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Jogye Order

December 03, 2023

The Jogye Order, officially the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism (대한불교조계종, 大韓佛敎 曹溪宗), is the representative order of traditional Korean Buddhism with roots that date back 1200 years to the Later Silla National Master Doui, who brought Seon (known as Zen in the West) and the practice taught by the Sixth Patriarch, Huineng, from China around 820 CE. The name of the Order, Jogye, was adopted from the name of the village where Patriarch Huineng's home temple, Nanhua Temple, is located, (Chinese: 曹溪; pinyin: cáo xī; Korean: 조계; romaja: Jogye).[1]

Jogye Order
Kyong Ho Seong-Wu, 75th Patriarch
Korean name
Hangul
조계종
Hanja
曹溪宗
Revised RomanizationJogye-jong
McCune–ReischauerChogye-chong

The Jogye as a distinct school arose in the late 11th century when Jinul sought to combine the direct practices of Korean Seon with the theological underpinnings of sutra-based Buddhist schools as well as with Pure Land Buddhism.[2]

In 1994, the Jogye order managed 1725 temples, 10,056 clerics and had 9,125,991 adherents.[3]

The international Kwan Um School of Zen is a Jogye school founded by Seon Master Seungsahn, 78th Patriarch, who received Dharma transmission from Seon Master Gobong.

History edit

The original "Nine Schools" of Seon descended from Chan Buddhism were instrumental in the development of the nation during the Later Silla and thereafter. However, during Goryeo, the Cheontae under Uicheon rose to prominence and drew away many talented monks, forcing the Seon to innovate.[2] In response to this, Jinul and Taego Bou led major Seon movements. Jinul in particular sought to develop an order that had the direct practices of Seon as its foundation but also gave importance to sutra study and reciting the name of Amitābha as found in the Pure Land teachings.[2] The basic precept Jinul advocated was "sudden enlightenment followed by gradual cultivation."[1][2]

The Jogye was thus established as the representative Seon order until the persecution of the Joseon dynasty. Due to its inclusive nature, and emphasis on continual discipline, the Jogye gained considerable support from the military establishment, and developed across monasteries all over the Korean peninsula.[2]

However, during the Joseon, Buddhism was repressed in favor of Neo-Confucianism. During the reign of Sejong (r. 1418-1450), two sects were formed, one of all the doctrinal schools and another of all the Seon schools. These were then temporarily disbanded under the reign of Yonsangun (r. 1494-1506), resulting in great confusion.

However, during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), National Masters Seosan and Samyeong raised armies that protected the nation, which improved the situation of Buddhism for a time. However it was not until the political reforms of 1895 that monks were permitted in the cities again. Then in 1899, under the leadership of Seon Master Gyeongheo (1849-1912), monks petitioned from Haeinsa to reestablish the traditions and the philosophical basis for a reconstructed Buddhist order. Eventually, the Wonjong and Imjejong orders of the Linji school were founded, and attempts were made to revive the doctrinal schools and to reestablish activities in the cities, but these movements were soon suppressed during the Japanese occupation, which began in 1910.

Reaction to the occupation by Japan was mixed in the Jogye. While some collaborated with the authorities,[4] monks such as Yongsong and Manhae led efforts to keep Korean Buddhist traditions alive. In 1921 the Sonhakwon Seon Meditation Center was established, and in 1929, a Monks’ Conference of Joseon was held. In 1937, a movement for the establishment of a Central Headquarters began, which was successful with the building of the Main Buddha Hall of Jogyesa in Seoul in 1938. Finally in 1941 the Joseon Buddhism Jogye Order which was distinctly Korean and free from Japanese influence, was established. This was the first legal Buddhist order in modern Korea and the precursor of today's Jogye Order.

Following liberation from Japan in 1945, Seon monks who had preserved and cherished Korean Buddhist traditions began a purification drive to re-establish the traditional celibate orders and take back the temples from married priests, a remnant of the Japanese Occupation. Finally, in 1955 the Jogye Order was established centered on celibate monks; however, as a result of mediation between the elder monks and the government, already-married priests were also included.

On April 11, 1962 Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism was officially established with three main goals: training and education; sutra translation into Korean from Hanja; and propagation. These goals continue to guide the Jogye Order today as well. It was in 1947-1949 that a group of monks at Bongamsa began a movement advocating "Living According to the Teachings of the Buddha" and this provided the opportunity for the establishment of fundamental principles and traditions as well as the accepted ceremonies of the order.

Internal Conflicts and Scandals edit

In the late 1990s, a struggle broke out between two factions of the Order for who would appoint the heads of major temples in Korea.[4] Although the court ruled in favor of the Purification and Reform Committee (PRC), the ruling was not sufficiently enforced, and fighting broke out between hundreds of monks using makeshift weaponry.

In more recent years, the Jogye Order has been beset with scandals involving gambling[5][6] and sexual misconduct.[7][8]

Conflicts with the Lee Myung-bak government edit

The Jogye Order faced conflict with the government led by former President Lee Myung-bak, a conservative Presbyterian Christian. The government is at odds with the Jogye Order by the decreasing of Temple Stay fundings, the lack of government recognition of the Lantern Festival, and omitted Buddhist temples, even famous ones, while marking the locations of even minor Christian churches in the new address system.[9] After Lee's ascendence to the Presidency when the high proportion of Christians in relation to Buddhists in the public sector became known–particularly the president's cabinet, where there were 12 Christians to only one Buddhist.[10] among other reported incidences.[spelling?][11]

In 2006, according to the Asia Times, "Lee also sent a video prayer message to a Christian rally held in the southern city of Busan in which the worship leader prayed feverishly: 'Lord, let the Buddhist temples in this country crumble down!'"[12] Further, according to an article in Buddhist-Christian Studies: "Over the course of the last decade a fairly large number of Buddhist temples in South Korea have been destroyed or damaged by fire by misguided Protestant fundamentalists. More recently, Buddhist statues have been identified as idols, attacked and decapitated. Arrests are hard to effect, as the arsonists and vandals work by stealth of night."[13]

Head temples edit

The numerous temples of the Jogye order are arranged under 24 "head temples." The head temples each oversee a district (gyogu), containing a large number of subordinate temples.[1]

1. Jogyesa: Gyeonji Provinceng, Jongno District, central Seoul.
2. Yongjusa: Taean-eup, Hwaseong, southern Gyeonggi Province.
3. Sinheungsa: Seorak Provinceng, Sokcho, eastern Gangwon Province.
4. Woljeongsa: Jinbu-myeon, Pyeongchang County, central Gangwon Province.
5. Beopjusa: Naesongni-myeon, Boeun County, North Chungcheong Province.
6. Magoksa : Sagok-myeon, Gongju, South Chungcheong Province.
7. Sudeoksa: Deoksan-myeon, Yesan County, South Chungcheong Province.
8. Jikjisa : Daehang-myeon, Gimcheon, North Gyeongsang Province.
9. Donghwasa: Dohak Provinceng, Dong District, Daegu.
10. Eunhaesa: Cheongtong-myeon, Yeongcheon, North Gyeongsang Province.
11. Bulguksa: Jinhyeon Provinceng, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province
12. Haeinsa: Gaya-myeon, Hapcheon County, South Gyeongsang Province.
13. Ssanggyesa: Hwagae-myeon, Hadong County, South Gyeongsang Province.
14. Beomeosa: Cheongnyong Provinceng, Geumjeong District, Busan.
15. Tongdosa: Habuk-myeon, Yangsan, South Gyeongsang Province.
16. Gounsa : Danchon-myeon, Uiseong County, North Gyeongsang Province.
17. Geumsansa: Geumsan-myeon, Gimje, North Jeolla Province.
18. Baegyangsa: Bukha-myeon, Jangseong County, South Jeolla Province.
19. Hwaeomsa: Masan-myeon, Gurye County, South Jeolla Province.
20. Songgwangsa: Songgwang-myeon, Suncheon, South Jeolla Province.
21. Daeheungsa: Samsan-myeon, Haenam County, South Jeolla Province.
22. Gwaneumsa: Jeju City, Jeju Province.
23. Seonunsa: Asan-myeon, Gochang County, North Jeolla Province.
24. Bongseonsa: Jinjeop-eup, Namyangju, Gyeonggi Province.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Buswell, Robert E. (1993). "Chapter 1: Buddhism in Contemporary Korea". The Zen Monastic Experience. Princeton University Press. ISBN 069103477X.
  2. ^ a b c d e Carter J. Eckert (Author), Ki-Baik Lee, Young Ick Lew, Michael Robinson, Edward W. Wagner (1991). Korea Old And New: A History. Ilchokak Publishers. p. 94. ISBN 0962771309. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Grayson, James Huntley (2002). Korea: a religious history. Psychology Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-7007-1605-0.
  4. ^ a b "World: Asia-Pacific, Buddhist brawl in Seoul". BBC News UK. 12 October 1999. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  5. ^ "Buddhist Monks Gambling: South Korea Jogye Order Monks Offer To Resign Amid Gambling Scandal". Huffington Post. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  6. ^ "South Korea's Buddhists monks tackle modern challenges". BBC News UK. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  7. ^ "Accusations fly as SKorea Buddhist monk scandal deepens". Asian Correspondent. 16 May 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  8. ^ ""성호스님, 여승 성폭행 하려다…" 연일 충격". Money Today News. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  9. ^ Hwang (황), Yun-jeong (윤정) (2011-07-19). 불교계-정부 화해무드 다시 급랭하나. Yonhap News (in Korean). Retrieved 2011-09-25.
  10. ^ "Buddhists set to protest against Lee's religious bias". HANKYOREH. August 22, 2008.
  11. ^ . Fox News. August 27, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-09-01. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  12. ^ . Atimes.com. 2008-02-01. Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2012-03-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  13. ^ Wells, Harry L. (2000). "Korean Temple Burnings and Vandalism: The Response of the Society for Buddhist-Christian Studies". Buddhist-Christian Studies. 20 (1): 239–240. doi:10.1353/bcs.2000.0035. S2CID 170596276. Project MUSE 3495.

External links edit

  • Official site, in Korean
  • Official site, in English
  • Kwan Um School of Zen, in English

December 03, 2023
jogye, order, officially, korean, buddhism, 대한불교조계종, 大韓佛敎, 曹溪宗, representative, order, traditional, korean, buddhism, with, roots, that, date, back, 1200, years, later, silla, national, master, doui, brought, seon, known, west, practice, taught, sixth, patriar. The Jogye Order officially the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism 대한불교조계종 大韓佛敎 曹溪宗 is the representative order of traditional Korean Buddhism with roots that date back 1200 years to the Later Silla National Master Doui who brought Seon known as Zen in the West and the practice taught by the Sixth Patriarch Huineng from China around 820 CE The name of the Order Jogye was adopted from the name of the village where Patriarch Huineng s home temple Nanhua Temple is located Chinese 曹溪 pinyin cao xi Korean 조계 romaja Jogye 1 Jogye OrderKyong Ho Seong Wu 75th PatriarchKorean nameHangul조계종Hanja曹溪宗Revised RomanizationJogye jongMcCune ReischauerChogye chongThe Jogye as a distinct school arose in the late 11th century when Jinul sought to combine the direct practices of Korean Seon with the theological underpinnings of sutra based Buddhist schools as well as with Pure Land Buddhism 2 In 1994 the Jogye order managed 1725 temples 10 056 clerics and had 9 125 991 adherents 3 The international Kwan Um School of Zen is a Jogye school founded by Seon Master Seungsahn 78th Patriarch who received Dharma transmission from Seon Master Gobong Contents 1 History 1 1 Internal Conflicts and Scandals 1 2 Conflicts with the Lee Myung bak government 2 Head temples 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory editThe original Nine Schools of Seon descended from Chan Buddhism were instrumental in the development of the nation during the Later Silla and thereafter However during Goryeo the Cheontae under Uicheon rose to prominence and drew away many talented monks forcing the Seon to innovate 2 In response to this Jinul and Taego Bou led major Seon movements Jinul in particular sought to develop an order that had the direct practices of Seon as its foundation but also gave importance to sutra study and reciting the name of Amitabha as found in the Pure Land teachings 2 The basic precept Jinul advocated was sudden enlightenment followed by gradual cultivation 1 2 The Jogye was thus established as the representative Seon order until the persecution of the Joseon dynasty Due to its inclusive nature and emphasis on continual discipline the Jogye gained considerable support from the military establishment and developed across monasteries all over the Korean peninsula 2 However during the Joseon Buddhism was repressed in favor of Neo Confucianism During the reign of Sejong r 1418 1450 two sects were formed one of all the doctrinal schools and another of all the Seon schools These were then temporarily disbanded under the reign of Yonsangun r 1494 1506 resulting in great confusion However during the Japanese invasions of Korea 1592 1598 National Masters Seosan and Samyeong raised armies that protected the nation which improved the situation of Buddhism for a time However it was not until the political reforms of 1895 that monks were permitted in the cities again Then in 1899 under the leadership of Seon Master Gyeongheo 1849 1912 monks petitioned from Haeinsa to reestablish the traditions and the philosophical basis for a reconstructed Buddhist order Eventually the Wonjong and Imjejong orders of the Linji school were founded and attempts were made to revive the doctrinal schools and to reestablish activities in the cities but these movements were soon suppressed during the Japanese occupation which began in 1910 Reaction to the occupation by Japan was mixed in the Jogye While some collaborated with the authorities 4 monks such as Yongsong and Manhae led efforts to keep Korean Buddhist traditions alive In 1921 the Sonhakwon Seon Meditation Center was established and in 1929 a Monks Conference of Joseon was held In 1937 a movement for the establishment of a Central Headquarters began which was successful with the building of the Main Buddha Hall of Jogyesa in Seoul in 1938 Finally in 1941 the Joseon Buddhism Jogye Order which was distinctly Korean and free from Japanese influence was established This was the first legal Buddhist order in modern Korea and the precursor of today s Jogye Order Following liberation from Japan in 1945 Seon monks who had preserved and cherished Korean Buddhist traditions began a purification drive to re establish the traditional celibate orders and take back the temples from married priests a remnant of the Japanese Occupation Finally in 1955 the Jogye Order was established centered on celibate monks however as a result of mediation between the elder monks and the government already married priests were also included On April 11 1962 Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism was officially established with three main goals training and education sutra translation into Korean from Hanja and propagation These goals continue to guide the Jogye Order today as well It was in 1947 1949 that a group of monks at Bongamsa began a movement advocating Living According to the Teachings of the Buddha and this provided the opportunity for the establishment of fundamental principles and traditions as well as the accepted ceremonies of the order Internal Conflicts and Scandals edit In the late 1990s a struggle broke out between two factions of the Order for who would appoint the heads of major temples in Korea 4 Although the court ruled in favor of the Purification and Reform Committee PRC the ruling was not sufficiently enforced and fighting broke out between hundreds of monks using makeshift weaponry In more recent years the Jogye Order has been beset with scandals involving gambling 5 6 and sexual misconduct 7 8 Conflicts with the Lee Myung bak government edit The Jogye Order faced conflict with the government led by former President Lee Myung bak a conservative Presbyterian Christian The government is at odds with the Jogye Order by the decreasing of Temple Stay fundings the lack of government recognition of the Lantern Festival and omitted Buddhist temples even famous ones while marking the locations of even minor Christian churches in the new address system 9 After Lee s ascendence to the Presidency when the high proportion of Christians in relation to Buddhists in the public sector became known particularly the president s cabinet where there were 12 Christians to only one Buddhist 10 among other reported incidences spelling 11 In 2006 according to the Asia Times Lee also sent a video prayer message to a Christian rally held in the southern city of Busan in which the worship leader prayed feverishly Lord let the Buddhist temples in this country crumble down 12 Further according to an article in Buddhist Christian Studies Over the course of the last decade a fairly large number of Buddhist temples in South Korea have been destroyed or damaged by fire by misguided Protestant fundamentalists More recently Buddhist statues have been identified as idols attacked and decapitated Arrests are hard to effect as the arsonists and vandals work by stealth of night 13 Head temples editThe numerous temples of the Jogye order are arranged under 24 head temples The head temples each oversee a district gyogu containing a large number of subordinate temples 1 1 Jogyesa Gyeonji Provinceng Jongno District central Seoul 2 Yongjusa Taean eup Hwaseong southern Gyeonggi Province 3 Sinheungsa Seorak Provinceng Sokcho eastern Gangwon Province 4 Woljeongsa Jinbu myeon Pyeongchang County central Gangwon Province 5 Beopjusa Naesongni myeon Boeun County North Chungcheong Province 6 Magoksa Sagok myeon Gongju South Chungcheong Province 7 Sudeoksa Deoksan myeon Yesan County South Chungcheong Province 8 Jikjisa Daehang myeon Gimcheon North Gyeongsang Province 9 Donghwasa Dohak Provinceng Dong District Daegu 10 Eunhaesa Cheongtong myeon Yeongcheon North Gyeongsang Province 11 Bulguksa Jinhyeon Provinceng Gyeongju North Gyeongsang Province 12 Haeinsa Gaya myeon Hapcheon County South Gyeongsang Province 13 Ssanggyesa Hwagae myeon Hadong County South Gyeongsang Province 14 Beomeosa Cheongnyong Provinceng Geumjeong District Busan 15 Tongdosa Habuk myeon Yangsan South Gyeongsang Province 16 Gounsa Danchon myeon Uiseong County North Gyeongsang Province 17 Geumsansa Geumsan myeon Gimje North Jeolla Province 18 Baegyangsa Bukha myeon Jangseong County South Jeolla Province 19 Hwaeomsa Masan myeon Gurye County South Jeolla Province 20 Songgwangsa Songgwang myeon Suncheon South Jeolla Province 21 Daeheungsa Samsan myeon Haenam County South Jeolla Province 22 Gwaneumsa Jeju City Jeju Province 23 Seonunsa Asan myeon Gochang County North Jeolla Province 24 Bongseonsa Jinjeop eup Namyangju Gyeonggi Province See also editHuineng the Sixth Patriarch Jinul credited as the founder of Jogye Order Taego Bou Gyeongheo Cheongnyeonsa Mangong Hanam Jungwon Kobong Hyobong Sunim Seongcheol Seungsahn Pohwa Samu sunim Chan Buddhism Five Houses of Chan Caodong school Linji school Korean Seon Nine mountain schools Taego Order Kwan Um School of Zen Chogye International Zen Center Korean Buddhism Religion in Korea Shingumdo a sword school that emerged from the enlightenment of a Jogye Order monkReferences edit a b Buswell Robert E 1993 Chapter 1 Buddhism in Contemporary Korea The Zen Monastic Experience Princeton University Press ISBN 069103477X a b c d e Carter J Eckert Author Ki Baik Lee Young Ick Lew Michael Robinson Edward W Wagner 1991 Korea Old And New A History Ilchokak Publishers p 94 ISBN 0962771309 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a author has generic name help CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Grayson James Huntley 2002 Korea a religious history Psychology Press p 190 ISBN 978 0 7007 1605 0 a b World Asia Pacific Buddhist brawl in Seoul BBC News UK 12 October 1999 Retrieved 14 July 2013 Buddhist Monks Gambling South Korea Jogye Order Monks Offer To Resign Amid Gambling Scandal Huffington Post 10 May 2012 Retrieved 14 July 2013 South Korea s Buddhists monks tackle modern challenges BBC News UK 26 June 2012 Retrieved 14 July 2013 Accusations fly as SKorea Buddhist monk scandal deepens Asian Correspondent 16 May 2012 Retrieved 14 July 2013 성호스님 여승 성폭행 하려다 연일 충격 Money Today News 5 May 2012 Retrieved 14 July 2013 Hwang 황 Yun jeong 윤정 2011 07 19 불교계 정부 화해무드 다시 급랭하나 Yonhap News in Korean Retrieved 2011 09 25 Buddhists set to protest against Lee s religious bias HANKYOREH August 22 2008 South Korea Buddhists March Against Christian President Alleging Religious Discrimination Fox News August 27 2008 Archived from the original on 2008 09 01 Retrieved 2008 12 22 A God given president elect Atimes com 2008 02 01 Archived from the original on 2008 05 12 Retrieved 2012 03 06 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Wells Harry L 2000 Korean Temple Burnings and Vandalism The Response of the Society for Buddhist Christian Studies Buddhist Christian Studies 20 1 239 240 doi 10 1353 bcs 2000 0035 S2CID 170596276 Project MUSE 3495 External links editOfficial site in Korean Official site in English Kwan Um School of Zen in English Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jogye Order amp oldid 1179430858, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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