A single-reed instrument is a woodwindinstrument that uses only one reed to produce sound. The very earliest single-reed instruments were documented in ancient Egypt, as well as the Middle East, Greece, and the Roman Empire.[1][page needed] The earliest types of single-reed instruments used idioglottal reeds, where the vibrating reed is a tongue cut and shaped on the tube of cane. Much later, single-reed instruments started using heteroglottal reeds, where a reed is cut and separated from the tube of cane and attached to a mouthpiece of some sort. By contrast, in a double reed instrument (such as the oboe and bassoon), there is no mouthpiece; the two parts of the reed vibrate against one another. Reeds are traditionally made of cane and produce sound when air is blown across or through them. The type of instruments that use a single reed are clarinets and saxophone. The timbre of a single and double reed instrument is related to the harmonic series caused by the shape of the corpus. E.g. the clarinet is only including the odd harmonics due to air column modes canceling out the even harmonics.[2] This may be compared to the timbre of a square wave.[3]
The reeds of alto (left) and tenor saxophones. They are of comparable dimensions to alto and bass clarinet reeds, respectively.Drawings of idioglot reeds: tubular single reeds in which the reed is still part of the reed stem. Reeds can be split from middle upward (kataglott, the reed hangs down) and from top downward (anaglott, the reed stands up). These particular reeds are drawn from those used in an from an arghul. Also used in bagpipes, and reedpipes or clarinet family: bülban, diplica, dili tuiduk, dozaleh, early chalumeaus, cifte, launeddas, mijwiz, pilili, reclam de xeremies, sipsi, and zummara.
Most single-reed instruments are descended from single-reed idioglot instruments called 'memet', found in Egypt as early as 2700 BCE.[4][page needed] Due to their fragility, no instruments from antiquity were preserved but iconographic evidence is prevalent. During the Old Kingdom in Egypt (2778–2723 BCE), memets were depicted on the reliefs of seven tombs at Saqqarra, six tombs at Giza, and the pyramids of Queen Khentkaus.[5][page needed] Most memets were double-clarinets, where two reed tubes were tied or glued together to form one instrument. Multiple pipes were used to reinforce sound or generate a strong beat-tone with slight variations in tuning among the pipes.[6][page needed] One of the tubes usually functioned as a drone, but the design of these simple instruments varied endlessly.[7][page needed] The entire reed entered the mouth, meaning that the player could not easily articulate so melodies were defined by quick movement of the fingers on the tone holes.[1][page needed] These types of double-clarinets are still prevalent today, but also developed into simplified single-clarinets and hornpipes. Modern-day idioglots found in Egypt include the arghul and the zummara.[1][page needed]
The ligature, mouthpiece, and reed of a clarinet. These three components are present in many modern European Classical single-reed instruments and tend to be aesthetically and mechanically similar.
Single reed instruments fall under three Hornbostel–Sachs classes:
412.13 Free reeds.
422.2 Single reed instruments: The pipe has a single 'reed' consisting of a percussion lamella. These are the percussion reeds including clarinets and saxophones.
422.3 Reedpipes with free reeds: The reed vibrates through [at] a closely fitted frame, and there are fingerholes.
Comparing clarinets and saxophonesEdit
The following is a list of clarinets and saxophones, relative to their range and key of transposition from the opposite family:
Note that if one was to compare clarinets to their saxophone counterparts while considering their approximate lowest (concert) pitch†, the order would shift:
†The lowest possible pitch of each clarinet and saxophone is dependent on its manufacturer and model (the pitches used are typical of professional instruments).
Although the clarinet and saxophone both have a single reed attached to their mouthpiece, the playing technique or embouchure is distinct from each other.
The standard embouchures for single reed woodwinds like the clarinet and saxophone are variants of the single lip embouchure, formed by resting the reed upon the bottom lip, which rests on the teeth and is supported by the chin muscles and the buccinator muscles on the sides of the mouth. The top teeth rest on top of the mouthpiece. The manner in which the lower lip rests against the teeth differs between clarinet and saxophone embouchures. In clarinet playing, the lower lip is rolled over the teeth and corners of the mouth are drawn back, which has the effect of drawing the upper lip around the mouthpiece to create a seal due to the angle at which the mouthpiece rests in the mouth. With the saxophone embouchure, the lower lip rests against, but not over, the teeth as in pronouncing the letter "V" and the corners of the lip are drawn in (similar to a drawstring bag). With the less common double-lip embouchure, the top lip is placed under (around) the top teeth. In both instances, the position of the tongue in the mouth plays a vital role in focusing and accelerating the air stream blown by the player. This results in a more mature and full sound, rich in overtones.
ReferencesEdit
^ abcHoeprich, E (2008). The Clarinet. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
^Donald Murray Campbell, Arnold Myers; et al. (2004). Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music, p.53-5. Oxford. ISBN9780198165040.
^Foster, Caxton C. and Soloway, Elliott (1981). Real Time Programming, p.165. Addison-Wesley. ISBN9780201019377. "One will play a square wave and sound rather like a bagpipe or other double-reed instrument."
^Midgley, R, ed. (1976). Musical Instruments of the World. United States: Diagram Visual Information Ltd.
^Rice, A.R. (1992). The Baroque Clarinet. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
^Rendall, G.F. (1971). The Clarinet: Some notes upon its history and construction. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company.
^Kroll, O (1968). The Clarinet. New York, NY: Taplinger Publishing Company.
October 21, 2023
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A single reed instrument is a woodwind instrument that uses only one reed to produce sound The very earliest single reed instruments were documented in ancient Egypt as well as the Middle East Greece and the Roman Empire 1 page needed The earliest types of single reed instruments used idioglottal reeds where the vibrating reed is a tongue cut and shaped on the tube of cane Much later single reed instruments started using heteroglottal reeds where a reed is cut and separated from the tube of cane and attached to a mouthpiece of some sort By contrast in a double reed instrument such as the oboe and bassoon there is no mouthpiece the two parts of the reed vibrate against one another Reeds are traditionally made of cane and produce sound when air is blown across or through them The type of instruments that use a single reed are clarinets and saxophone The timbre of a single and double reed instrument is related to the harmonic series caused by the shape of the corpus E g the clarinet is only including the odd harmonics due to air column modes canceling out the even harmonics 2 This may be compared to the timbre of a square wave 3 The reeds of alto left and tenor saxophones They are of comparable dimensions to alto and bass clarinet reeds respectively Drawings of idioglot reeds tubular single reeds in which the reed is still part of the reed stem Reeds can be split from middle upward kataglott the reed hangs down and from top downward anaglott the reed stands up These particular reeds are drawn from those used in an from an arghul Also used in bagpipes and reedpipes or clarinet family bulban diplica dili tuiduk dozaleh early chalumeaus cifte launeddas mijwiz pilili reclam de xeremies sipsi and zummara Most single reed instruments are descended from single reed idioglot instruments called memet found in Egypt as early as 2700 BCE 4 page needed Due to their fragility no instruments from antiquity were preserved but iconographic evidence is prevalent During the Old Kingdom in Egypt 2778 2723 BCE memets were depicted on the reliefs of seven tombs at Saqqarra six tombs at Giza and the pyramids of Queen Khentkaus 5 page needed Most memets were double clarinets where two reed tubes were tied or glued together to form one instrument Multiple pipes were used to reinforce sound or generate a strong beat tone with slight variations in tuning among the pipes 6 page needed One of the tubes usually functioned as a drone but the design of these simple instruments varied endlessly 7 page needed The entire reed entered the mouth meaning that the player could not easily articulate so melodies were defined by quick movement of the fingers on the tone holes 1 page needed These types of double clarinets are still prevalent today but also developed into simplified single clarinets and hornpipes Modern day idioglots found in Egypt include the arghul and the zummara 1 page needed Examples include clarinets saxophones and some bagpipes See links to other examples below Contents 1 Classification 2 Comparing clarinets and saxophones 3 List of single reed instruments 3 1 Modern 3 2 Historical 3 3 Traditional 4 Playing a single reed instrument 5 ReferencesClassification Edit nbsp The ligature mouthpiece and reed of a clarinet These three components are present in many modern European Classical single reed instruments and tend to be aesthetically and mechanically similar Single reed instruments fall under three Hornbostel Sachs classes 412 13 Free reeds 422 2 Single reed instruments The pipe has a single reed consisting of a percussion lamella These are the percussion reeds including clarinets and saxophones 422 3 Reedpipes with free reeds The reed vibrates through at a closely fitted frame and there are fingerholes Comparing clarinets and saxophones EditThe following is a list of clarinets and saxophones relative to their range and key of transposition from the opposite family Range Clarinet SaxophoneB Soprano Soprano SopranoE Alto Alto AltoB Tenor Bass TenorE Baritone Contra alto BaritoneB Bass Contrabass BassNote that if one was to compare clarinets to their saxophone counterparts while considering their approximate lowest concert pitch the order would shift Lowest Pitch Clarinet Saxophone A 3 E Soprano B Soprano D 3 B Soprano E Alto A 2 E Alto B Tenor B 1 B Bass E Baritone A 1 E Contra alto B Bass B 0 B Contrabass E Contrabass The lowest possible pitch of each clarinet and saxophone is dependent on its manufacturer and model the pitches used are typical of professional instruments List of single reed instruments EditModern Edit Aulochrome Clarinet Heckel clarina Heckelphone clarinet Octavin Saxophone Tarogato Xaphoon Bass ClarinetHistorical Edit nbsp ChalumeauMock Trumpet ChalumeauTraditional Edit Traditional nbsp Treble soprano birbyne nbsp Bamboo sipsi nbsp Zhaleika nbsp Egyptian mijwiz nbsp Sardinian Launeddas EuropeanAlboka Birbyne Chalumeau Diplica Ganurags Hornpipe Launeddas Pilili Mock trumpet Pibgorn Pku Sipsi Stock and horn ZhaleikaMiddle EasternArghul Double clarinet Mijwiz SipsiCentral AsianBulbanSoutheast AsianPey pok Sarune Etek Sneng ToleatPlaying a single reed instrument EditAlthough the clarinet and saxophone both have a single reed attached to their mouthpiece the playing technique or embouchure is distinct from each other The standard embouchures for single reed woodwinds like the clarinet and saxophone are variants of the single lip embouchure formed by resting the reed upon the bottom lip which rests on the teeth and is supported by the chin muscles and the buccinator muscles on the sides of the mouth The top teeth rest on top of the mouthpiece The manner in which the lower lip rests against the teeth differs between clarinet and saxophone embouchures In clarinet playing the lower lip is rolled over the teeth and corners of the mouth are drawn back which has the effect of drawing the upper lip around the mouthpiece to create a seal due to the angle at which the mouthpiece rests in the mouth With the saxophone embouchure the lower lip rests against but not over the teeth as in pronouncing the letter V and the corners of the lip are drawn in similar to a drawstring bag With the less common double lip embouchure the top lip is placed under around the top teeth In both instances the position of the tongue in the mouth plays a vital role in focusing and accelerating the air stream blown by the player This results in a more mature and full sound rich in overtones References Edit a b c Hoeprich E 2008 The Clarinet New Haven CT Yale University Press Donald Murray Campbell Arnold Myers et al 2004 Musical Instruments History Technology and Performance of Instruments of Western Music p 53 5 Oxford ISBN 9780198165040 Foster Caxton C and Soloway Elliott 1981 Real Time Programming p 165 Addison Wesley ISBN 9780201019377 One will play a square wave and sound rather like a bagpipe or other double reed instrument Midgley R ed 1976 Musical Instruments of the World United States Diagram Visual Information Ltd Rice A R 1992 The Baroque Clarinet New York NY Oxford University Press Rendall G F 1971 The Clarinet Some notes upon its history and construction New York NY W W Norton and Company Kroll O 1968 The Clarinet New York NY Taplinger Publishing Company Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Single reed instrument amp oldid 1171782224, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
