing further growth.[28] Plant height is impaired and seed germination also decreases. Soil acidification impacts plant health, resulting in reduced cover and lower plant density. Overall, stunted growth is seen in plants.[29] Soil acidification is directly linked to a decline in endangered species of plants.[30]

In the soil, acidification reduces microbial and macrofaunal diversity.[31] This can reduce soil structure decline which makes it more sensitive to erosion. There are less nutrients available in the soil, larger impact of toxic elements to plants, and consequences to soil biological functions (such as nitrogen fixation).[32] A recent study showed that sugarcane monoculture induces soil acidity, reduces soil fertility, shifts microbial structure, and reduces its activity. Furthermore, most beneficial bacterial genera decreased significantly due to sugarcane monoculture, while beneficial fungal genera showed a reverse trend.[33] Therefore, mitigating soil acidity, improving soil fertility, and soil enzymatic activities, including improved microbial structure with beneficial service to plants and soil, can be an effective measure to develop a sustainable sugarcane cropping system.[25]

At a larger scale, soil acidification is linked to losses in agricultural productivity due to these effects.[31]

Impacts of acidic water and Soil acidification on plants could be minor or in most cases major. In minor cases which do not result in fatality of plant life include; less-sensitive plants to acidic conditions and or less potent acid rain. Also in minor cases the plant will eventually die due to the acidic water lowering the plants natural pH. Acidic water enters the plant and causes important plant minerals to dissolve and get carried away; which ultimately causes the plant to die of lack of minerals for nutrition.[34] In major cases which are more extreme; the same process of damage occurs as in minor cases, which is removal of essential minerals, but at a much quicker rate. Likewise, acid rain that falls on soil and on plant leaves causes drying of the waxy leaf cuticle; which ultimately causes rapid water loss from the plant to the outside atmosphere and results in death of the plant. To see if a plant is being affected by soil acidification, one can closely observe the plant leaves. If the leaves are green and look healthy, the soil pH is normal and acceptable for plant life. But if the plant leaves have yellowing between the veins on their leaves, that means the plant is suffering from acidification and is unhealthy. Moreover, a plant suffering from soil acidification cannot photosynthesize.[35] Drying out of the plant due to acidic water destroy chloroplast organelles. Without being able to photosynthesize a plant cannot create nutrients for its own survival or oxygen for the survival of aerobic organisms; which affects most species of Earth and ultimately end the purpose of the plants existence.[36]

Prevention and management edit

Soil acidification is a common issue in long-term crop production which can be reduced by lime, organic amendments (e.g., straw and manure) and biochar application.[37][25][38][39][40] In sugarcane, soybean and corn crops grown in acidic soils, lime application resulted in nutrient restoration, increase in soil pH, increase in root biomass, and better plant health.[26][41]

Different management strategies may also be applied to prevent further acidification: using less acidifying fertilizers, considering fertilizer amount and application timing to reduce nitrate-nitrogen leaching, good irrigation management with acid-neutralizing water, and considering the ratio of basic nutrients to nitrogen in harvested crops. Sulfur fertilizers should only be used in responsive crops, with a high rate of crop recovery.[42]

Through reduction of anthropogenic sources of sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides, and with air-pollution control measures, let us[who?] try to reduce acid rain and soil acidification all over the world.[43]

This has been observed in Ontario, Canada, over their several lakes and demonstrated improvements in water pH and alkalinity.[44]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Helyar, K. R.; Porter, W. M. (1989). "2 - Soil Acidification, its Measurement and the Processes Involved". In Robson, A. D. (ed.). Soil Acidity and Plant Growth. Academic Press. p. 61. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-590655-5.50007-4. ISBN 9780125906555. Retrieved 2020-03-25 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Blake, L. (2005), "ACID RAIN AND SOIL ACIDIFICATION", Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, Elsevier, pp. 1–11, doi:10.1016/b0-12-348530-4/00083-7, ISBN 9780123485304
  3. ^ Goulding, K. W. T. (September 2016). "Soil acidification and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom". Soil Use and Management. 32 (3): 390–399. doi:10.1111/sum.12270. ISSN 0266-0032. PMC 5032897. PMID 27708478.
  4. ^ "Acid Rain Effects on Forest Soils begin to Reverse". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  5. ^ James, Bruce R.; Riha, Susan J. (1989). "Aluminum leaching by mineral acids in forest soils: I. Nitric-sulfuric acid differences". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 53 (1): 259–264. Bibcode:1989SSASJ..53..259J. doi:10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300010047x.
  6. ^ Likens, Gene E.; Bormann, F. Herbert; Pierce, Robert S.; Eaton, John S.; Johnson, Noye M. (1977). Biogeochemistry of a forested ecosystem. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 35–43. ISBN 0-387-90225-2.
  7. ^ Driscoll, C.T.; Schafran, G.C. (1984). "Short-term changes in the base neutralizing capacity of an acidic Adirondack, New York lake". Nature. 310: 308–310. doi:10.1038/310308a0. S2CID 4311931.
  8. ^ Cronan, C.S.; Schofield, C.L. (1979). "Aluminum leaching response to acid precipitation: Effects on high-elevation watersheds in the Northeast". Science. 204 (4390): 304–306. Bibcode:1979Sci...204..304C. doi:10.1126/science.204.4390.304. PMID 17800359. S2CID 11642556.
  9. ^ Singh, Anita; Agrawal, Madhoolika (January 2008). "Acid rain and its ecological consequences". Journal of Environmental Biology. 29 (1): 15–24. ISSN 0254-8704. PMID 18831326.
  10. ^ James, Bruce R.; Riha, Susan J. (1989). "Aluminum leaching by mineral acids in forest soils: II. Role of the forest floor". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 53 (1): 264–269. Bibcode:1989SSASJ..53..264J. doi:10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300010048x.
  11. ^ Chigira, M.; Oyama, T. (2000), "Mechanism and effect of chemical weathering of sedimentary rocks", in Kanaori, Yuji; Tanaka, Kazuhiro; Chigira, Masahiro (eds.), Engineering Geological Advances in Japan for the New Millennium, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 84, Elsevier, pp. 267–278, doi:10.1016/S0165-1250(00)80022-X, ISBN 9780444505057
  12. ^ Tom, Nisbet (2014). Forestry and surface water acidification. Forestry Commission. ISBN 9780855389000. OCLC 879011334.
  13. ^ Alban, David H. (1982). "Effects of Nutrient Accumulation by Aspen, Spruce, and Pine on Soil Properties1". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 46 (4): 853–861. Bibcode:1982SSASJ..46..853A. doi:10.2136/sssaj1982.03615995004600040037x. ISSN 0361-5995.
  14. ^ Harker, Alfred (2011), "Mutual Relations of Associated Igneous Rocks", The Natural History of Igneous Rocks, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 110–146, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511920424.006, ISBN 9780511920424, retrieved 2022-03-27
  15. ^ Wang, Jing; Tu, Xiaoshun; Zhang, Huimin; Cui, Jingya; Ni, Kang; Chen, Jinlin; Cheng, Yi; Zhang, Jinbo; Chang, Scott X. (December 2020). "Effects of ammonium-based nitrogen addition on soil nitrification and nitrogen gas emissions depend on fertilizer-induced changes in pH in a tea plantation soil". Science of the Total Environment. 747: 141340. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.747n1340W. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141340. PMID 32795801. S2CID 225019674.
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  17. ^ Penn, C. J.; Bryant, R. B. (2008). "Phosphorus Solubility in Response to Acidification of Dairy Manure Amended Soils". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 72 (1): 238–243. Bibcode:2008SSASJ..72..238P. doi:10.2136/sssaj2007.0071N.
  18. ^ "Don't let nitrogen acidify your soil". Department of Primary Industries - New South Wales. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  19. ^ USGS. Acid Soils in Slovakia Tell Somber Tale.
  20. ^ Henning Steinfeld; Pierre Gerber; Tom Wassenaar; Vincent Castel; Mauricio Rosales; Cees de Haan (2006). "Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental issues and options". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  21. ^ Sparks, D. L. (2003). Environmental soil chemistry. Academic Press. ISBN 0126564469. OCLC 693474273.
  22. ^ Abrahamsen, G. (1987). "Air Pollution and Soil Acidification". In Hutchinson, T. C.; Meema, K. M. (eds.). Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests, Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 321–331. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70874-9_23. ISBN 978-3-642-70874-9.
  23. ^ Mossor-Pietraszewska, Teresa (2001). "Effect of aluminium on plant growth and metabolism" (PDF). Acta Biochimica Polonica. 48 (3): 673–686. doi:10.18388/abp.2001_3902. PMID 11833776.
  24. ^ Delhaize, Emmanuel (1995). "Aluminum Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants". Plant Physiology. 107 (2): 315–321. doi:10.1104/pp.107.2.315. PMC 157131. PMID 12228360.
  25. ^ a b c Tayyab, Muhammad; Yang, Ziqi; Zhang, Caifang; Islam, Waqar; Lin, Wenxiong; Zhang, Hua (2021-04-26). "Sugarcane monoculture drives microbial community composition, activity and abundance of agricultural-related microorganisms". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28 (35): 48080–48096. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14033-y. ISSN 0944-1344. PMID 33904129. S2CID 233403664.
  26. ^ a b Pang, Ziqin; Tayyab, Muhammad; Kong, Chuibao; Hu, Chaohua; Zhu, Zhisheng; Wei, Xin; Yuan, Zhaonian (December 2019). "Liming Positively Modulates Microbial Community Composition and Function of Sugarcane Fields". Agronomy. 9 (12): 808. doi:10.3390/agronomy9120808.
  27. ^ Goulding, K. W. T. (2016-06-24). "Soil acidification and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom". Soil Use and Management. 32 (3): 390–399. doi:10.1111/sum.12270. ISSN 0266-0032. PMC 5032897. PMID 27708478.
  28. ^ Haling, R. E.; Simpson, R. J.; Culvenor, R. A.; Lambers, H.; Richardson, A. E. (2010-12-22). "Effect of soil acidity, soil strength and macropores on root growth and morphology of perennial grass species differing in acid-soil resistance". Plant, Cell & Environment. 34 (3): 444–456. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02254.x. ISSN 0140-7791. PMID 21062319.
  29. ^ Horne, James E.; Kalevitch, Alexandre E.; Filimonova, Mariia V. (1996-05-03). "Soil Acidity Effect on Initial Wheat Growth and Development". Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 7 (2–3): 5–13. doi:10.1300/j064v07n02_03. ISSN 1044-0046.
  30. ^ Roem, W.J; Berendse, F (2000-02-01). "Soil acidity and nutrient supply ratio as possible factors determining changes in plant species diversity in grassland and heathland communities". Biological Conservation. 92 (2): 151–161. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00049-X.
  31. ^ a b B. Davis; N. Walker; D. Ball; A. Fitter (2002). Impacts of acid soils in Victoria : a report. Rutherglen, Vic. ISBN 1741062462. OCLC 1034691965.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  32. ^ Hollier, Carole; Reid, Michael (April 2005). "Acid Soils" (PDF). ISSN 1329-8062.
  33. ^ Zhang, Shuting; Liu, Xiaojiao; Zhou, Lihua; Deng, Liyuan; Zhao, Wenzhuo; Liu, Ying; Ding, Wei (2022-03-07). "Alleviating Soil Acidification Could Increase Disease Suppression of Bacterial Wilt by Recruiting Potentially Beneficial Rhizobacteria". Microbiology Spectrum. 10 (2): e0233321. doi:10.1128/spectrum.02333-21. ISSN 2165-0497. PMC 9045175. PMID 35254141. S2CID 247251028.
  34. ^ Nikbakht, Ali; Kafi, Mohsen; Babalar, Mesbah; Xia, Yi Ping; Luo, Ancheng; Etemadi, Nemat-allah (2008-11-14). "Effect of Humic Acid on Plant Growth, Nutrient Uptake, and Postharvest Life of Gerbera". Journal of Plant Nutrition. 31 (12): 2155–2167. doi:10.1080/01904160802462819. ISSN 0190-4167. S2CID 97768158.
  35. ^ Xiao, Hong; Wang, Bing; Lu, Shunbao; Chen, Dima; Wu, Ying; Zhu, Yuhe; Hu, Shuijin; Bai, Yongfei (August 2020). "Soil acidification reduces the effects of short-term nutrient enrichment on plant and soil biota and their interactions in grasslands". Global Change Biology. 26 (8): 4626–4637. Bibcode:2020GCBio..26.4626X. doi:10.1111/gcb.15167. ISSN 1365-2486. PMID 32438518. S2CID 218834431.
  36. ^ "What Is Acid Rain: Tips For Safeguarding Plants From Acid Rain Damage". Gardening Know How. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
  37. ^ Jiang, Yuhang; Arafat, Yasir; Letuma, Puleng; Ali, Liaqat; Tayyab, Muhammad; Waqas, Muhammad; Li, Yanchun; Lin, Weiwei; Lin, Sheng; Lin, Wenxiong (2019-02-15). "Restoration of Long-Term Monoculture Degraded Tea Orchard by Green and Goat Manures Applications System". Sustainability. 11 (4): 1011. doi:10.3390/su11041011. ISSN 2071-1050.
  38. ^ Tayyab, Muhammad; Islam, Waqar; Arafat, Yasir; Pang, Ziqin; Zhang, Caifang; Lin, Yu; Waqas, Muhammad; Lin, Sheng; Lin, Wenxiong; Zhang, Hua (2018-07-06). "Effect of Sugarcane Straw and Goat Manure on Soil Nutrient Transformation and Bacterial Communities". Sustainability. 10 (7): 2361. doi:10.3390/su10072361. ISSN 2071-1050.
  39. ^ Zhang, Caifang; Lin, Zhaoli; Que, Youxiong; Fallah, Nyumah; Tayyab, Muhammad; Li, Shiyan; Luo, Jun; Zhang, Zichu; Abubakar, Ahmad Yusuf; Zhang, Hua (December 2021). "Straw retention efficiently improves fungal communities and functions in the fallow ecosystem". BMC Microbiology. 21 (1): 52. doi:10.1186/s12866-021-02115-3. ISSN 1471-2180. PMC 7890633. PMID 33596827.
  40. ^ Tayyab, M (2018). "Biochar: An Efficient Way to Manage Low Water Availability in Plants" (PDF). Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 16 (3): 2565–2583. doi:10.15666/aeer/1603_25652583.
  41. ^ Joris, Helio Antonio Wood; Caires, Eduardo Fávero; Bini, Angelo Rafael; Scharr, Danilo Augusto; Haliski, Adriano (2012-08-14). "Effects of soil acidity and water stress on corn and soybean performance under a no-till system". Plant and Soil. 365 (1–2): 409–424. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1413-2. ISSN 0032-079X. S2CID 16997344.
  42. ^ Wortmann, Charles S. (2015-06-15). Management strategies to reduce the rate of soil acidification. Cooperative Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. OCLC 57216722.
  43. ^ "Acid Rain Effects on Forest Soils begin to Reverse". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
  44. ^ Keller, Wendel; Heneberry, Jocelyne H.; Dixit, Sushil S. (April 2003). "Decreased acid deposition and the chemical recovery of Killarney, Ontario, lakes". Ambio. 32 (3): 183–189. doi:10.1579/0044-7447-32.3.183. ISSN 0044-7447. PMID 12839193. S2CID 28539860.

Further reading edit

  • Fenn, M. E.; Huntington, T. G.; McLaughlin, S. B.; Eagar, C.; Gomez, A.; Cook, R. B. (2006). (PDF). Journal of Forest Science. 52: 3–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2019-01-13. Ca depletion is a primary mechanism of acid deposition effects in eastern North America

February 15, 2024
soil, acidification, buildup, hydrogen, cations, which, reduces, soil, chemically, this, happens, when, proton, donor, gets, added, soil, donor, acid, such, nitric, acid, sulfuric, acid, carbonic, acid, also, compound, such, aluminium, sulfate, which, reacts, . Soil acidification is the buildup of hydrogen cations which reduces the soil pH Chemically this happens when a proton donor gets added to the soil The donor can be an acid such as nitric acid sulfuric acid or carbonic acid It can also be a compound such as aluminium sulfate which reacts in the soil to release protons Acidification also occurs when base cations such as calcium magnesium potassium and sodium are leached from the soil Soil acidification naturally occurs as lichens and algae begin to break down rock surfaces Acids continue with this dissolution as soil develops With time and weathering soils become more acidic in natural ecosystems Soil acidification rates can vary and increase with certain factors such as acid rain agriculture and pollution 1 Contents 1 Causes 1 1 Acid rain 1 2 Biological weathering 1 3 Parent materials 1 4 Soil amendments 1 5 Pollution 1 6 Agriculture management practices 2 Effects 3 Prevention and management 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingCauses editAcid rain edit Rainfall is naturally acidic due to carbonic acid forming from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere This compound causes rainfall pH to be around 5 0 5 5 When rainfall has a lower pH than natural levels it can cause rapid acidification of soil Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are precursors of stronger acids that can lead to acid rain production when they react with water in the atmosphere These gases may be present in the atmosphere due to natural sources such as lightning and volcanic eruptions or from anthropogenic emissions 2 Basic cations like calcium are leached from the soil as acidic rainfall flows which allows aluminum and proton levels to increase 3 4 Nitric and sulfuric acids in acid rain and snow can have different effects on the acidification of forest soils particularly seasonally in regions where a snow pack may accumulate during the winter 5 Snow tends to contain more nitric acid than sulfuric acid and as a result a pulse of nitric acid rich snow meltwater may leach through high elevation forest soils during a short time in the spring 6 This volume of water may comprise as much as 50 of the annual precipitation The nitric acid flush of meltwater may cause a sharp short term decrease in the drainage water pH entering groundwater and surface waters 7 The decrease in pH can solubilize Al3 that is toxic to fish 8 especially newly hatched fry with immature gill systems through which they pass large volumes of water to obtain O2 for respiration As the snow meltwater flush passes water temperatures rise and lakes and streams produce more dissolved organic matter the Al concentration in drainage water decreases and is bound to organic acids making it less toxic to fish In rain the ratio of nitric to sulfuric acids decreases to approximately 1 2 The higher sulfuric acid content of rain also may not release as much Al3 from soils as does nitric acid in part due to the retention adsorption of SO42 by soils This process releases OH into soil solution and buffers the pH decrease caused by the added H from both acids The forest floor organic soil horizons layers that are high in organic matter also buffer pH and decrease the load of H that subsequently leaches through underlying mineral horizons 9 10 Biological weathering edit Main article Weathering Biological weathering Plant roots acidify soil by releasing protons and organic acids so as to chemically weather soil minerals 11 Decaying remains of dead plants on soil may also form organic acids which contribute to soil acidification 12 Acidification from leaf litter on the O horizon is more pronounced under coniferous trees such as pine spruce and fir which return fewer base cations to the soil rather than under deciduous trees however soil pH differences attributed to vegetation often preexisted that vegetation and help select for species which tolerate them Calcium accumulation in existing biomass also strongly affects soil pH a factor which can vary from species to species 13 Parent materials edit Certain parent materials also contribute to soil acidification Granites and their allied igneous rocks are called acidic because they have a lot of free quartz which produces silicic acid on weathering 14 Also they have relatively low amounts of calcium and magnesium Some sedimentary rocks such as shale and coal are rich in sulfides which when hydrated and oxidized produce sulfuric acid which is much stronger than silicic acid Many coal soils are too acidic to support vigorous plant growth and coal gives off strong precursors to acid rain when it is burned Marine clays are also sulfide rich in many cases and such clays become very acidic if they are drained to an oxidizing state Soil amendments edit Soil amendments such as fertilizers and manures can cause soil acidification Sulfur based fertilizers can be highly acidifying examples include elemental sulfur and iron sulfate while others like potassium sulfate have no significant effect on soil pH While most nitrogen fertilizers have an acidifying effect ammonium based nitrogen fertilizers are more acidifying than other nitrogen sources 15 Ammonia based nitrogen fertilizers include ammonium sulfate diammonium phosphate monoammonium phosphate and ammonium nitrate Organic nitrogen sources such as urea and compost are less acidifying Nitrate sources which have little or no ammonium such as calcium nitrate magnesium nitrate potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate are not acidifying 16 17 18 Pollution edit Acidification may also occur from nitrogen emissions into the air as the nitrogen may end up deposited into the soil 19 Animal livestock is responsible for nearly 65 percent of man made ammonia emissions 20 Anthropogenic sources of sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides play a major role in increase of acid rain production clarification needed The use of fossil fuels and motor exhaust are the largest anthropogenic contributors to sulfuric gases and nitrogen oxides respectively 21 Aluminum is one of the few elements capable of making soil more acidic 22 This is achieved by aluminum taking hydroxide ions out of water leaving hydrogen ions behind 23 As a result the soil is more acidic which makes it unlivable for many plants Another consequence of aluminum in soils is aluminum toxicity which inhibits root growth 24 Agriculture management practices edit Agriculture managements approaches such as monoculture and chemical fertilization often leads to soil problems such as soil acidification degradation and soil borne diseases which ultimately have a negative impact on agricultural productivity and sustainability 25 26 Effects editMain article Soil biodiversity Acidification Soil acidification can cause damage to plants and organisms in the soil In plants soil acidification results in smaller less durable roots 27 Acidic soils sometimes damage the root tips reducing further growth 28 Plant height is impaired and seed germination also decreases Soil acidification impacts plant health resulting in reduced cover and lower plant density Overall stunted growth is seen in plants 29 Soil acidification is directly linked to a decline in endangered species of plants 30 In the soil acidification reduces microbial and macrofaunal diversity 31 This can reduce soil structure decline which makes it more sensitive to erosion There are less nutrients available in the soil larger impact of toxic elements to plants and consequences to soil biological functions such as nitrogen fixation 32 A recent study showed that sugarcane monoculture induces soil acidity reduces soil fertility shifts microbial structure and reduces its activity Furthermore most beneficial bacterial genera decreased significantly due to sugarcane monoculture while beneficial fungal genera showed a reverse trend 33 Therefore mitigating soil acidity improving soil fertility and soil enzymatic activities including improved microbial structure with beneficial service to plants and soil can be an effective measure to develop a sustainable sugarcane cropping system 25 At a larger scale soil acidification is linked to losses in agricultural productivity due to these effects 31 Impacts of acidic water and Soil acidification on plants could be minor or in most cases major In minor cases which do not result in fatality of plant life include less sensitive plants to acidic conditions and or less potent acid rain Also in minor cases the plant will eventually die due to the acidic water lowering the plants natural pH Acidic water enters the plant and causes important plant minerals to dissolve and get carried away which ultimately causes the plant to die of lack of minerals for nutrition 34 In major cases which are more extreme the same process of damage occurs as in minor cases which is removal of essential minerals but at a much quicker rate Likewise acid rain that falls on soil and on plant leaves causes drying of the waxy leaf cuticle which ultimately causes rapid water loss from the plant to the outside atmosphere and results in death of the plant To see if a plant is being affected by soil acidification one can closely observe the plant leaves If the leaves are green and look healthy the soil pH is normal and acceptable for plant life But if the plant leaves have yellowing between the veins on their leaves that means the plant is suffering from acidification and is unhealthy Moreover a plant suffering from soil acidification cannot photosynthesize 35 Drying out of the plant due to acidic water destroy chloroplast organelles Without being able to photosynthesize a plant cannot create nutrients for its own survival or oxygen for the survival of aerobic organisms which affects most species of Earth and ultimately end the purpose of the plants existence 36 Prevention and management editSoil acidification is a common issue in long term crop production which can be reduced by lime organic amendments e g straw and manure and biochar application 37 25 38 39 40 In sugarcane soybean and corn crops grown in acidic soils lime application resulted in nutrient restoration increase in soil pH increase in root biomass and better plant health 26 41 Different management strategies may also be applied to prevent further acidification using less acidifying fertilizers considering fertilizer amount and application timing to reduce nitrate nitrogen leaching good irrigation management with acid neutralizing water and considering the ratio of basic nutrients to nitrogen in harvested crops Sulfur fertilizers should only be used in responsive crops with a high rate of crop recovery 42 Through reduction of anthropogenic sources of sulfur dioxides nitrogen oxides and with air pollution control measures let us who try to reduce acid rain and soil acidification all over the world 43 This has been observed in Ontario Canada over their several lakes and demonstrated improvements in water pH and alkalinity 44 See also editAcid sulfate soil Alkali soil Freshwater acidification Ocean acidificationReferences edit Helyar K R Porter W M 1989 2 Soil Acidification its Measurement and the Processes Involved In Robson A D ed Soil Acidity and Plant Growth Academic Press p 61 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 590655 5 50007 4 ISBN 9780125906555 Retrieved 2020 03 25 via Google Books Blake L 2005 ACID RAIN AND SOIL ACIDIFICATION Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment Elsevier pp 1 11 doi 10 1016 b0 12 348530 4 00083 7 ISBN 9780123485304 Goulding K W T September 2016 Soil acidification and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom Soil Use and Management 32 3 390 399 doi 10 1111 sum 12270 ISSN 0266 0032 PMC 5032897 PMID 27708478 Acid Rain Effects on Forest Soils begin to Reverse www usgs gov Retrieved 2019 03 22 James Bruce R Riha Susan J 1989 Aluminum leaching by mineral acids in forest soils I Nitric sulfuric acid differences Soil Science Society of America Journal 53 1 259 264 Bibcode 1989SSASJ 53 259J doi 10 2136 sssaj1989 03615995005300010047x Likens Gene E Bormann F Herbert Pierce Robert S Eaton John S Johnson Noye M 1977 Biogeochemistry of a forested ecosystem New York Springer Verlag pp 35 43 ISBN 0 387 90225 2 Driscoll C T Schafran G C 1984 Short term changes in the base neutralizing capacity of an acidic Adirondack New York lake Nature 310 308 310 doi 10 1038 310308a0 S2CID 4311931 Cronan C S Schofield C L 1979 Aluminum leaching response to acid precipitation Effects on high elevation watersheds in the Northeast Science 204 4390 304 306 Bibcode 1979Sci 204 304C doi 10 1126 science 204 4390 304 PMID 17800359 S2CID 11642556 Singh Anita Agrawal Madhoolika January 2008 Acid rain and its ecological consequences Journal of Environmental Biology 29 1 15 24 ISSN 0254 8704 PMID 18831326 James Bruce R Riha Susan J 1989 Aluminum leaching by mineral acids in forest soils II Role of the forest floor Soil Science Society of America Journal 53 1 264 269 Bibcode 1989SSASJ 53 264J doi 10 2136 sssaj1989 03615995005300010048x Chigira M Oyama T 2000 Mechanism and effect of chemical weathering of sedimentary rocks in Kanaori Yuji Tanaka Kazuhiro Chigira Masahiro eds Engineering Geological Advances in Japan for the New Millennium Developments in Geotechnical Engineering vol 84 Elsevier pp 267 278 doi 10 1016 S0165 1250 00 80022 X ISBN 9780444505057 Tom Nisbet 2014 Forestry and surface water acidification Forestry Commission ISBN 9780855389000 OCLC 879011334 Alban David H 1982 Effects of Nutrient Accumulation by Aspen Spruce and Pine on Soil Properties1 Soil Science Society of America Journal 46 4 853 861 Bibcode 1982SSASJ 46 853A doi 10 2136 sssaj1982 03615995004600040037x ISSN 0361 5995 Harker Alfred 2011 Mutual Relations of Associated Igneous Rocks The Natural History of Igneous Rocks Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 110 146 doi 10 1017 cbo9780511920424 006 ISBN 9780511920424 retrieved 2022 03 27 Wang Jing Tu Xiaoshun Zhang Huimin Cui Jingya Ni Kang Chen Jinlin Cheng Yi Zhang Jinbo Chang Scott X December 2020 Effects of ammonium based nitrogen addition on soil nitrification and nitrogen gas emissions depend on fertilizer induced changes in pH in a tea plantation soil Science of the Total Environment 747 141340 Bibcode 2020ScTEn 747n1340W doi 10 1016 j scitotenv 2020 141340 PMID 32795801 S2CID 225019674 Schindler D W Hecky R E 2009 Eutrophication More Nitrogen Data Needed Science 324 5928 721 722 Bibcode 2009Sci 324 721S doi 10 1126 science 324 721b PMID 19423798 Penn C J Bryant R B 2008 Phosphorus Solubility in Response to Acidification of Dairy Manure Amended Soils Soil Science Society of America Journal 72 1 238 243 Bibcode 2008SSASJ 72 238P doi 10 2136 sssaj2007 0071N Don t let nitrogen acidify your soil Department of Primary Industries New South Wales Retrieved 2019 01 13 USGS Acid Soils in Slovakia Tell Somber Tale Henning Steinfeld Pierre Gerber Tom Wassenaar Vincent Castel Mauricio Rosales Cees de Haan 2006 Livestock s Long Shadow Environmental issues and options Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Retrieved 25 October 2012 Sparks D L 2003 Environmental soil chemistry Academic Press ISBN 0126564469 OCLC 693474273 Abrahamsen G 1987 Air Pollution and Soil Acidification In Hutchinson T C Meema K M eds Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems Berlin Heidelberg Springer pp 321 331 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 70874 9 23 ISBN 978 3 642 70874 9 Mossor Pietraszewska Teresa 2001 Effect of aluminium on plant growth and metabolism PDF Acta Biochimica Polonica 48 3 673 686 doi 10 18388 abp 2001 3902 PMID 11833776 Delhaize Emmanuel 1995 Aluminum Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants Plant Physiology 107 2 315 321 doi 10 1104 pp 107 2 315 PMC 157131 PMID 12228360 a b c Tayyab Muhammad Yang Ziqi Zhang Caifang Islam Waqar Lin Wenxiong Zhang Hua 2021 04 26 Sugarcane monoculture drives microbial community composition activity and abundance of agricultural related microorganisms Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 35 48080 48096 doi 10 1007 s11356 021 14033 y ISSN 0944 1344 PMID 33904129 S2CID 233403664 a b Pang Ziqin Tayyab Muhammad Kong Chuibao Hu Chaohua Zhu Zhisheng Wei Xin Yuan Zhaonian December 2019 Liming Positively Modulates Microbial Community Composition and Function of Sugarcane Fields Agronomy 9 12 808 doi 10 3390 agronomy9120808 Goulding K W T 2016 06 24 Soil acidification and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom Soil Use and Management 32 3 390 399 doi 10 1111 sum 12270 ISSN 0266 0032 PMC 5032897 PMID 27708478 Haling R E Simpson R J Culvenor R A Lambers H Richardson A E 2010 12 22 Effect of soil acidity soil strength and macropores on root growth and morphology of perennial grass species differing in acid soil resistance Plant Cell amp Environment 34 3 444 456 doi 10 1111 j 1365 3040 2010 02254 x ISSN 0140 7791 PMID 21062319 Horne James E Kalevitch Alexandre E Filimonova Mariia V 1996 05 03 Soil Acidity Effect on Initial Wheat Growth and Development Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 7 2 3 5 13 doi 10 1300 j064v07n02 03 ISSN 1044 0046 Roem W J Berendse F 2000 02 01 Soil acidity and nutrient supply ratio as possible factors determining changes in plant species diversity in grassland and heathland communities Biological Conservation 92 2 151 161 doi 10 1016 S0006 3207 99 00049 X a b B Davis N Walker D Ball A Fitter 2002 Impacts of acid soils in Victoria a report Rutherglen Vic ISBN 1741062462 OCLC 1034691965 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hollier Carole Reid Michael April 2005 Acid Soils PDF ISSN 1329 8062 Zhang Shuting Liu Xiaojiao Zhou Lihua Deng Liyuan Zhao Wenzhuo Liu Ying Ding Wei 2022 03 07 Alleviating Soil Acidification Could Increase Disease Suppression of Bacterial Wilt by Recruiting Potentially Beneficial Rhizobacteria Microbiology Spectrum 10 2 e0233321 doi 10 1128 spectrum 02333 21 ISSN 2165 0497 PMC 9045175 PMID 35254141 S2CID 247251028 Nikbakht Ali Kafi Mohsen Babalar Mesbah Xia Yi Ping Luo Ancheng Etemadi Nemat allah 2008 11 14 Effect of Humic Acid on Plant Growth Nutrient Uptake and Postharvest Life of Gerbera Journal of Plant Nutrition 31 12 2155 2167 doi 10 1080 01904160802462819 ISSN 0190 4167 S2CID 97768158 Xiao Hong Wang Bing Lu Shunbao Chen Dima Wu Ying Zhu Yuhe Hu Shuijin Bai Yongfei August 2020 Soil acidification reduces the effects of short term nutrient enrichment on plant and soil biota and their interactions in grasslands Global Change Biology 26 8 4626 4637 Bibcode 2020GCBio 26 4626X doi 10 1111 gcb 15167 ISSN 1365 2486 PMID 32438518 S2CID 218834431 What Is Acid Rain Tips For Safeguarding Plants From Acid Rain Damage Gardening Know How Retrieved 2020 03 15 Jiang Yuhang Arafat Yasir Letuma Puleng Ali Liaqat Tayyab Muhammad Waqas Muhammad Li Yanchun Lin Weiwei Lin Sheng Lin Wenxiong 2019 02 15 Restoration of Long Term Monoculture Degraded Tea Orchard by Green and Goat Manures Applications System Sustainability 11 4 1011 doi 10 3390 su11041011 ISSN 2071 1050 Tayyab Muhammad Islam Waqar Arafat Yasir Pang Ziqin Zhang Caifang Lin Yu Waqas Muhammad Lin Sheng Lin Wenxiong Zhang Hua 2018 07 06 Effect of Sugarcane Straw and Goat Manure on Soil Nutrient Transformation and Bacterial Communities Sustainability 10 7 2361 doi 10 3390 su10072361 ISSN 2071 1050 Zhang Caifang Lin Zhaoli Que Youxiong Fallah Nyumah Tayyab Muhammad Li Shiyan Luo Jun Zhang Zichu Abubakar Ahmad Yusuf Zhang Hua December 2021 Straw retention efficiently improves fungal communities and functions in the fallow ecosystem BMC Microbiology 21 1 52 doi 10 1186 s12866 021 02115 3 ISSN 1471 2180 PMC 7890633 PMID 33596827 Tayyab M 2018 Biochar An Efficient Way to Manage Low Water Availability in Plants PDF Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 16 3 2565 2583 doi 10 15666 aeer 1603 25652583 Joris Helio Antonio Wood Caires Eduardo Favero Bini Angelo Rafael Scharr Danilo Augusto Haliski Adriano 2012 08 14 Effects of soil acidity and water stress on corn and soybean performance under a no till system Plant and Soil 365 1 2 409 424 doi 10 1007 s11104 012 1413 2 ISSN 0032 079X S2CID 16997344 Wortmann Charles S 2015 06 15 Management strategies to reduce the rate of soil acidification Cooperative Extension Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Nebraska Lincoln OCLC 57216722 Acid Rain Effects on Forest Soils begin to Reverse www usgs gov Retrieved 2019 04 06 Keller Wendel Heneberry Jocelyne H Dixit Sushil S April 2003 Decreased acid deposition and the chemical recovery of Killarney Ontario lakes Ambio 32 3 183 189 doi 10 1579 0044 7447 32 3 183 ISSN 0044 7447 PMID 12839193 S2CID 28539860 Further reading editFenn M E Huntington T G McLaughlin S B Eagar C Gomez A Cook R B 2006 Status of soil acidification in North America PDF Journal of Forest Science 52 3 13 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 10 20 Retrieved 2019 01 13 Ca depletion is a primary mechanism of acid deposition effects in eastern North America Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Soil acidification amp oldid 1204335103, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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