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Seoul Halloween crowd crush

July 27, 2023

On the night of 29 October 2022, a crowd crush occurred during Halloween festivities in the Itaewon neighborhood of Seoul, South Korea. At least 159 people were killed and 196 others were injured. The victims were mostly young adults; 27 of the victims were foreign nationals.

Seoul Halloween crowd crush
The crowded alleyway where most casualties occurred, shortly before the disaster
Date29 October 2022 (2022-10-29)
Timec. 22:15  KST (UTC+9)
LocationItaewon, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, South Korea
Coordinates37°32′05″N 126°59′36″E / 37.53472°N 126.99333°E / 37.53472; 126.99333
TypeCrowd crush
CauseLack of safety precautions and other police errors
Deaths159[1]
Non-fatal injuries197

The crowd crush is the deadliest disaster in South Korea since the sinking of MV Sewol in 2014 and the largest mass casualty event in Seoul since the Sampoong Department Store collapse in 1995.[2][3] It is the deadliest crowd crush in the country's history, surpassing a 1959 incident at the Busan Municipal Stadium in which 67 people were crushed to death.[4]

A special police team conducted an investigation of the disaster within a few days of it occurring, and concluded on 13 January 2023 that the police and governments' failure to adequately prepare for the crowds, despite a number of ignored warnings, was the cause of the incident.

Following the disaster and throughout the investigation, the government and police faced widespread criticism and protest. President Yoon Suk Yeol and his administration faced a number of protests that demanded his resignation, although he did not resign.

Background

History of the district

See also: Itaewon § History, Geography of Halloween § South Korea, and COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea
 
Itaewon food street (1 December 2022)

Itaewon is a part of the of Yongsan District of Seoul. Its recent history is closely tied to the once nearby US military base Yongsan Garrison, which was established in 1945. Due to the numerous bars and brothels that arose in the area catering towards the troops, many Koreans have since associated the district with controversy and danger. Twenty years after the 1950–1953 Korean War, Itaewon gentrified, and in 2013 the US military moved its base to southern Seoul.[5][6]

In recent years, the Itaewon district has been a popular location for nightlife gatherings, with trendy nightclubs, restaurants, and bars.[7][8] It now attracts both Koreans and tourists, when previously more than two-thirds of visitors to its restaurants and bars were Americans.[9] Itaewon has been seen as a place to escape the pressures of South Korean society, which has long been influenced by strict Confucian hierarchies and pressures to conform.[10]

Beginning around 2010, the celebration of Halloween experienced a surge in popularity in South Korea, and especially in Itaewon.[11][a]

Layout of the area

 
Map of the area. The main location of the crush is indicated in red. Other important landmarks are labeled in English.[13]

The area immediately around the crush is characterized by very narrow streets and alleys without escape routes.[14][5][6] Nearby are Exit 1 of Itaewon station and the Hamilton Hotel.

The street where the crush would occur is about 45 metres (150 ft) long and 3.2 metres (10 ft) wide at its narrowest point. The street had a iron temporary wall that reduced its width.[15] Its narrow width would later impede emergency services attempting to enter it.[16][17][18] The street slopes upwards from the main street of the district, Itaewon-ro. This incline later caused people to be pushed downward, with dozens of people falling onto others.[19]

Authorities had been concerned since at latest 2020 about the crowding issue, but did not act on these concerns.[20] An expert in mass movement and spatial arrangement and behavior at Sejong University later said to The Washington Post, "If you just surveyed the site and discussed possible countermeasures, anyone with instinct and experience would have been able to foresee the situation."[21]

Conditions immediately before the crush

On the evening of 29 October, approximately 100,000 people, mostly in their teens and twenties,[22] attended Halloween festivities in area.[23][24]

It was the first time since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic that Halloween festivities could be attended without social distancing or mask-wearing requirements.[23] After an outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 was traced back to the area,[25] authorities had even threatened partygoers in 2021 with harsh penalties if they violated the rules.[26] When restrictions on social gatherings during the pandemic were lifted, they were able to visit freely.[23]

Witnesses later reported that the streets were packed with people.[27] An eyewitness claimed that around 19:00 local time (KST), a walk from Itaewon station that normally took 1 minute took 10 times longer: over 10 minutes.[28]

Lack of government preparation

According to the local media, although Seoul is equipped with a real-time monitoring system that uses mobile phone data to predict the size of crowds, it was not activated on the night of the crush.[29]

Despite the massive crowds, it was later reported that only 137 police officers were on duty at Itaewon at the time. By contrast, 6,500 officers were assigned to monitor a protest of around 25,000 people elsewhere in Seoul on that night,[30] and 1,300 officers had been assigned for a BTS concert for 55,000 earlier in the month.[31] Reportedly, four days before the disaster, the Itaewon police substation had requested backup due to the anticipated crowds. Despite this, another police notice two days before the crush did not associate the size of the crowds with danger. It instead warned of sex crimes, theft, traffic congestion, and drug and alcohol abuse.[32][33][34] An officer with instructions to wait to be dispatched in response to any crimes that night said that there had been no mention of crowd control that night or the days leading up to Halloween.[35] In addition, the police later stated that they did not have a crowd control plan in place that evening because they did not have a central organizer.[33][34]

According to a later statement by the national police chief, the Seoul police station received 11 emergency calls related to the size of the crowd as early as four hours prior to the incident, but did not intervene.[36]

Crush

One attendee said the crush started when a group of young men pushed others until people started falling.[37][38] Some survivors claimed that because business hours were over, nearby establishments had also blocked people from entering to escape the crush.[39][40]

The first call to the emergency service number 112 was made at 18:34. In the call, the caller said that an alley next to the Hamilton hotel was becoming extremely crowded and dangerous. The caller clarified after being prompted by the official that they felt that a large accident could happen if people fell over. Between that call and 22:00, at least seventy-nine emergency calls were made.[41][42][43] Emergency officials said at least 11 calls were made by people experiencing compressive suffocation.[8] Phone and internet reception eventually went out of service due to the large volume of communications attempted.[44]

The exact time that the crush began is subject to disagreement. According to contemporary reports from multiple publications, the crowd crush occurred at 22:20.[45][46][2][47] According to the analysis of The Washington Post, which published an analysis of hundreds of pieces of evidence two weeks after the crush, the crush began at 22:08. Sixteen more calls arrived between then and 22:22, and videos show five officers struggling to pull out unconscious victims.[43]

Videos made by eyewitnesses showed hundreds of people piled on top of each other, in five to six layers.[44] Three off-duty United States Forces Korea soldiers, who managed to escape the crush by jumping onto a ledge, helped to pull people out of the crowd. One recalled that the crowd mass was 15 feet (4.6 m) deep at its worst point, which meant that "it was a long time for people stuck in there not to breathe".[48][49] An officer noticed the crush while responding to a suspected altercation near the alley, and was recorded attempting to alleviate the flow of people by stopping more people entering the higher end of the alleyway.[35]

Despite this, some people in the area were not aware that a disaster was occurring. Even after the area of the disaster was cordoned off by the police, some nearby bars continued to operate.[50] A viral video showing some dancing people impeding the path of ambulances drew widespread condemnation.[51][52]

Immediate emergency response

 
 
Emergency services on-site after the crush

Following calls made to the fire department at 22:15, four ambulances were dispatched. The large crowd made it difficult for emergency vehicles to reach the scene.[53][45] According to the National Fire Agency and the Interior Ministry, eventually 848 emergency personnel were deployed to the scene, including all personnel available in Seoul and an addition of 140 vehicles and 346 firefighters from across the country.[54][55] On arrival, first responders struggled to extract still-breathing victims from the crowd, which delayed critical first aid and resuscitation.[44] An emergency message was issued to mobile phones in Yongsan, urging people to immediately return home because of an "emergency accident near Hamilton Hotel in Itaewon".[23]

Emergency workers were not able to remove everyone from the crush until well after midnight.[48][56] With resuscitation failing, bodies were laid on the streets by medical and police personnel and covered with blankets and clothing.[23] Dozens of unconscious victims were eventually extracted from the crowd. Paramedics, police, and bystanders performed CPR on them.[7][57] Videos on social media show bystanders dressed in costumes attempting to resuscitate the unconscious.[8]

Eighty-three more ambulances arrived on site as late as 23:45.[44] Many of the victims were transported to Soonchunhyang University Hospital near Itaewon.[58]

US Army military police units of United States Forces Korea, who were conducting a routine patrol in the area with officers from the National Police Agency, assisted with first aid and maintaining public order on scene.[59]

On 1 November, the government pledged to provide up to ₩15 million (US$13,112.46) in funeral expenses,[60] and ₩20 million (US$17,483.28) in compensation.[61] On 9 November 2022, a "one-stop" support center was opened for those affected by the incident.[62]

Victims

Confirmed fatalities
(as of 3 January 2023)[63]
Nationality Fatalities Ref.
  South Korea
133
[63]
  Iran
5
[64]
  China
4
[65][27]
  Russia
4
[66]
  Japan
2
[67]
  United States
2
[68][27]
  Australia
2
[69][70][71]
  Austria
1
[72]
  France
1
[73]
  Kazakhstan
1
[74]
  Norway
1
[75]
  Sri Lanka
1
[76]
  Thailand
1
[77]
  Uzbekistan
1
[78]
  Vietnam
1
[79]
Total
159

As of January 2023, the South Korean government has officially reported a death toll of 159; this figure includes later deaths in connection to the crush.[80]

The death toll in the immediate aftermath was widely reported as 157, consisting of 102 females and 55 males. Of the victims, four were teenagers, ninety-six people were in their twenties, thirty-two people were in their thirties, nine were in their forties, and thirteen have yet to be identified.[81] In addition, 27 foreigners were among the dead.[82][83][84][85][38]

On 14 November, Yonhap News reported that the Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters had risen by one, to an official death toll of 158.[86][87] On 12 December, a high school student was found dead in a Mapo District motel in a suspected suicide.[88] The Ministry of Home Affairs and Security officially recognized him as the 159th death of the Itaewon disaster.[89]

On 11 November, the JoongAng Ilbo reported that at least 197 others were injured, including 32 in serious condition.[90]

Identification of victims

The number of missing person reports filed on the following day grew from 355 to 4,024.[91][92] Police said that they would identify the victims and relay information to family members.[93]

By the afternoon of 30 October, about 90% of victims had been identified. The remaining 10% (12 bodies) were of local teens or foreign nationals.[94] Officials said it was initially difficult to identify the deceased because of their Halloween costumes or because many were not carrying identification.[8] The Hannam-dong Community Service Center served as a temporary missing persons center.[95] Officials who usually deal with birth certificates or home registrations assisted in identifying victims. Workers at the center answered phone calls from the public regarding the missing. In just over seven hours, the center logged at least 3,580 call hours related to the incident.[96]

One of the temporary morgues; the Wonhyoro sports center, was converted into a lost and found center for the identification of victims clothing and other items, with over 800 items recovered. Mobile phones and ID cards were kept at a local police station.[97]

Mental health

Many survivors have subsequently suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The National Center for Disaster and Trauma and local mental health welfare centers were treating (as of 13 December 2022) over 1,300 cases of surviving victims and survivors of the victims of the disaster.[88] The Ministry of Interior and Safety said bereaved families of the victim will be eligible for the same state support such as a financial relief as other victims.[98]

Publication of the names of the fatalities

No official list of the deceased has been released. On 14 November 2022, a list of 155 names was published, but this was widely criticized. The list not disclose personal information such as the victims ages, or show their photos.[99][100] The Minister of Public Administration and Security claimed that he did not have a list of deaths, a statement that controversially conflicted media reporting.[101]

Government response

Immediate response

The day of the incident, President Yoon Suk Yeol attended an emergency briefing. He suggested swiftly treating the injured and reviewing the safety of festivity sites.[54] He addressed the nation the following morning,[102] and later visited the scene of the incident.[103] The Mayor of Seoul, Oh Se-hoon, who was on a trip to Europe at the time of the incident, returned to Seoul.[54]

In the days following the crush, interior minister Lee Sang-min offered an official apology and National Police Chief Yoon Hee-keun said "There were several reports to the police just before the incident occurred and it was known that a massive crowd had gathered, indicating the urgency of the danger. However, information management was insufficient and there was no adequate reaction from the police".[29]

Authorities did not immediately disclose what had caused the crush, but the chief of the Yongsan-gu Fire Department Choi Seong-bum said it was a "presumed stampede" and that many individuals fell. An official investigation was opened by the government, which promised new methods to prevent similar incidents.[104] An investigation was also opened to determine if bars and clubs followed safety regulations.[93]

On 1 November, government officials stated that it was not possible to predict the overwhelming crowd, but disaster prevention and urban planning experts refuted the government's position. They pointed out that authorities were aware of a large crowd due to the relaxation of COVID-19 rules, yet they deployed relatively few officers.[34]

Investigation

The Korean National Police Agency (KNPA) launched an investigation into the crush within days of the event.[105][106][107] On 13 January 2023, they announced their results. They found that the lack of safety precautions and other police errors contributed to the high number of victims. According to KNPA, most of the deaths were caused by suffocation or brain swelling.[106] According to the KNPA report, many died after falling and piled on top of them by other people from the crowd.[107] South Korean police charged 23 officers, about half of them law enforcement officials, with involuntary manslaughter and negligence.[108]

 
The alley where the crush took place, a few days afterwards (1 November 2022)

On 2 November 2022, the national police (KNPA) raided the city's police departments as part of the investigation. Investigative teams raided police units, fire departments, and offices to obtain documents for the investigation.[36] An initial investigation uncovered that police did not respond appropriately to the emergency calls. Transcripts of the 11 calls made were released by the national police, noting that the Korean word which translates as "crushed to death" was used 13 times by callers.[105] On 9 November, additional raids were made on the hotel adjoining the alley and two other locations, on suspicion that illegal extended structures from the buildings surrounding the alley had made it narrower over the years.[109] On 11 November, a police officer at Yongsan Police Station committed suicide. He was being investigated on charges of abuse of authority, destruction of evidence and professional negligence for ordering the deletion of an internal intelligence report warning of the dangers of gathering crowds in Itaewon.[110] That same day a senior official from the Seoul Metropolitan Governments safety support division was found deceased by an apparent suicide. While he had not worked at the disaster site nor was investigated by the police, he had been the final approver of documents for emergency checks on local safety measures and psychological counseling programs for the disaster.[111] On 5 December, two former intelligence officers, Park Sung-min of the Seoul Metropolitan Government and Kim Jin-ho of Yongsan Police, were arrested in suspicion of destroying evidence related to the crush. According to CNN, they had ordered their subordinates to destroy an internal report about the risks of crowds in Itaewon on Halloween.[112]

On 15 November, the firefighters' union sued the Interior Minister, who is responsible for public safety, in order to force the police to open an investigation on him. The union wanted to challenge a government statement that the night was not an organized event, and therefore the responsibility of public safety was unclear.[113]

Parliamentary inquiry

 
The head of the parliamentary special committee on the Itaewon crowd, Woo Sang-ho[114]

On 9 November 2022, the opposition Democratic Party of Korea (DPK), the Justice Party and the Basic Income Party submitted formal requests for an investigation.[115] On 23 November 2022, the ruling People Power Party (PPP) abandoned its previous opposition to a parliamentary inquiry, and ruling and opposition parties agreed to launch a parliamentary inquiry into the Itaewon Halloween disaster.[116] On 19 December 2022, the Special Committee Inquiry into the Itaewon disaster was formally launched by the head of the Special Committee, MP Woo Sang-ho, in the National Assembly.[117] On 10 January 2023, the parliamentary special committee to investigate the Itaewon disaster held a first public forum with experts on the issue.[118][119]

Criticism and protests

Unlike other mass calamity incidents that occurred internationally shortly before the 29 October 2022 Halloween disaster, such as the 2021 Astroworld Festival crowd crush in Houston, or the 2022 Kanjuruhan Stadium disaster in Malang, no official sponsors or organizers were associated with the Halloween celebrations in Itaewon.[120]

Opinion polls conducted in November found that 7 out of 10 South Koreans believed that the government is responsible for the stampede.[121] However, there has been ongoing debate on how to assign blame.[113]

Protests

 
 
Candlelight vigil-protest for Itaewon disaster by the progressive group Candlelight Action, 5 November 2022

Protests were held throughout South Korea, including in Busan and Jeju Island.[122] On 5 November, thousands gathered in central Seoul at a candlelight vigil organized by Candlelight Action, a civic group linked to South Korea's main opposition party. Many held signs that read: "Step down, Yoon Suk-yeol."[122]

Young people protested government inaction near the site of the crush on Itaewon-ro. A fourteen-year-old protestor interviewed by The Guardian noted that lack of preparation caused both the 2014 Sewol ferry disaster and the crush. Some held signs that read "It could have been prevented. The state was not there." or "6:43 pm" in reference to the first emergency call.[123]

Criticisms of the investigation

The handling of the investigation has also been the subject of criticism. Some have accused the investigations of focusing too much on front line working officials and not any of the police chiefs, or the Ministry of Interior and Safety.[111]

On 22 November, some relatives of victims held a press conference. A six-point proposal called for, among other things, a thorough investigation of those responsible and the avoidance of consequential damage.[124] The press conference was organized by the non-profit advocacy group Lawyers for a Democratic Society, or "Minbyun".[125] On 21 December 2022, the bereaved families of many of the victims of the Halloween disaster called for more and swifter justice and lamented the continuation of widespread "unaccountability".[126] The police investigation was criticized by the bereaved for failing to hold top officials accountable.[127]

Criticisms of the government

 
The Itaewon alleyway during the week-long national mourning, 31 October 2022

In early November, the South Korean state announced that it would use the term "accident" instead of "disaster" to avoid damaging Itaewon's reputation as a popular tourist destination. The decision caused public anger. Some alleged that the term "accident" failed to appropriately attribute responsibility to the government.[128][129]

Regarding the young man who committed suicide weeks after the crush, the Prime Minister Han Duck-soo said of the victim, "Wouldn't it be better if he had been firmer and had a stronger desire to receive therapy?", causing controversy. The opposition parties criticized it as "a shocking absurd statement that blames the victim".[130]

At the time of the disaster, officers at the Yongsan-gu Office allegedly worked on removing leaflets criticizing President Seok-Yeol Yoon near the Samgak area of Seoul Subway Line 4, which some alleged may have delayed emergency response.[131]

Both South Korean Minister of the Interior Lee Sang-min and the Interior Ministry's subordinate police have repeatedly acknowledged their roles in causing the incident.[132] In a poll, more than half of South Koreans demanded the resignation of minister Sang-Min. 57% of respondents said the government's investigation was insufficient.[133] In February 2023, Sang-Min was suspended from his position by the National Assembly for his handling of the disaster. He was succeeded by Han Chang-seob.[134]

In addition, a document created by the police for the purpose of exploring the trends of bereaved families and civic groups related to the disaster after the disaster became controversial. The Kyunghyang Shinmun said in a report, "In this document, there are expressions that are reminiscent of the intelligence police's surveillance of civilians in the past." In this document, in relation to the Sewol ferry disaster in the past, a law was created to counter attempts to interpret the disaster as government responsibility.[135]

A city council member belonging to the ruling party, the People's Power Party, became controversial because he spoke harshly to the bereaved family. In the messages posted on social media, city council member Kim Mi-na made comments such as ‘a foolish mother’, ‘a trick to get a share by selling her children’, and ‘there is a sound of selling her children and doing business’, which caused controversy. Public opinion grew that she should be removed from the council, but she was not expelled thanks to the protection of the PPP members who had a majority on the city council.[136]

Afterwards, the government did not allow the bereaved families to hold a memorial service on the 100th day of the disaster.[137]

After calls for an investigation by the families of victims, right wing provocateurs who perceived their advocacy as an attack on the government, verbally abused the mourners.[138]

Memorials

 
Itaewon Station Exit 1, Seoul
 
Seoul City Hall Plaza
 
Noksapyeong Station, Seoul
Three memorials across the nation.

Mourning and memorial sites

A week of national mourning until 5 November was declared by President Yoon, who ordered flags at government buildings and public offices to fly at half-mast.[139][140][141]

On 31 October, about 4,000 people, including Seoul's mayor, the prime minister, and the president, attended a memorial at Seoul Plaza. The Yongsan-gu District Office erected a memorial altar near Noksapyeong Station on 31 October.[142] Memorials were established across 17 cities including Busan, Daegu and Incheon. The Health and Welfare ministry said psychological assistance would be provided at counseling booths at memorials in Seoul. Psychological assistance was also provided for schools where the victims studied.[143]

By 13 November the initial memorial created around the exit 1 of Itaewon Station had expanded to cover about 20 meters of sidewalk from the station to the entrance of the alley where the disaster occurred. Many anonymous volunteers work together to keep the memorial in good shape and free of trash or rotting foods, as many leave food and drinks as offerings to the deceased normally via a ceremonial table. With the help of Yongsan District Official officials they have also coordinated to protect the memorial and offerings from any rain or other weather. Mourners had posted sticky notes all over the subway station exit.[144] Hundreds of white chrysanthemum flowers were set up.[145] Even after mid-December 2022, mourners around Itaewon subway station continued to pay tribute to the victims of the Halloween disaster by leaving flowers and expressions of condolence.[146]

Buddhist orders

On 1 November, Buddhist monks and Sangha members gathered in central Seoul among representatives of South Korea's seven major religious orders to commemorate the people. The President of South Korea's largest Buddhist order, the Jogye Order, Ven. Jinwoo said, "Such a disaster should never happen again, and we pray for the rebirth of the victims in paradise." The delegates came from the Korean Conference of Religions for Peace, an advisory body representing the major religious communities in South Korea.[147]

From November 9 to 11, the Jogye Order Social and Labor Affairs Committee conducted Buddhist rites at Itaewon Station Exit 1, and called for an investigation into the disaster.[148]

International response

 
 
The German Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier accompanied by his wife lays flowers in front of the Itaewon Station Exit 1, (4 November 2022)[149]

Various heads of state and government sent condolences to the families of the victims within the first day after the disaster and expressed their condolences to the South Korean population.[150][151]

US President Joe Biden said, "We grieve with the people of the Republic of Korea and send our best wishes for a quick recovery to all those who were injured. The Alliance between our two countries has never been more vibrant or more vital, and the ties between our people are stronger than ever."[45]

Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida said that he was "shocked and deeply saddened by the loss of many precious lives."

China's president Xi Jinping paid condolences to the victims in a letter.

British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak tweeted: "All our thoughts are with those currently responding and all South Koreans at this very distressing time.".

Other leaders, including those of Russia, Norway, Canada, Hungary, the Vatican and Italy, also expressed sympathies with the people of South Korea.[152] Condolences were also sent by the leaders of India,[153] Malaysia,[154] and Vietnam.[155]

Germany's president Frank-Walter Steinmeier and his wife pay their silent respects after laying flowers at the memorial altar for the victims of the Itaewon disaster in front of Exit 1 at Itaewon Station. He said: "I express my deepest condolences to President Yoon personally and on behalf of the German people."[156]

 
Police officers amidst the crowd on Shibuya Crossing

In Japan on 31 October 2022, following the Itaewon disaster, police had a heavy presence in Tokyo's Shibuya neighborhood, urging people to keep moving at Shibuya Crossing. At the famous pedestrian crossing, officials herded crowds together by forming human chains along the crosswalk. Police officers on raised platforms, dubbed by some as "DJ Police", issued continuous announcements.[157]

Impact on businesses

 
The alley over a month after the crush, on 1 December 2022

Business owners near the crush have raised fears that the area and its businesses would be affected by a stigma around nightlife in Seoul.[113] During the 2022 Christmas season, businesses around Itaewon subway station and the World Food Culture Street area suffered from the effects of the Halloween disaster. Surrounding areas were also affected. Itaewon's 2022 holiday season was reported to have seen just 10% of the prior year's holiday season's traffic, while other popular Seoul nightlife districts such as Hongdae and Myeongdong saw heavy crowds. On 16 November, the Finance Ministry said that consumption at three major department stores had greatly slowed since October.[158][159] Lee Eun Hee, professor of consumer studies at Inha University said, "When a business district starts to die for any reason, it collapses non-stop. Only when the sadness of the tragedy subsides and people realize that Itaewon as a whole is safe can the industrial park be revived."[160]

Following the declaration of the week-long national mourning period, major broadcasting stations KBS, MBC, SBS, tvN, and JTBC suspended all of their music and entertainment programming beginning on 30 October, in favor of continuous news coverage.[161][162] MBC also canceled the 2022 Qatar World Cup production presentation scheduled to be held on 1 November.[163] In the music industry, concerts were cancelled and album release schedules of some artists were temporarily postponed.[164][165][166][167]

South Korea's retail and entertainment sector withdrew Halloween-related products from shelves or canceled events. All festivals at theme parks, including Everland in Yongin and Lotte World in Jamsil, were canceled. Starbucks outlets stopped Halloween promotions and the sale of themed products.[140][168] Convenience store chains, including CU and GS25, stopped selling Halloween-themed products online. SM Entertainment announced that its scheduled Halloween events would not take place.[169] Entertainment companies such as SM Entertainment, YG Entertainment, JYP Entertainment, and Hybe Corporation, among others, announced the cancellation and postponement of various artist comeback schedules and events.[170][171][172]

In the media

Social media and online sites in South Korea issued statements to users to refrain from spreading any video footage or other information about the disaster. KakaoTalk, a messenger app widely used in Korea, issued a notice to all users, asking them to act with caution with information about the disaster, while Naver and Twitter also issued similar statements.[173] Footage of the disaster and its aftermath was recorded and/or livestreamed and posted on a variety of different social media platforms, including TikTok. These videos were often not censored or edited for modesty or other reasons, compared to footage taken and shared by news outlets. This caused the South Korean Personal Information Protection Commission, Twitter, and two other online platforms, to announce their intention to search for and remove footage with personal identifying information in it.[174][175]

On 23 November, a report in the Korea JoongAng Daily noted the emergence of a trend on social media platforms such as TikTok related to a "Itaewon Game" or "Itaewon Crush Game". The game, essentially a renaming of an existing game normally called the "Hamburger Game" or "Sandwich Game", involves players lying on top of each other to form a stack. The player on the bottom who can endure the most people on top wins the game. The trend was widely criticized.[176]

Disaster related ethics guidelines

An official statement by the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association specifically highlighted the "horrific videos and photos" of the disaster that were being shared without any filtration, which could cause damage to others.[177] By 8 November the Korea Communications Standards Commission was reportedly sent over 100 requests to have video and pictures related to the disaster taken down from social media sites. Additional concerns about the need to create disaster related ethics guidelines on digital content for social media sites and those that upload the footage.[178] Koo Jeong-woo, professor of sociology at Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul, said, "For now, there are almost no guidelines on posting and sharing disaster footage on online platforms. Considering their far-reaching power of influence, these platforms should fulfill their social responsibility to come up with a manual." He further said, "Those who upload such content as well as those who consume it should also take efforts to keep a sense of ethics and consume digital content responsibly."[179]

By 2 November, there were ten times as many searches for the National Center for Disaster and Trauma as there had been one week earlier on Google Korea; searches for the related phrases trauma center and trauma symptoms also increased.[180] Chae Jeong-ho, professor of psychiatry at the College of Medicine of the Catholic University of Korea and president of the Korea Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, said, “You didn't have to be there to experiencing trauma". According to Frontiers magazine, "Mass trauma or collective trauma is defined as the psychological response of an entire group to a traumatic event that affects society as a whole."[181]

Academic analysis

 
Schematic representation of the domino effect

According to experts, once a crush is already in progress it is extremely difficult to stop, and the real issue is not the number of security personnel but adequate training in crowd control, as well as the necessity of monitoring and dispersing crowds well before they reach dangerous levels. Experts on crowd safety explained that when crowd density exceeds eight to nine persons per square metre, a crowd can rapidly destabilize to the point where individuals can no longer escape. When a crowd crush suddenly develops in that fashion, persons trapped in the crowd will begin to lose consciousness within 30 seconds, and if not freed immediately, will be dead from compressive asphyxiation within six minutes.[182]

 
Deaths due to crowd crush and other injuries at Global Mass Gathering Events over 32 years (1990–2022)

Experts such as Milad Haghani (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of New South Wales), Edwin Galea (University of Greenwich) or John Drury (University of Sussex) took the view just a few days after the accident that the Labels such as "stampede" or "crowd surge" prevalent in the media were incorrect as they would presuppose that people in the crowd had space to move.[183][184]

According to Juliette Kayyem, a disaster management expert and international security professor at the Harvard Kennedy School, no specific triggering event needs to have happened to explain the Itaewon Halloween celebration tragedy. In her estimation, what she believed to be factors such as the large crowd, narrow streets and lack of public safety were enough. Kayyem drew parallels between the Itaewon Halloween disaster and the Bethnal Green disaster of 1943, in which an air raid in London killed 174 people on the steps leading to Bethnal Green tube station.[185]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ This has been portrayed in the 2020 K-drama Itaewon Class.[12]

References

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External links

  •   Media related to Seoul Halloween crowd crush at Wikimedia Commons

July 27, 2023
seoul, halloween, crowd, crush, night, october, 2022, crowd, crush, occurred, during, halloween, festivities, itaewon, neighborhood, seoul, south, korea, least, people, were, killed, others, were, injured, victims, were, mostly, young, adults, victims, were, f. On the night of 29 October 2022 a crowd crush occurred during Halloween festivities in the Itaewon neighborhood of Seoul South Korea At least 159 people were killed and 196 others were injured The victims were mostly young adults 27 of the victims were foreign nationals Seoul Halloween crowd crushThe crowded alleyway where most casualties occurred shortly before the disasterDate29 October 2022 2022 10 29 Timec 22 15 KST UTC 9 LocationItaewon Yongsan gu Seoul South KoreaCoordinates37 32 05 N 126 59 36 E 37 53472 N 126 99333 E 37 53472 126 99333TypeCrowd crushCauseLack of safety precautions and other police errorsDeaths159 1 Non fatal injuries197The crowd crush is the deadliest disaster in South Korea since the sinking of MV Sewol in 2014 and the largest mass casualty event in Seoul since the Sampoong Department Store collapse in 1995 2 3 It is the deadliest crowd crush in the country s history surpassing a 1959 incident at the Busan Municipal Stadium in which 67 people were crushed to death 4 A special police team conducted an investigation of the disaster within a few days of it occurring and concluded on 13 January 2023 that the police and governments failure to adequately prepare for the crowds despite a number of ignored warnings was the cause of the incident Following the disaster and throughout the investigation the government and police faced widespread criticism and protest President Yoon Suk Yeol and his administration faced a number of protests that demanded his resignation although he did not resign Contents 1 Background 1 1 History of the district 1 2 Layout of the area 2 Conditions immediately before the crush 2 1 Lack of government preparation 3 Crush 4 Immediate emergency response 5 Victims 5 1 Identification of victims 5 2 Mental health 5 3 Publication of the names of the fatalities 6 Government response 6 1 Immediate response 6 2 Investigation 6 3 Parliamentary inquiry 7 Criticism and protests 7 1 Protests 7 2 Criticisms of the investigation 7 3 Criticisms of the government 8 Memorials 8 1 Mourning and memorial sites 8 2 Buddhist orders 9 International response 10 Impact on businesses 11 In the media 11 1 Disaster related ethics guidelines 12 Academic analysis 13 See also 14 Notes and references 14 1 Notes 14 2 References 15 External linksBackground EditHistory of the district Edit See also Itaewon History Geography of Halloween South Korea and COVID 19 pandemic in South Korea Itaewon food street 1 December 2022 Itaewon is a part of the of Yongsan District of Seoul Its recent history is closely tied to the once nearby US military base Yongsan Garrison which was established in 1945 Due to the numerous bars and brothels that arose in the area catering towards the troops many Koreans have since associated the district with controversy and danger Twenty years after the 1950 1953 Korean War Itaewon gentrified and in 2013 the US military moved its base to southern Seoul 5 6 In recent years the Itaewon district has been a popular location for nightlife gatherings with trendy nightclubs restaurants and bars 7 8 It now attracts both Koreans and tourists when previously more than two thirds of visitors to its restaurants and bars were Americans 9 Itaewon has been seen as a place to escape the pressures of South Korean society which has long been influenced by strict Confucian hierarchies and pressures to conform 10 Beginning around 2010 the celebration of Halloween experienced a surge in popularity in South Korea and especially in Itaewon 11 a Layout of the area Edit Map of the area The main location of the crush is indicated in red Other important landmarks are labeled in English 13 The area immediately around the crush is characterized by very narrow streets and alleys without escape routes 14 5 6 Nearby are Exit 1 of Itaewon station and the Hamilton Hotel The street where the crush would occur is about 45 metres 150 ft long and 3 2 metres 10 ft wide at its narrowest point The street had a iron temporary wall that reduced its width 15 Its narrow width would later impede emergency services attempting to enter it 16 17 18 The street slopes upwards from the main street of the district Itaewon ro This incline later caused people to be pushed downward with dozens of people falling onto others 19 Authorities had been concerned since at latest 2020 about the crowding issue but did not act on these concerns 20 An expert in mass movement and spatial arrangement and behavior at Sejong University later said to The Washington Post If you just surveyed the site and discussed possible countermeasures anyone with instinct and experience would have been able to foresee the situation 21 Conditions immediately before the crush EditOn the evening of 29 October approximately 100 000 people mostly in their teens and twenties 22 attended Halloween festivities in area 23 24 It was the first time since the start of the COVID 19 pandemic that Halloween festivities could be attended without social distancing or mask wearing requirements 23 After an outbreak of COVID 19 in 2020 was traced back to the area 25 authorities had even threatened partygoers in 2021 with harsh penalties if they violated the rules 26 When restrictions on social gatherings during the pandemic were lifted they were able to visit freely 23 Witnesses later reported that the streets were packed with people 27 An eyewitness claimed that around 19 00 local time KST a walk from Itaewon station that normally took 1 minute took 10 times longer over 10 minutes 28 Lack of government preparation Edit According to the local media although Seoul is equipped with a real time monitoring system that uses mobile phone data to predict the size of crowds it was not activated on the night of the crush 29 Despite the massive crowds it was later reported that only 137 police officers were on duty at Itaewon at the time By contrast 6 500 officers were assigned to monitor a protest of around 25 000 people elsewhere in Seoul on that night 30 and 1 300 officers had been assigned for a BTS concert for 55 000 earlier in the month 31 Reportedly four days before the disaster the Itaewon police substation had requested backup due to the anticipated crowds Despite this another police notice two days before the crush did not associate the size of the crowds with danger It instead warned of sex crimes theft traffic congestion and drug and alcohol abuse 32 33 34 An officer with instructions to wait to be dispatched in response to any crimes that night said that there had been no mention of crowd control that night or the days leading up to Halloween 35 In addition the police later stated that they did not have a crowd control plan in place that evening because they did not have a central organizer 33 34 According to a later statement by the national police chief the Seoul police station received 11 emergency calls related to the size of the crowd as early as four hours prior to the incident but did not intervene 36 Crush EditOne attendee said the crush started when a group of young men pushed others until people started falling 37 38 Some survivors claimed that because business hours were over nearby establishments had also blocked people from entering to escape the crush 39 40 The first call to the emergency service number 112 was made at 18 34 In the call the caller said that an alley next to the Hamilton hotel was becoming extremely crowded and dangerous The caller clarified after being prompted by the official that they felt that a large accident could happen if people fell over Between that call and 22 00 at least seventy nine emergency calls were made 41 42 43 Emergency officials said at least 11 calls were made by people experiencing compressive suffocation 8 Phone and internet reception eventually went out of service due to the large volume of communications attempted 44 The exact time that the crush began is subject to disagreement According to contemporary reports from multiple publications the crowd crush occurred at 22 20 45 46 2 47 According to the analysis of The Washington Post which published an analysis of hundreds of pieces of evidence two weeks after the crush the crush began at 22 08 Sixteen more calls arrived between then and 22 22 and videos show five officers struggling to pull out unconscious victims 43 Videos made by eyewitnesses showed hundreds of people piled on top of each other in five to six layers 44 Three off duty United States Forces Korea soldiers who managed to escape the crush by jumping onto a ledge helped to pull people out of the crowd One recalled that the crowd mass was 15 feet 4 6 m deep at its worst point which meant that it was a long time for people stuck in there not to breathe 48 49 An officer noticed the crush while responding to a suspected altercation near the alley and was recorded attempting to alleviate the flow of people by stopping more people entering the higher end of the alleyway 35 Despite this some people in the area were not aware that a disaster was occurring Even after the area of the disaster was cordoned off by the police some nearby bars continued to operate 50 A viral video showing some dancing people impeding the path of ambulances drew widespread condemnation 51 52 Immediate emergency response Edit Emergency services on site after the crush Following calls made to the fire department at 22 15 four ambulances were dispatched The large crowd made it difficult for emergency vehicles to reach the scene 53 45 According to the National Fire Agency and the Interior Ministry eventually 848 emergency personnel were deployed to the scene including all personnel available in Seoul and an addition of 140 vehicles and 346 firefighters from across the country 54 55 On arrival first responders struggled to extract still breathing victims from the crowd which delayed critical first aid and resuscitation 44 An emergency message was issued to mobile phones in Yongsan urging people to immediately return home because of an emergency accident near Hamilton Hotel in Itaewon 23 Emergency workers were not able to remove everyone from the crush until well after midnight 48 56 With resuscitation failing bodies were laid on the streets by medical and police personnel and covered with blankets and clothing 23 Dozens of unconscious victims were eventually extracted from the crowd Paramedics police and bystanders performed CPR on them 7 57 Videos on social media show bystanders dressed in costumes attempting to resuscitate the unconscious 8 Eighty three more ambulances arrived on site as late as 23 45 44 Many of the victims were transported to Soonchunhyang University Hospital near Itaewon 58 US Army military police units of United States Forces Korea who were conducting a routine patrol in the area with officers from the National Police Agency assisted with first aid and maintaining public order on scene 59 On 1 November the government pledged to provide up to 15 million US 13 112 46 in funeral expenses 60 and 20 million US 17 483 28 in compensation 61 On 9 November 2022 a one stop support center was opened for those affected by the incident 62 Victims EditConfirmed fatalities as of 3 January 2023 63 Nationality Fatalities Ref South Korea 133 63 Iran 5 64 China 4 65 27 Russia 4 66 Japan 2 67 United States 2 68 27 Australia 2 69 70 71 Austria 1 72 France 1 73 Kazakhstan 1 74 Norway 1 75 Sri Lanka 1 76 Thailand 1 77 Uzbekistan 1 78 Vietnam 1 79 Total 159As of January 2023 update the South Korean government has officially reported a death toll of 159 this figure includes later deaths in connection to the crush 80 The death toll in the immediate aftermath was widely reported as 157 consisting of 102 females and 55 males Of the victims four were teenagers ninety six people were in their twenties thirty two people were in their thirties nine were in their forties and thirteen have yet to be identified 81 In addition 27 foreigners were among the dead 82 83 84 85 38 On 14 November Yonhap News reported that the Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters had risen by one to an official death toll of 158 86 87 On 12 December a high school student was found dead in a Mapo District motel in a suspected suicide 88 The Ministry of Home Affairs and Security officially recognized him as the 159th death of the Itaewon disaster 89 On 11 November the JoongAng Ilbo reported that at least 197 others were injured including 32 in serious condition 90 Identification of victims Edit The number of missing person reports filed on the following day grew from 355 to 4 024 91 92 Police said that they would identify the victims and relay information to family members 93 By the afternoon of 30 October about 90 of victims had been identified The remaining 10 12 bodies were of local teens or foreign nationals 94 Officials said it was initially difficult to identify the deceased because of their Halloween costumes or because many were not carrying identification 8 The Hannam dong Community Service Center served as a temporary missing persons center 95 Officials who usually deal with birth certificates or home registrations assisted in identifying victims Workers at the center answered phone calls from the public regarding the missing In just over seven hours the center logged at least 3 580 call hours related to the incident 96 One of the temporary morgues the Wonhyoro sports center was converted into a lost and found center for the identification of victims clothing and other items with over 800 items recovered Mobile phones and ID cards were kept at a local police station 97 Mental health Edit Many survivors have subsequently suffered from post traumatic stress disorder PTSD The National Center for Disaster and Trauma and local mental health welfare centers were treating as of 13 December 2022 over 1 300 cases of surviving victims and survivors of the victims of the disaster 88 The Ministry of Interior and Safety said bereaved families of the victim will be eligible for the same state support such as a financial relief as other victims 98 Publication of the names of the fatalities Edit No official list of the deceased has been released On 14 November 2022 a list of 155 names was published but this was widely criticized The list not disclose personal information such as the victims ages or show their photos 99 100 The Minister of Public Administration and Security claimed that he did not have a list of deaths a statement that controversially conflicted media reporting 101 Government response EditImmediate response Edit The day of the incident President Yoon Suk Yeol attended an emergency briefing He suggested swiftly treating the injured and reviewing the safety of festivity sites 54 He addressed the nation the following morning 102 and later visited the scene of the incident 103 The Mayor of Seoul Oh Se hoon who was on a trip to Europe at the time of the incident returned to Seoul 54 In the days following the crush interior minister Lee Sang min offered an official apology and National Police Chief Yoon Hee keun said There were several reports to the police just before the incident occurred and it was known that a massive crowd had gathered indicating the urgency of the danger However information management was insufficient and there was no adequate reaction from the police 29 Authorities did not immediately disclose what had caused the crush but the chief of the Yongsan gu Fire Department Choi Seong bum said it was a presumed stampede and that many individuals fell An official investigation was opened by the government which promised new methods to prevent similar incidents 104 An investigation was also opened to determine if bars and clubs followed safety regulations 93 On 1 November government officials stated that it was not possible to predict the overwhelming crowd but disaster prevention and urban planning experts refuted the government s position They pointed out that authorities were aware of a large crowd due to the relaxation of COVID 19 rules yet they deployed relatively few officers 34 Investigation EditThe Korean National Police Agency KNPA launched an investigation into the crush within days of the event 105 106 107 On 13 January 2023 they announced their results They found that the lack of safety precautions and other police errors contributed to the high number of victims According to KNPA most of the deaths were caused by suffocation or brain swelling 106 According to the KNPA report many died after falling and piled on top of them by other people from the crowd 107 South Korean police charged 23 officers about half of them law enforcement officials with involuntary manslaughter and negligence 108 The alley where the crush took place a few days afterwards 1 November 2022 On 2 November 2022 the national police KNPA raided the city s police departments as part of the investigation Investigative teams raided police units fire departments and offices to obtain documents for the investigation 36 An initial investigation uncovered that police did not respond appropriately to the emergency calls Transcripts of the 11 calls made were released by the national police noting that the Korean word which translates as crushed to death was used 13 times by callers 105 On 9 November additional raids were made on the hotel adjoining the alley and two other locations on suspicion that illegal extended structures from the buildings surrounding the alley had made it narrower over the years 109 On 11 November a police officer at Yongsan Police Station committed suicide He was being investigated on charges of abuse of authority destruction of evidence and professional negligence for ordering the deletion of an internal intelligence report warning of the dangers of gathering crowds in Itaewon 110 That same day a senior official from the Seoul Metropolitan Governments safety support division was found deceased by an apparent suicide While he had not worked at the disaster site nor was investigated by the police he had been the final approver of documents for emergency checks on local safety measures and psychological counseling programs for the disaster 111 On 5 December two former intelligence officers Park Sung min of the Seoul Metropolitan Government and Kim Jin ho of Yongsan Police were arrested in suspicion of destroying evidence related to the crush According to CNN they had ordered their subordinates to destroy an internal report about the risks of crowds in Itaewon on Halloween 112 On 15 November the firefighters union sued the Interior Minister who is responsible for public safety in order to force the police to open an investigation on him The union wanted to challenge a government statement that the night was not an organized event and therefore the responsibility of public safety was unclear 113 Parliamentary inquiry Edit The head of the parliamentary special committee on the Itaewon crowd Woo Sang ho 114 On 9 November 2022 the opposition Democratic Party of Korea DPK the Justice Party and the Basic Income Party submitted formal requests for an investigation 115 On 23 November 2022 the ruling People Power Party PPP abandoned its previous opposition to a parliamentary inquiry and ruling and opposition parties agreed to launch a parliamentary inquiry into the Itaewon Halloween disaster 116 On 19 December 2022 the Special Committee Inquiry into the Itaewon disaster was formally launched by the head of the Special Committee MP Woo Sang ho in the National Assembly 117 On 10 January 2023 the parliamentary special committee to investigate the Itaewon disaster held a first public forum with experts on the issue 118 119 Criticism and protests EditUnlike other mass calamity incidents that occurred internationally shortly before the 29 October 2022 Halloween disaster such as the 2021 Astroworld Festival crowd crush in Houston or the 2022 Kanjuruhan Stadium disaster in Malang no official sponsors or organizers were associated with the Halloween celebrations in Itaewon 120 Opinion polls conducted in November found that 7 out of 10 South Koreans believed that the government is responsible for the stampede 121 However there has been ongoing debate on how to assign blame 113 Protests Edit Candlelight vigil protest for Itaewon disaster by the progressive group Candlelight Action 5 November 2022 Protests were held throughout South Korea including in Busan and Jeju Island 122 On 5 November thousands gathered in central Seoul at a candlelight vigil organized by Candlelight Action a civic group linked to South Korea s main opposition party Many held signs that read Step down Yoon Suk yeol 122 Young people protested government inaction near the site of the crush on Itaewon ro A fourteen year old protestor interviewed by The Guardian noted that lack of preparation caused both the 2014 Sewol ferry disaster and the crush Some held signs that read It could have been prevented The state was not there or 6 43 pm in reference to the first emergency call 123 Criticisms of the investigation Edit The handling of the investigation has also been the subject of criticism Some have accused the investigations of focusing too much on front line working officials and not any of the police chiefs or the Ministry of Interior and Safety 111 On 22 November some relatives of victims held a press conference A six point proposal called for among other things a thorough investigation of those responsible and the avoidance of consequential damage 124 The press conference was organized by the non profit advocacy group Lawyers for a Democratic Society or Minbyun 125 On 21 December 2022 the bereaved families of many of the victims of the Halloween disaster called for more and swifter justice and lamented the continuation of widespread unaccountability 126 The police investigation was criticized by the bereaved for failing to hold top officials accountable 127 Criticisms of the government Edit The Itaewon alleyway during the week long national mourning 31 October 2022In early November the South Korean state announced that it would use the term accident instead of disaster to avoid damaging Itaewon s reputation as a popular tourist destination The decision caused public anger Some alleged that the term accident failed to appropriately attribute responsibility to the government 128 129 Regarding the young man who committed suicide weeks after the crush the Prime Minister Han Duck soo said of the victim Wouldn t it be better if he had been firmer and had a stronger desire to receive therapy causing controversy The opposition parties criticized it as a shocking absurd statement that blames the victim 130 At the time of the disaster officers at the Yongsan gu Office allegedly worked on removing leaflets criticizing President Seok Yeol Yoon near the Samgak area of Seoul Subway Line 4 which some alleged may have delayed emergency response 131 Both South Korean Minister of the Interior Lee Sang min and the Interior Ministry s subordinate police have repeatedly acknowledged their roles in causing the incident 132 In a poll more than half of South Koreans demanded the resignation of minister Sang Min 57 of respondents said the government s investigation was insufficient 133 In February 2023 Sang Min was suspended from his position by the National Assembly for his handling of the disaster He was succeeded by Han Chang seob 134 In addition a document created by the police for the purpose of exploring the trends of bereaved families and civic groups related to the disaster after the disaster became controversial The Kyunghyang Shinmun said in a report In this document there are expressions that are reminiscent of the intelligence police s surveillance of civilians in the past In this document in relation to the Sewol ferry disaster in the past a law was created to counter attempts to interpret the disaster as government responsibility 135 A city council member belonging to the ruling party the People s Power Party became controversial because he spoke harshly to the bereaved family In the messages posted on social media city council member Kim Mi na made comments such as a foolish mother a trick to get a share by selling her children and there is a sound of selling her children and doing business which caused controversy Public opinion grew that she should be removed from the council but she was not expelled thanks to the protection of the PPP members who had a majority on the city council 136 Afterwards the government did not allow the bereaved families to hold a memorial service on the 100th day of the disaster 137 After calls for an investigation by the families of victims right wing provocateurs who perceived their advocacy as an attack on the government verbally abused the mourners 138 Memorials Edit Itaewon Station Exit 1 Seoul Seoul City Hall Plaza Noksapyeong Station SeoulThree memorials across the nation Mourning and memorial sites Edit A week of national mourning until 5 November was declared by President Yoon who ordered flags at government buildings and public offices to fly at half mast 139 140 141 On 31 October about 4 000 people including Seoul s mayor the prime minister and the president attended a memorial at Seoul Plaza The Yongsan gu District Office erected a memorial altar near Noksapyeong Station on 31 October 142 Memorials were established across 17 cities including Busan Daegu and Incheon The Health and Welfare ministry said psychological assistance would be provided at counseling booths at memorials in Seoul Psychological assistance was also provided for schools where the victims studied 143 By 13 November the initial memorial created around the exit 1 of Itaewon Station had expanded to cover about 20 meters of sidewalk from the station to the entrance of the alley where the disaster occurred Many anonymous volunteers work together to keep the memorial in good shape and free of trash or rotting foods as many leave food and drinks as offerings to the deceased normally via a ceremonial table With the help of Yongsan District Official officials they have also coordinated to protect the memorial and offerings from any rain or other weather Mourners had posted sticky notes all over the subway station exit 144 Hundreds of white chrysanthemum flowers were set up 145 Even after mid December 2022 mourners around Itaewon subway station continued to pay tribute to the victims of the Halloween disaster by leaving flowers and expressions of condolence 146 Buddhist orders Edit On 1 November Buddhist monks and Sangha members gathered in central Seoul among representatives of South Korea s seven major religious orders to commemorate the people The President of South Korea s largest Buddhist order the Jogye Order Ven Jinwoo said Such a disaster should never happen again and we pray for the rebirth of the victims in paradise The delegates came from the Korean Conference of Religions for Peace an advisory body representing the major religious communities in South Korea 147 From November 9 to 11 the Jogye Order Social and Labor Affairs Committee conducted Buddhist rites at Itaewon Station Exit 1 and called for an investigation into the disaster 148 International response Edit The German Federal President Frank Walter Steinmeier accompanied by his wife lays flowers in front of the Itaewon Station Exit 1 4 November 2022 149 Various heads of state and government sent condolences to the families of the victims within the first day after the disaster and expressed their condolences to the South Korean population 150 151 US President Joe Biden said We grieve with the people of the Republic of Korea and send our best wishes for a quick recovery to all those who were injured The Alliance between our two countries has never been more vibrant or more vital and the ties between our people are stronger than ever 45 Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida said that he was shocked and deeply saddened by the loss of many precious lives China s president Xi Jinping paid condolences to the victims in a letter British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak tweeted All our thoughts are with those currently responding and all South Koreans at this very distressing time Other leaders including those of Russia Norway Canada Hungary the Vatican and Italy also expressed sympathies with the people of South Korea 152 Condolences were also sent by the leaders of India 153 Malaysia 154 and Vietnam 155 Germany s president Frank Walter Steinmeier and his wife pay their silent respects after laying flowers at the memorial altar for the victims of the Itaewon disaster in front of Exit 1 at Itaewon Station He said I express my deepest condolences to President Yoon personally and on behalf of the German people 156 Police officers amidst the crowd on Shibuya CrossingIn Japan on 31 October 2022 following the Itaewon disaster police had a heavy presence in Tokyo s Shibuya neighborhood urging people to keep moving at Shibuya Crossing At the famous pedestrian crossing officials herded crowds together by forming human chains along the crosswalk Police officers on raised platforms dubbed by some as DJ Police issued continuous announcements 157 Impact on businesses Edit The alley over a month after the crush on 1 December 2022Business owners near the crush have raised fears that the area and its businesses would be affected by a stigma around nightlife in Seoul 113 During the 2022 Christmas season businesses around Itaewon subway station and the World Food Culture Street area suffered from the effects of the Halloween disaster Surrounding areas were also affected Itaewon s 2022 holiday season was reported to have seen just 10 of the prior year s holiday season s traffic while other popular Seoul nightlife districts such as Hongdae and Myeongdong saw heavy crowds On 16 November the Finance Ministry said that consumption at three major department stores had greatly slowed since October 158 159 Lee Eun Hee professor of consumer studies at Inha University said When a business district starts to die for any reason it collapses non stop Only when the sadness of the tragedy subsides and people realize that Itaewon as a whole is safe can the industrial park be revived 160 Following the declaration of the week long national mourning period major broadcasting stations KBS MBC SBS tvN and JTBC suspended all of their music and entertainment programming beginning on 30 October in favor of continuous news coverage 161 162 MBC also canceled the 2022 Qatar World Cup production presentation scheduled to be held on 1 November 163 In the music industry concerts were cancelled and album release schedules of some artists were temporarily postponed 164 165 166 167 South Korea s retail and entertainment sector withdrew Halloween related products from shelves or canceled events All festivals at theme parks including Everland in Yongin and Lotte World in Jamsil were canceled Starbucks outlets stopped Halloween promotions and the sale of themed products 140 168 Convenience store chains including CU and GS25 stopped selling Halloween themed products online SM Entertainment announced that its scheduled Halloween events would not take place 169 Entertainment companies such as SM Entertainment YG Entertainment JYP Entertainment and Hybe Corporation among others announced the cancellation and postponement of various artist comeback schedules and events 170 171 172 In the media EditSocial media and online sites in South Korea issued statements to users to refrain from spreading any video footage or other information about the disaster KakaoTalk a messenger app widely used in Korea issued a notice to all users asking them to act with caution with information about the disaster while Naver and Twitter also issued similar statements 173 Footage of the disaster and its aftermath was recorded and or livestreamed and posted on a variety of different social media platforms including TikTok These videos were often not censored or edited for modesty or other reasons compared to footage taken and shared by news outlets This caused the South Korean Personal Information Protection Commission Twitter and two other online platforms to announce their intention to search for and remove footage with personal identifying information in it 174 175 On 23 November a report in the Korea JoongAng Daily noted the emergence of a trend on social media platforms such as TikTok related to a Itaewon Game or Itaewon Crush Game The game essentially a renaming of an existing game normally called the Hamburger Game or Sandwich Game involves players lying on top of each other to form a stack The player on the bottom who can endure the most people on top wins the game The trend was widely criticized 176 Disaster related ethics guidelines Edit An official statement by the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association specifically highlighted the horrific videos and photos of the disaster that were being shared without any filtration which could cause damage to others 177 By 8 November the Korea Communications Standards Commission was reportedly sent over 100 requests to have video and pictures related to the disaster taken down from social media sites Additional concerns about the need to create disaster related ethics guidelines on digital content for social media sites and those that upload the footage 178 Koo Jeong woo professor of sociology at Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul said For now there are almost no guidelines on posting and sharing disaster footage on online platforms Considering their far reaching power of influence these platforms should fulfill their social responsibility to come up with a manual He further said Those who upload such content as well as those who consume it should also take efforts to keep a sense of ethics and consume digital content responsibly 179 By 2 November there were ten times as many searches for the National Center for Disaster and Trauma as there had been one week earlier on Google Korea searches for the related phrases trauma center and trauma symptoms also increased 180 Chae Jeong ho professor of psychiatry at the College of Medicine of the Catholic University of Korea and president of the Korea Society for Traumatic Stress Studies said You didn t have to be there to experiencing trauma According to Frontiers magazine Mass trauma or collective trauma is defined as the psychological response of an entire group to a traumatic event that affects society as a whole 181 Academic analysis Edit Schematic representation of the domino effectAccording to experts once a crush is already in progress it is extremely difficult to stop and the real issue is not the number of security personnel but adequate training in crowd control as well as the necessity of monitoring and dispersing crowds well before they reach dangerous levels Experts on crowd safety explained that when crowd density exceeds eight to nine persons per square metre a crowd can rapidly destabilize to the point where individuals can no longer escape When a crowd crush suddenly develops in that fashion persons trapped in the crowd will begin to lose consciousness within 30 seconds and if not freed immediately will be dead from compressive asphyxiation within six minutes 182 Deaths due to crowd crush and other injuries at Global Mass Gathering Events over 32 years 1990 2022 Experts such as Milad Haghani School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of New South Wales Edwin Galea University of Greenwich or John Drury University of Sussex took the view just a few days after the accident that the Labels such as stampede or crowd surge prevalent in the media were incorrect as they would presuppose that people in the crowd had space to move 183 184 According to Juliette Kayyem a disaster management expert and international security professor at the Harvard Kennedy School no specific triggering event needs to have happened to explain the Itaewon Halloween celebration tragedy In her estimation what she believed to be factors such as the large crowd narrow streets and lack of public safety were enough Kayyem drew parallels between the Itaewon Halloween disaster and the Bethnal Green disaster of 1943 in which an air raid in London killed 174 people on the steps leading to Bethnal Green tube station 185 See also Edit South Korea portalList of fatal crowd crushes List of man made disasters in South KoreaNotes and references EditNotes Edit This has been portrayed in the 2020 K drama Itaewon Class 12 References Edit Death toll from Itaewon crush rises to 158 14 November 2022 Archived from the original on 15 November 2022 Retrieved 14 January 2023 a b Sang Hun Choe 29 October 2022 The Itaewon tragedy is the worst peacetime disaster in South Korea since the Sewol ferry sank in 2014 killing more than 300 people The New York Times Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 29 October 2022 Myung il K 30 October 2022 이태원 참사 세월호 이후 최다 인명피해 Itaewon disaster 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still haunted by Itaewon crowd crush a tragedy close to home washingtonpost com Archived from the original on 9 December 2022 Retrieved 25 December 2022 Seo Ji Eun 15 November 2022 Naming Itaewon victims without families consent stirs controversy koreajoongangdaily Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 Retrieved 25 December 2022 단독 이상민 왜 못 믿냐 발끈하더니 행안부 유족 명단 있었다 YTN 21 November 2022 Archived from the original on 31 January 2023 Retrieved 31 January 2023 South Korea Halloween stampede should not have happened President Yoon mint 30 October 2022 Archived from the original on 10 November 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 윤 대통령 이태원 압사 사고 현장 방문 President Yoon visits the site of the Itaewon crushing accident Busan Ilbo 30 October 2022 Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Ripley Gawon Bae Paula Hancocks Sophie Jeong Jessie Yeung Will 29 October 2022 South Korea searches for answers after Halloween festivities leave 151 dead CNN Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 a b Seoul crowd crush local police offices raided in investigation The Guardian 2 November 2022 Archived from the original on 5 November 2022 Retrieved 5 November 2022 a b Police wrap up monthslong probe into Itaewon crush 23 officials referred to prosecution The Korea Times 13 January 2023 Archived from the original on 13 January 2023 Retrieved 13 January 2023 a b S Korean police conclude probe into deadly Itaewon crowd crush NHK WORLD JAPAN News 13 January 2023 Archived from the original on 14 January 2023 Retrieved 15 January 2023 Kim Tong Hyung 13 January 2023 S Korean police seek manslaughter charges over deadly crush AP News Archived from the original on 14 January 2023 Retrieved 15 January 2023 Hotel adjoining Itaewon crowd crush site raided over suspected illegal construction koreatimes 9 November 2022 Archived from the original on 10 November 2022 Retrieved 10 November 2022 Yongsan police officer found dead amid investigation into Itaewon tragedy The Korea Times 11 November 2022 Archived from the original on 11 November 2022 Retrieved 11 November 2022 a b Two officials dead in apparent suicides as Itaewon investigation continues koreajoongangdaily joins com 13 November 2022 Archived from the original on 13 November 2022 Retrieved 13 November 2022 Yoonjung Seo Sophie Jeong Jessie Yeung 6 December 2022 Seoul Halloween crush South Korean police officers arrested over deadly tragedy CNN Archived from the original on 27 December 2022 Retrieved 11 January 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c Mackenzie Jean 17 November 2022 The time to grieve is over it is time to be angry BBC News Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Parliamentary probe into Itaewon tragedy starts Yonhap News Agency 19 December 2022 Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 Retrieved 25 December 2022 Lee Hyo jin 14 November 2022 Itaewon tragedy probe in limbo The Korea Times Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 Retrieved 25 December 2022 Seo Ji Eun 23 November 2022 Nine more called for questioning in Itaewon tragedy koreajoongangdaily Archived from the original on 6 January 2023 Retrieved 11 January 2023 Parliamentary probe into Itaewon tragedy starts Yonhap News Agency 19 December 2022 Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 Retrieved 13 January 2023 Parliamentary Committee on Itaewon Crush to Hold 2nd Forum KBS World 12 January 2023 Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 Retrieved 12 January 2023 Kim Arin 10 January 2023 More expert involvement urged at major emergencies after Itaewon disaster Dr Cha Ji ho of Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology speaks at the public hearing held Tuesday at the National Assembly Yonhap Koreaherald Archived from the original on 15 January 2023 Retrieved 15 January 2023 Chelsie Alexandre 30 November 2022 The Public Safety 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Retrieved 20 December 2022 Min Joo Kim 21 December 2022 Itaewon crowd crush families call for more justice amid investigations The Washington Post Archived from the original on 21 December 2022 Retrieved 6 January 2023 South Korean police blame fatal Halloween crush on lack of preparation poor response Reuters 13 January 2023 Archived from the original on 15 January 2023 Retrieved 15 January 2023 Aram Hur 17 November 2022 Argument Young South Koreans Don t Trust a State That Betrays Them The Itaewon crowd crush confirmed a growing distrust of national stories foreignpolicy com Archived from the original on 12 December 2022 Retrieved 18 November 2022 김수연 2 November 2022 행안부 이태원 세계적 관광지 참사 대신 사고 로 용읰 in Korean Archived from the original on 27 November 2022 Retrieved 27 November 2022 한덕수 이태원 생존 학생 극단 선택에 좀 더 굳건했으면 15 December 2022 Archived from the original on 18 April 2023 Retrieved 1 May 2023 이태원 참사 생존 고등학생의 극단적 선택에 좀 더 굳건하고 치료를 받아야겠다는 생각이 더 강하면 좋지 않았을까 라고 말했다 The Hankyoreh 12 January 2023 참사 당시 용산구청 직원들 윤 대통령 비판 전단지 떼고 있었다 At the time of the disaster Yongsan gu Office staff were taking off leaflets criticizing President Yoon in Korean Archived from the original on 4 February 2023 Retrieved 15 February 2023 ED Serving the people Yoon should sack interior minister for Itaewon disaster The Korea Times 13 December 2022 Archived from the original on 20 December 2022 Retrieved 20 December 2022 이태원 참사에 수사 불충분 이상민 사퇴 과반 MBC mobile newsis com 21 January 2023 Archived from the original on 17 March 2023 Retrieved 17 March 2023 South Korean minister impeached over Itaewon crowd crush AP NEWS 8 February 2023 Archived from the original on 9 February 2023 Retrieved 9 February 2023 Kyunghyang Shinmun 12 January 2023 경찰 참사 후 시민단체 동향 수집 세월호 연계 조짐 감지 Police collection of civic group trends after the disaster Detection of signs of Sewol Ferry connection in Korean Archived from the original on 13 April 2023 Retrieved 15 February 2023 이태원 유족에 막말 김미나 창원시의원직 유지 제명안 부결 18 January 2023 Archived from the original on 13 April 2023 Retrieved 1 May 2023 이태원 참사 100일 추모 행진 정부는 응답하지 않았다 Archived from the original on 13 April 2023 Retrieved 15 February 2023 Families of Seoul Halloween crush victims face online abuse South China Morning Post Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 Retrieved 29 April 2023 Shin H Mallard W 30 October 2022 South Korea s Yoon Declares National Mourning Period Over Stampede Yonhap U S News amp World Report Reuters Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 a b South Korea cancels concerts government briefings after Itaewon stampede The Straits Times Bloomberg News 30 October 2022 Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Crush kills at least 151 at Halloween festivities in Seoul AP NEWS 29 October 2022 Archived from the original on 29 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Mourners pay tribute to Halloween victims at altar in Seoul Plaza Itaewon station donga com 1 November 2022 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expresses deep anguish over Seoul stampede Hindustan Times 31 October 2022 Archived from the original on 31 October 2022 Retrieved 1 November 2022 Itaewon tragedy Malaysia expresses condolences to South Korea The Sun 30 October 2022 Archived from the original on 4 November 2022 Retrieved 4 November 2022 VietnamPlus 30 October 2022 President sends condolences over Seoul stampede Politics Vietnam VietnamPlus VietnamPlus Archived from the original on 10 November 2022 Retrieved 1 November 2022 Kim Hayeon 4 November 2022 National Affairs President Yoon German leader discuss economic security cooperation Korea net Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 Retrieved 11 January 2023 Peter Masheter 31 October 2022 Halloween revelers fill Shibuya with security tight after Seoul crush Kyodo News Archived from the original on 1 December 2022 Retrieved 11 January 2023 Quiet before Christmas in Seoul nightlife district of deadly crowd crush channelnewsasia com 19 December 2022 Archived from the 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취소 이태원 참사 여파 공식 MBC cancels 2022 Qatar World Cup please Aftermath of Itaewon Disaster Official Edaily in Korean Archived from the original on 1 November 2022 Retrieved 31 October 2022 Lee Hyun ji 31 October 2022 시간이 멈춘듯한 가요계 앨범 발매 콘서트 취소 이태원 참사 애도 뜻 동참 In the music industry where time seems to have stopped Album release concert cancellation Join in mourning for the Itaewon disaster MHN Sports in Korean Archived from the original on 1 November 2022 Retrieved 31 October 2022 Yoon Seong yeol 30 October 2022 엑소 첸 솔로 컴백 잠정 연기 이태원 참사 희생자 애도 EXO Chen solo comeback tentatively postponed Mourning for victims of the Itaewon disaster Starnews in Korean Naver Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 31 October 2022 Park J 30 October 2022 JYP밴드 엑스디너리 히어로즈 앨범 발매 연기 이태원 참사 여파 전문 JYP Band Xdinary Heroes postponed album release Aftermath of Itaewon Disaster Full Text Naver in Korean Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Son Bong seok 31 October 2022 이태원 참사 여파 크랙시 새 싱글 Poison Rose 발매연기 공식 Aftermath of Itaewon Disaster Cracky s new single Poison Rose release has been delayed Official Sports Kyunghyang in Korean Archived from the original on 31 October 2022 Retrieved 31 October 2022 Hye jin Byun 30 October 2022 Retailers cancel Halloween themed events The Korea Herald Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Seon hee Y 30 October 2022 에버랜드 롯데월드 SM 핼러윈 행사 공연 전면 취소 Everland Lotte World SM Halloween events and performances have been completely canceled in Korean The Hankyoreh Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Garcia Thania 30 October 2022 Hybe YG Entertainment and Other K Pop Giants Postpone New Releases After Fatal Crowd Surge in Seoul Kills Over 150 Variety Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 31 October 2022 Concerts Broadcast Programs And More Postponed And Canceled Following Itaewon Tragedy Soompi 30 October 2022 Archived from the original on 31 October 2022 Retrieved 31 October 2022 More Events And Comebacks Postponed In Wake Of Itaewon Tragedy Soompi 30 October 2022 Archived from the original on 31 October 2022 Retrieved 31 October 2022 Social media urge users to refrain from spreading false info on Itaewon tragedy The Korea Times 30 October 2022 Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 At least 151 dead many injured in Halloween crowd crush in Seoul The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Sohn Jiyoung Martin Timothy W Yoon Dasl 1 November 2022 South Koreans Rattled by Grisly Footage of Halloween Crowd Crush in Seoul WSJ Archived from the original on 2 November 2022 Retrieved 3 November 2022 Chae Hye Seon Seo Ji Eun 16 November 2022 Kids make fun of tragedy with the Itaewon Game koreajoongangdaily Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 Retrieved 12 January 2023 Kim Yoon mi 30 October 2022 Psychiatrists urge people not to spread Itaewon stampede video KBR in Korean Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Itaewon tragedy sparks debates on digital ethics koreatimes 7 November 2022 Archived from the original on 10 November 2022 Retrieved 10 November 2022 Lee Hae rin 7 November 2022 Itaewon tragedy sparks debates on digital ethics The Korea Times Archived from the original on 17 November 2022 Retrieved 13 November 2022 Mass trauma lurks as Itaewon tragedy sears into our minds koreajoongangdaily joins com 2 November 2022 Archived from the original on 3 November 2022 Retrieved 3 November 2022 Lim Jeong won 2 November 2022 Mass trauma lurks as Itaewon tragedy sears into our minds koreajoongangdaily Archived from the original on 3 November 2022 Retrieved 24 December 2022 Somasundaram Praveena Lee Joyce Sohyun Timsit Annabelle 29 October 2022 Here s what causes crowd crushes like the deadly one in Seoul The Washington Post Archived from the original on 5 November 2022 Retrieved 5 November 2022 Samantha Lock 1 November 2022 Crowd crushes how disasters like Itaewon happen how can they be prevented and the stampede myth Seoul crowd crush The Guardian Archived from the original on 3 November 2022 Retrieved 24 December 2022 Jalelah Abu Baker 31 October 2022 Seoul crowd crush How it may have happened and what to do in such a situation channelnewsasia Archived from the original on 30 November 2022 Retrieved 24 December 2022 Kim Yoo chul 17 November 2022 INTERVIEW Seoul s deadly Halloween crowd crush was avoidable The Korea Times Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 Retrieved 12 January 2023 External links Edit Media related to Seoul Halloween crowd crush at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Seoul Halloween crowd crush amp oldid 1167221768, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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