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Selim I

Selim I (Ottoman Turkish: سليم الأول; Turkish: I. Selim; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute[3] (Turkish: Yavuz Sultan Selim), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.[4] Despite lasting only eight years, his reign is notable for the enormous expansion of the Empire, particularly his conquest between 1516 and 1517 of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included all of the Levant, Hejaz, Tihamah and Egypt itself. On the eve of his death in 1520, the Ottoman Empire spanned about 3.4 million km2 (1.3 million sq mi), having grown by seventy percent during Selim's reign.[4]

Selim I
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
16th century miniature of Selim I by Nakkaş Osman
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Padishah)
Reign24 April 1512 – 22 September 1520
PredecessorBayezid II
SuccessorSuleiman I
Ottoman caliph (Amir al-Mu'minin)
Reign22 January 1517 – 22 September 1520
PredecessorAl-Mutawakkil III
(Abbasid caliph)
SuccessorSuleiman I
Prince-Governor of Trebizond Sanjak
Reign1487–1510[1]
Born(1470-10-10)10 October 1470
Amasya, Ottoman Empire
Died22 September 1520(1520-09-22) (aged 49)
Çorlu, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Consorts
Issue
Among others
Names
سليم شاه بن بايزيد خان
Selīm şāh bin Bāyezīd Ḫān[2]
DynastyOttoman
FatherBayezid II
MotherGülbahar Hatun
ReligionSunni Islam
Tughra
Selim I with a mace

Selim's conquest of the Middle Eastern heartlands of the Muslim world, and particularly his assumption of the role of guardian of the pilgrimage routes to Mecca and Medina, established the Ottoman Empire as the pre-eminent Muslim state. His conquests dramatically shifted the empire's geographical and cultural center of gravity away from the Balkans and toward the Middle East. By the eighteenth century, Selim's conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate had come to be romanticized as the moment when the Ottomans seized leadership over the rest of the Muslim world, and consequently Selim is popularly remembered as the first legitimate Ottoman Caliph, although stories of an official transfer of the caliphal office from the Mamluk Abbasid dynasty to the Ottomans were a later invention.[5]

Early life edit

Born in Amasya on 10 October 1470, Selim was son of Şehzade Bayezid (later Bayezid II). His mother was Ayşe Gülbahar Hatun, a Pontic Greek concubine, formerly confused with Ayşe Hatun, another consort of Bayezid and daughter of Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey, the eleventh ruler of the Dulkadirids.[6][7][8]

Reign edit

Governor of Trabzon edit

During his reign as governor of Trabzon Selim had earned a great reputation among his military men for his confrontations with the Safavids, slave raids and a campaign in the Caucasus against Georgia.[9] Selim defeated a Safavid army in 1505, when Shah Ismail's brother led a 3,000-strong Safavid army against Selim, Selim routed the army, massacred many and seized their arms and munitions.[10] In 1507 he defeated the Safavids again in the Battle of Erzincan, after Shah Ismail marched through Ottoman lands to attack the Dulkadirids Selim attacked Erzincan and defeated a Safavid army sent against him by Shah Ismail.[11] The following year he invaded the Caucasus, he subdued western Georgia, brought Imereti and Guria under Ottoman domination and seized a large number of slaves.[9][12][13][14] In 1510 he defeated the Safavids again in the Campaign of Trabzon.

Accession edit

By 1512 Şehzade Ahmed was the favorite candidate to succeed his father. Bayezid, who was reluctant to continue his rule over the empire, announced Ahmed as heir apparent to the throne. Angered by this announcement, Selim rebelled, and while he lost the first battle against his father's forces, Selim ultimately dethroned his father. Selim commanded 30,000 men, whereas his father led 40,000. Selim only escaped with 3,000 men. This marked the first time that an Ottoman prince openly rebelled against his father with an army of his own.[10] Selim ordered the exile of Bayezid to a distant "sanjak", Dimetoka (in the north-east of present-day Greece). Bayezid died immediately thereafter.[15] Selim put his brothers (Şehzade Ahmet and Şehzade Korkut) and nephews to death upon his accession. His nephew Şehzade Murad, son of the legal heir to the throne Şehzade Ahmed, fled to the neighboring Safavid Empire after his expected support failed to materialize.[16] This fratricidal policy was motivated by bouts of civil strife that had been sparked by the antagonism between Selim's father and his uncle, Cem Sultan, and between Selim himself and his brother Ahmet.

Alevi unrest edit

After many centuries of calm, the Alevi population was active while Selim I was the sultan, and they seem to have been backed by the Qizilbash of Iran.[citation needed]

Conquest of the Middle East edit

Safavid Empire edit

 
Selim I at the Battle of Chaldiran: artwork at the Chehel Sotoun Pavilion in Isfahan

One of Selim's first challenges as sultan involved the growing tension between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire led by Shah Ismail, who had recently brought the Safavids to power and had switched the Persian state religion from Sunni Islam to adherence to the Twelver branch of Shia Islam. By 1510 Ismail had conquered the whole of Iran and Azerbaijan,[17] southern Dagestan (with its important city of Derbent), Mesopotamia, Armenia, Khorasan, Eastern Anatolia, and had made the Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti his vassals.[18][19] He was a great threat to his Sunni Muslim neighbors to the west. In 1511 Ismail had supported a pro-Shia/Safavid uprising in Anatolia, the Şahkulu Rebellion.

Early in his reign, Selim created a list of all Shiites ages 7 to 70 in a number of central Anatolian cities including Tokat, Sivas and Amasya. As Selim marched through these cities, his forces rounded up and executed all the Shiites they could find. Most of them were beheaded. The massacre was the largest in Ottoman history, until the end of the 19th century.[20]

In 1514 Selim I attacked Ismail's kingdom to stop the spread of Shiism into Ottoman dominions. Selim and Ismā'il had exchanged a series of belligerent letters prior to the attack. On his march to face Ismā'il, Selim had 50,000 Alevis massacred, seeing them as enemies of the Ottoman Empire.[21] Selim I defeated Ismā'il at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514.[22] Ismā'il's army was more mobile and his soldiers better prepared, but the Ottomans prevailed due in large part to their efficient modern army, possession of artillery, black powder and muskets. Ismā'il was wounded and almost captured in battle, and Selim I entered the Iranian capital of Tabriz in triumph on 5 September,[23] but did not linger. The Battle of Chaldiran was of historical significance: the reluctance of Shah Ismail to accept the advantages of modern firearms and the importance of artillery proved decisive.[24] After the battle, Selim, referring to Ismail, stated that his adversary was: "Always drunk to the point of losing his mind and totally neglectful of the affairs of the state".[25]

Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula edit

 
Outline of the Ottoman Empire, from the Theatro d'el Orbe de la Tierra de Abraham Ortelius, Antwerp, 1602, updated from the 1570 edition

Sultan Selim then conquered the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, defeating the Mamluk Egyptians first at the Battle of Marj Dabiq (24 August 1516), and then at the Battle of Ridanieh (22 January 1517). This led to the Ottoman annexation of the entire sultanate, from Syria and Palestine in Sham, to Hejaz and Tihamah in the Arabian Peninsula, and ultimately Egypt itself. This permitted Selim to extend Ottoman power to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina, hitherto under Egyptian rule. Rather than style himself the Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, or The Ruler of The Two Holy Cities, he accepted the more pious title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, or The Servant of The Two Holy Cities.[15][26]

The last Abbasid caliph, al-Mutawakkil III, was residing in Cairo as a Mamluk puppet at the time of the Ottoman conquest. He was subsequently sent into exile in Istanbul. In the eighteenth century, a story emerged claiming that he had officially transferred his title to the Caliphate to Selim at the time of the conquest. In fact, Selim did not make any claim to exercise the sacred authority of the office of caliph, and the notion of an official transfer was a later invention.[5]

After conquering Damascus in 1516, Selim ordered the restoration of the tomb of Ibn Arabi (d. 1240), a famous Sufi master who was highly revered among Ottoman Sufis.[27]

Death edit

 
A painting depicting Selim I during the Egypt campaign, located in Army Museum, Istanbul
 
Selim I on his deathbed
 
The türbe of Selim I in his mosque

A planned campaign westward was cut short when Selim was overwhelmed by sickness and subsequently died in the ninth year of his reign aged 49. Officially, it is said that Selim succumbed to a mistreated carbuncle. Some historians, however, suggest that he died of cancer or that his physician poisoned him.[28] Other historians have noted that Selim's death coincided with a period of plague in the empire, and have added that several sources imply that Selim himself suffered from the disease.

On 22 September 1520 Selim I's eight-year reign came to an end. Selim died and was brought to Istanbul, so he could be buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque which sultan Suleiman I commissioned in loving memory of his father. Selim I had conquered and unified the Islamic holy lands. Protecting the lands in Europe, he gave priority to the East, as he believed the real danger came from there.[29][30]

Personality edit

 
Yavuz Selim Mosque was commissioned by the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I in memory of his father Selim I who died in 1520. The architect was Alaüddin (Acem Alisi).[31]
 
Selim I
 
Selim I by an unknown European painter
 
16th-century miniature of Selim I
 
Selim I and Piri Mehmed Pasha
 
Selim I by Aşık Çelebi

By most accounts, Selim had a fiery temper and had very high expectations of those below him. Several of his viziers were executed for various reasons. A famous anecdote relates how another vizier playfully asked the Sultan for some preliminary notice of his doom so that he might have time to put his affairs in order. The Sultan laughed and replied that indeed he had been thinking of having the vizier killed, but had no one fit to take his place, otherwise he would gladly oblige. A popular Ottoman curse was, "May you be a vizier of Selim's," as a reference to the number of viziers he had executed.[32]

Selim was one of the Empire's most successful and respected rulers, being energetic and hardworking. During his short eight years of ruling, he accomplished momentous success. Despite the length of his reign, many historians agree that Selim prepared the Ottoman Empire to reach its zenith under the reign of his son and successor, Suleiman the Magnificent.[33]

Selim was bilingual in Turkish and Persian, with the Ottoman literary critic Latifî (died 1582) noting that he was "very fond of speaking Persian".[34][35] He was also a distinguished poet who wrote both Turkish and Persian verse[36] under the nickname Mahlas Selimi; collections of his Persian poetry are extant today.[33]

In a letter to his rival, while equating himself with Alexander, Selim compares his rival Ismail as "Darius of our days".[37] Paolo Giovio, in a work written for Charles V, says that Selim holds Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar in the highest esteem above all the generals of old.[38]

Foreign relations edit

Relations with Shah Ismail edit

While marching into Persia in 1514, Selim's troops suffered from the scorched-earth tactics of Shah Ismail. The sultan hoped to lure Ismail into an open battle before his troops starved to death, and began writing insulting letters to the Shah, accusing him of cowardice:

They, who by perjuries seize scepters ought not to skulk from danger, but their breast ought, like the shield, to be held out to encounter peril; they ought, like the helm, to affront the foeman's blow.

Ismail responded to Selim's third message, quoted above, by having an envoy deliver a letter accompanied by a box of opium. The Shah's letter insultingly implied that Selim's prose was the work of an unqualified writer on drugs. Selim was enraged by the Shah's denigration of his literary talent and ordered the Persian envoy to be torn to pieces.[39]

Outside of their military conflicts, Selim I and Shah Ismail clashed on the economic front as well. Opposed to Shah Ismail's adherence to the Shia sect of Islam (contrasting his Sunni beliefs), Selim I and his father before him "did not really accept his basic political and religious legitimacy,"[40] beginning the portrayal of the Safavids in Ottoman chronicles as kuffar.[41] After the Battle of Chaldiran, Selim I's minimal tolerance for Shah Ismail disintegrated, and he began a short era of closed borders with the Safavid Empire.

Selim I wanted to use the Ottoman Empire's central location to completely cut the ties between Shah Ismail's Safavid Empire and the rest of the world.[42] Even though the raw materials for important Ottoman silk production at that time came from Persia rather than developed within the Ottoman Empire itself,[43] he imposed a strict embargo on Iranian silk in an attempt to collapse their economy.[42] For a short amount of time, the silk resources were imported via the Mamluk territory of Aleppo, but by 1517, Selim I had conquered the Mamluk state and the trade fully came to a standstill.[44] So strict was this embargo that, "merchants who had been incautious enough not to immediately leave Ottoman territory when war was declared had their goods taken away and were imprisoned,"[44] and to emphasize frontier security, sancaks along the border between the two empires were given exclusively to Sunnis and those who did not have any relationship with the Safavid-sympathizing Kızılbaş.[45] Iranian merchants were barred from entering the borders of the Ottoman Empire under Selim I. Shah Ismail received revenue via customs duties, therefore after the war to demonstrate his commitment to their thorny rivalry, Selim I halted trade with the Safavids[44]—even at the expense of his empire's own silk industry and citizens.

This embargo and closed borders policy was reversed quickly by his son Suleyman I after Selim I's death in 1520.[44]

Relations with Babur edit

Babur's early relations with the Ottomans were poor because Selim I provided Babur's rival Ubaydullah Khan with powerful matchlocks and cannons.[46] In 1507, when ordered to accept Selim I as his rightful suzerain, Babur refused and gathered Qizilbash servicemen in order to counter the forces of Ubaydullah Khan during the Battle of Ghazdewan in 1512. In 1513, Selim I reconciled with Babur (fearing that he would join the Safavids), dispatched Ustad Ali Quli and Mustafa Rumi, and many other Ottoman Turks, in order to assist Babur in his conquests; this particular assistance proved to be the basis of future Mughal-Ottoman relations.[46] From them, he also adopted the tactic of using matchlocks and cannons in field (rather than only in sieges), which would give him an important advantage in India.[47]

Family edit

Consorts edit

Selim I had two known consorts:

Sons edit

Selim I had at least six sons:

  • Suleiman I (1494–1566) – with Hafsa Hatun. Also known as Suleiman the Magnificent, became sultan after his father's death
  • Şehzade Salih (died 1499, buried in Gülbahar Hatun Mausoleum, Trabzon)[50]
  • Şehzade Orhan (? – before 1520)[51]
  • Şehzade Musa (? – before 1520)[51]
  • Şehzade Korkud (? – before 1520)[51]
  • Üveys Pasha (1512–1547). Illegitimate son, governor of Yemen

Daughters edit

Selim I had at least ten daughters:[51]

  • Fatma Sultan (d. 1566), daughter of Hafsa. Married to Mustafa Pasha first, then married to Kara Ahmed Pasha, lastly married to Hadım Ibrahim Pasha.
  • Hatice Sultan, daughter of Hafsa. Married to Kapudan Iskender Pasha in 1509. Once believed to be remarried with Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha but research revealed that such marriage never occurred. She re-married instead with Çoban Mustafa Pasha, son of Iskender Pasha and widow of her half-sister Şahzade Sultan. She had at least five sons and three daughters.[52]
  • Hafize Hafsa Sultan (d. 10 July 1538), maybe daughter of Hafsa. She married twice and had a son.[53][54]
  • Beyhan Sultan (d. 1559), maybe daughter of Hafsa. Married in 1513 to Ferhad Pasha. She had at least one daughter, Esmehan Hanımsultan.[53][54]
  • Gevherhan Sultan (b. 1494), married in 1509 to her cousin Sultanzade Isfendiyaroglu Mehmed Bey (son of Sofu Fatma Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II), governor of Balıkesir. They had no known children and she was widowed in 1514 when Mehmed died at the Battle of Chaldiran. According to unsourced traditions, she remarried Saadet I, Crimean Khan of the Giray dynasty. If true, she was the mother of Saadet's son, Ahmed Pasha.[51]
  • Şah Sultan (1500–1572),[55] married in 1523 to Lütfi Pasha (div.), they had at least one daughter, named Esmehan Hanımsultan[53][54]
  • Şahzade Sultan (d. 1529), known also as Sultanzade Sultan, she married Çoban Mustafa Pasha son of Iskender Pasha. She had at least one daughter, Ayşe Hanımsultan. After her death, her husband married her half-sister Hatice Sultan. Her name means "descendant of the Şah" or "descendant of the Sultan".[51]
  • Yenişah Sultan. Nothing is known about her but her name, which means "trust of the Şah". It is possible that she or Hanım Sultan was the unnamed princess who married Koca Sinan Pasha and had by him Emine Hanımsultan and Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha and who, after widowed, remarried with Güzelce Mahmud Paşa.[51]
  • Kamerşah Sultan (meaning "Moon of the Shah" or "Life of the Shah"), died on 27 September 1503 in Trabzon.[51]
  • Hanım Sultan. Nothing is known about her but her name, which means "lady". Is uncertain of she was really existed or if Hanım is the second name of Hatice Sultan or Şahzade Sultan. It is possible that she or Yenişah Sultan was the unnamed princess who married Koca Sinan Pasha and had by him Emine Hanımsultan and Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha and who, after widowed, remarried with Güzelce Mahmud Paşa.[51]

Legacy edit

Popular culture edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Hanefi Bostan, XV–XVI. Asırlarda Trabzon Sancağında Sosyal ve İktisadi Hayat, p. 67
  2. ^ Ölçer, Cüneyt (1989). "Ottoman coinage during the reign of Yavuz Sultan Selim I, son of Bayezıd II".
  3. ^ Mansel, Philip (2011). Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924. John Murray Press. p. PT42. ISBN 978-1848546479.
  4. ^ a b Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Selim I". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts On File. pp. 511–513. ISBN 978-0816062591.
  5. ^ a b Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. New York: Basic Books. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.
  6. ^ Necdet Sakaoğlu [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak publications. p. 136. ISBN 978-975-329-623-6.
  7. ^ Anthony Dolphin Alderson (1956). The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty. Clarendon Press.
  8. ^ Leslie P. Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-0-19-508677-5.
  9. ^ a b Baer, Marc David (2021). The Ottomans: Khans, Caesars and Caliphs. John Murray Press. ISBN 978-1473695726.
  10. ^ a b Mikhail (2020).
  11. ^ The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe. Gábor Ágoston. Princeton University Press.
  12. ^ p. 21: 1509 nolu Rize şeriyye sicili ışığında Rizede sosyal hayat. Ü Erkan. 2007.
  13. ^ p. 19: Gürcistanın yeni jeopolitiği. C Küçükali. 2015.
  14. ^ From Dynastic Principality to Imperial District: The Incorporation of Guria Into the Russian Empire to 1856. Kenneth Church. University of Michigan, 2001
  15. ^ a b The Classical Age, 1453–1600 Retrieved on 16 September 2007
  16. ^ Savory (2007), p. 40.
  17. ^ BBC, (LINK)
  18. ^ "History of Iran: Safavid Empire 1502–1736". Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  19. ^ Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1780230702. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  20. ^ Mikhail (2020), pp. 258–259.
  21. ^ Karagoz (2017), p. 72.
  22. ^ Michael Axworthy Iran: Empire of the Mind (Penguin, 2008) p. 133
  23. ^ Housley, Norman (1992). The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0198221364. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  24. ^ "Morgan, David. Shah Isma'il and the Establishment of Shi'ism". Coursesa.matrix.msu.edu. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  25. ^ Matthee, Rudolph P. The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500–1900. p. 77.
  26. ^ Yavuz Sultan Selim Government Archived 29 September 2007 at archive.today Retrieved on 16 September 2007
  27. ^ Burak, Guy (2015). The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Ḥanafī School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-107-09027-9.
  28. ^ Byfeld, Ted, ed. (2010). A Century of Giants. A.D. 1500 to 1600: in an age of spiritual genius, western Christendom shatters. The Society to Explore and Record Christian History. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-9689873-9-1.
  29. ^ Varlık, Nükhet (2015). Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World: The Ottoman Experience, 1347–1600. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 9781107013384.
  30. ^ Gündoğdu, Raşit (2017). Sultans of the Ottoman Empire. Istanbul: Rumuz Publishing. pp. 262–263. ISBN 9786055112158.
  31. ^ Necipoğlu (2005), pp. 93–94.
  32. ^ Dash, Mike. "The Ottoman Empire's Life-or-Death Race". Smithsonian Magazine.
  33. ^ a b Necdet Sakaoğlu, Bu Mülkün Sultanları, p. 127
  34. ^ Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World". In Green, Nile (ed.). The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. p. 80.
  35. ^ Kia, Mana (2014). "Imagining Iran before Nationalism: Geocultural Meanings of Land in Azar's Atashkadeh". In Aghaie, Kamran Scot; Marashi, Afshin (eds.). Rethinking Iranian Nationalism and Modernity. University of Texas Press. pp. 110–111 (note 81).
  36. ^ Bertold Spuler, Persian Historiography and Geography, (Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd, 2003), 68; "On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. [..]..where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy...However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian."
  37. ^ Karen M. Kern (2011). Imperial Citizen: Marriage and Citizenship in the Ottoman Frontier Provinces of Iraq. p. 39.
  38. ^ Donald Presgrave Little (1976). Essays on Islamic civilization presented to Niyazi Berkes. p. 227.
  39. ^ Crider, Elizabeth Fortuato (1969). The Foreign Relations of the Ottoman Empire Under Selim I, 1512–1520 (Master's Thesis). Ohio State University, 1969, p. 20. Retrieved on 12 April 2011
  40. ^ Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Heritage Foundation. Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. International Library of Iranian Studies; 2. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Chapter 5: The Evolution of Ottoman-Iranian Diplomacy through the Safavid Era. p, 81.
  41. ^ Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Heritage Foundation. Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. International Library of Iranian Studies; 2. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Chapter 5: The Evolution of Ottoman-Iranian Diplomacy through the Safavid Era. p. 82.
  42. ^ a b Küçükdağ, Yusuf. "Measures Taken by the Ottoman State against Shah İsmail's Attempts to Convert Anatolia to Shia." University of Gaziantep Journal of Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (2008). p. 12.
  43. ^ Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Heritage Foundation. Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. International Library of Iranian Studies; 2. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Chapter 13: Trade between the Ottomans and Safavids: The Acem Tϋccari and others. p. 237.
  44. ^ a b c d Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Heritage Foundation. Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. International Library of Iranian Studies; 2. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Chapter 13: Trade between the Ottomans and Safavids: The Acem Tϋccari and others. p. 238.
  45. ^ Küçükdağ, Yusuf. "Measures Taken by the Ottoman State against Shah İsmail's Attempts to Convert Anatolia to Shia." University of Gaziantep Journal of Social Sciences7, no. 1 (2008). p. 11.
  46. ^ a b Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (2008). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  47. ^ Eraly, Abraham (2007), Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls, Penguin Books Limited, pp. 27–29, ISBN 978-93-5118-093-7
  48. ^ Frantz, Sarah S. G.; Selinger, Eric Murphy (2014). New Approaches to Popular Romance Fiction: Critical Essays. McFarland. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-7864-8967-1.
  49. ^ Ilya V. Zaytsev, The Structure of the Giray Dynasty (15th-16th centuries): Matrimonial and Kinship Relations of the Crimean Khans in Elena Vladimirovna Boĭkova, R. B. Rybakov (ed.), Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10–15 July 2005, p. 341
  50. ^ Şen, Zafer. Yavuz Sultan Selim'in Trabzon'da Medfun Bilinmeyen Kızı Kamer Sultan ve oğlu Şehzade Salih.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i A. D. Alderson (1956). The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty. Government of India: Department of Archaeology. p. Table XXIX. Selim I and his family.
  52. ^ Turan, Ebru (2009). "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (c. 1495–1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Turcica. 41: 3–36. doi:10.2143/TURC.41.0.2049287.
    • Şahin, Kaya (2013). Empire and Power in the reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-107-03442-6.
    • Peirce, Leslie (2017). Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire. Basic Books. p. 157. Muhsine, granddaughter of an illustrious statesman, is now largely accepted as Ibrahim's wife.
  53. ^ a b c Turan, Ebru (2009). The marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (c. 1495–1536) – The rise of Sultan Süleyman's favourite to the grand vizierate and the politics of the elites in the early sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire. pp. 14, 25.
  54. ^ a b c Gök, İlhan (2014). II. Bâyezîd Dönemi İn'âmât Defteri ve Ceyb-i Hümayun Masraf Defteri (Thesis). pp. 1464, 1465, 1469.
  55. ^ Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (2008). Eyüp Sultan Tarihi, Vol. 2. Eyüp Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları. p. 535. ISBN 978-9-756-08704-6.
  56. ^ "Selim I – Assassin's Creed: Revelations Wiki Guide – IGN".
  57. ^ "The Magnificent Century (TV Series 2011–2014)". IMDb.

Further reading edit

  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Selim". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 606–607.
  • Holt, P. M. (1967). "Sultan Selim I and the Sudan". Journal of African History. 8 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1017/S0021853700006794. S2CID 161275064.
  • Karagoz, Huseyn Mirza (2017). "Alevism in Turkey: Tensions and patterns of migration". In Issa, Tözün (ed.). Alevis in Europe: Voices of Migration, Culture and Identity. Routledge.
  • Mikhail, Alan (2020). God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and the Making of the Modern World. Liveright. ISBN 978-1-631-49239-6.
  • Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521042512.
  • Winter, Michael. "The Conquest of Syria and Egypt by Sultan Selim I, According to Evliyâ Çelebi." in The Mamluk-Ottoman Transition: Continuity and Change in Egypt and Bilād Al-Shām in the Sixteenth Century' (2016): 127–146.
  • Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-253-9.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Selim I at Wikimedia Commons
Selim I
Born: 1470/1 Died: 22 September 1520
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
25 April 1512 – 22 September 1520
Succeeded by
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded byas Caliph of Cairo 1st Caliph of the Ottoman dynasty
1517–1520
Succeeded by

selim, this, article, about, ottoman, sultan, crimean, khan, giray, ottoman, turkish, سليم, الأول, turkish, selim, october, 1470, september, 1520, known, selim, grim, selim, resolute, turkish, yavuz, sultan, selim, sultan, ottoman, empire, from, 1512, 1520, de. This article is about the Ottoman sultan For the Crimean khan see Selim I Giray Selim I Ottoman Turkish سليم الأول Turkish I Selim 10 October 1470 22 September 1520 known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute 3 Turkish Yavuz Sultan Selim was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520 4 Despite lasting only eight years his reign is notable for the enormous expansion of the Empire particularly his conquest between 1516 and 1517 of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt which included all of the Levant Hejaz Tihamah and Egypt itself On the eve of his death in 1520 the Ottoman Empire spanned about 3 4 million km2 1 3 million sq mi having grown by seventy percent during Selim s reign 4 Selim ICustodian of the Two Holy Mosques16th century miniature of Selim I by Nakkas OsmanSultan of the Ottoman Empire Padishah Reign24 April 1512 22 September 1520PredecessorBayezid IISuccessorSuleiman IOttoman caliph Amir al Mu minin Reign22 January 1517 22 September 1520PredecessorAl Mutawakkil III Abbasid caliph SuccessorSuleiman IPrince Governor of Trebizond SanjakReign1487 1510 1 Born 1470 10 10 10 October 1470Amasya Ottoman EmpireDied22 September 1520 1520 09 22 aged 49 Corlu Ottoman EmpireBurialYavuz Selim Mosque Fatih Istanbul TurkeyConsortsHafsa Hatun Ayse HatunIssueAmong othersHatice Sultan Hafize Sultan Beyhan Sultan Fatma Sultan Suleiman I Sah Sultan Uveys PashaNamesسليم شاه بن بايزيد خان Selim sah bin Bayezid Ḫan 2 DynastyOttomanFatherBayezid IIMotherGulbahar HatunReligionSunni IslamTughraMilitary careerBattles warsOttoman Persian Wars Campaign of Trabzon 1505 Battle of Erzincan 1507 Campaign of Trabzon 1510 Battle of Chaldiran Capture of Bayburt 1514 Siege of KemahGeorgian campaign 1508 Ottoman Civil War 1509 1513 Battle of Tekirdag Battle of Yenisehir 1513 Ottoman Mamluk War 1516 1517 Battle of Marj Dabiq Battle of Ridaniya Capture of Cairo 1517 Battle of TurnadagThis article contains Ottoman Turkish text written from right to left with some Arabic letters and additional symbols joined Without proper rendering support you may see unjoined letters or other symbols Selim I with a maceSelim s conquest of the Middle Eastern heartlands of the Muslim world and particularly his assumption of the role of guardian of the pilgrimage routes to Mecca and Medina established the Ottoman Empire as the pre eminent Muslim state His conquests dramatically shifted the empire s geographical and cultural center of gravity away from the Balkans and toward the Middle East By the eighteenth century Selim s conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate had come to be romanticized as the moment when the Ottomans seized leadership over the rest of the Muslim world and consequently Selim is popularly remembered as the first legitimate Ottoman Caliph although stories of an official transfer of the caliphal office from the Mamluk Abbasid dynasty to the Ottomans were a later invention 5 Contents 1 Early life 2 Reign 2 1 Governor of Trabzon 2 2 Accession 2 2 1 Alevi unrest 2 3 Conquest of the Middle East 2 3 1 Safavid Empire 2 3 2 Syria Palestine Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula 3 Death 4 Personality 5 Foreign relations 5 1 Relations with Shah Ismail 5 2 Relations with Babur 6 Family 6 1 Consorts 6 2 Sons 6 3 Daughters 7 Legacy 8 Popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksEarly life editBorn in Amasya on 10 October 1470 Selim was son of Sehzade Bayezid later Bayezid II His mother was Ayse Gulbahar Hatun a Pontic Greek concubine formerly confused with Ayse Hatun another consort of Bayezid and daughter of Alauddevle Bozkurt Bey the eleventh ruler of the Dulkadirids 6 7 8 Reign editGovernor of Trabzon edit During his reign as governor of Trabzon Selim had earned a great reputation among his military men for his confrontations with the Safavids slave raids and a campaign in the Caucasus against Georgia 9 Selim defeated a Safavid army in 1505 when Shah Ismail s brother led a 3 000 strong Safavid army against Selim Selim routed the army massacred many and seized their arms and munitions 10 In 1507 he defeated the Safavids again in the Battle of Erzincan after Shah Ismail marched through Ottoman lands to attack the Dulkadirids Selim attacked Erzincan and defeated a Safavid army sent against him by Shah Ismail 11 The following year he invaded the Caucasus he subdued western Georgia brought Imereti and Guria under Ottoman domination and seized a large number of slaves 9 12 13 14 In 1510 he defeated the Safavids again in the Campaign of Trabzon Accession edit By 1512 Sehzade Ahmed was the favorite candidate to succeed his father Bayezid who was reluctant to continue his rule over the empire announced Ahmed as heir apparent to the throne Angered by this announcement Selim rebelled and while he lost the first battle against his father s forces Selim ultimately dethroned his father Selim commanded 30 000 men whereas his father led 40 000 Selim only escaped with 3 000 men This marked the first time that an Ottoman prince openly rebelled against his father with an army of his own 10 Selim ordered the exile of Bayezid to a distant sanjak Dimetoka in the north east of present day Greece Bayezid died immediately thereafter 15 Selim put his brothers Sehzade Ahmet and Sehzade Korkut and nephews to death upon his accession His nephew Sehzade Murad son of the legal heir to the throne Sehzade Ahmed fled to the neighboring Safavid Empire after his expected support failed to materialize 16 This fratricidal policy was motivated by bouts of civil strife that had been sparked by the antagonism between Selim s father and his uncle Cem Sultan and between Selim himself and his brother Ahmet Alevi unrest edit After many centuries of calm the Alevi population was active while Selim I was the sultan and they seem to have been backed by the Qizilbash of Iran citation needed Conquest of the Middle East edit Safavid Empire edit Main article Battle of Chaldiran nbsp Selim I at the Battle of Chaldiran artwork at the Chehel Sotoun Pavilion in IsfahanOne of Selim s first challenges as sultan involved the growing tension between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire led by Shah Ismail who had recently brought the Safavids to power and had switched the Persian state religion from Sunni Islam to adherence to the Twelver branch of Shia Islam By 1510 Ismail had conquered the whole of Iran and Azerbaijan 17 southern Dagestan with its important city of Derbent Mesopotamia Armenia Khorasan Eastern Anatolia and had made the Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti his vassals 18 19 He was a great threat to his Sunni Muslim neighbors to the west In 1511 Ismail had supported a pro Shia Safavid uprising in Anatolia the Sahkulu Rebellion Early in his reign Selim created a list of all Shiites ages 7 to 70 in a number of central Anatolian cities including Tokat Sivas and Amasya As Selim marched through these cities his forces rounded up and executed all the Shiites they could find Most of them were beheaded The massacre was the largest in Ottoman history until the end of the 19th century 20 In 1514 Selim I attacked Ismail s kingdom to stop the spread of Shiism into Ottoman dominions Selim and Isma il had exchanged a series of belligerent letters prior to the attack On his march to face Isma il Selim had 50 000 Alevis massacred seeing them as enemies of the Ottoman Empire 21 Selim I defeated Isma il at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 22 Isma il s army was more mobile and his soldiers better prepared but the Ottomans prevailed due in large part to their efficient modern army possession of artillery black powder and muskets Isma il was wounded and almost captured in battle and Selim I entered the Iranian capital of Tabriz in triumph on 5 September 23 but did not linger The Battle of Chaldiran was of historical significance the reluctance of Shah Ismail to accept the advantages of modern firearms and the importance of artillery proved decisive 24 After the battle Selim referring to Ismail stated that his adversary was Always drunk to the point of losing his mind and totally neglectful of the affairs of the state 25 Syria Palestine Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula edit Main article Ottoman Mamluk War 1516 1517 nbsp Outline of the Ottoman Empire from the Theatro d el Orbe de la Tierra de Abraham Ortelius Antwerp 1602 updated from the 1570 editionSultan Selim then conquered the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt defeating the Mamluk Egyptians first at the Battle of Marj Dabiq 24 August 1516 and then at the Battle of Ridanieh 22 January 1517 This led to the Ottoman annexation of the entire sultanate from Syria and Palestine in Sham to Hejaz and Tihamah in the Arabian Peninsula and ultimately Egypt itself This permitted Selim to extend Ottoman power to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina hitherto under Egyptian rule Rather than style himself the Ḥakimu l Ḥaremeyn or The Ruler of The Two Holy Cities he accepted the more pious title Ḫadimu l Ḥaremeyn or The Servant of The Two Holy Cities 15 26 The last Abbasid caliph al Mutawakkil III was residing in Cairo as a Mamluk puppet at the time of the Ottoman conquest He was subsequently sent into exile in Istanbul In the eighteenth century a story emerged claiming that he had officially transferred his title to the Caliphate to Selim at the time of the conquest In fact Selim did not make any claim to exercise the sacred authority of the office of caliph and the notion of an official transfer was a later invention 5 After conquering Damascus in 1516 Selim ordered the restoration of the tomb of Ibn Arabi d 1240 a famous Sufi master who was highly revered among Ottoman Sufis 27 Death edit nbsp A painting depicting Selim I during the Egypt campaign located in Army Museum Istanbul nbsp Selim I on his deathbed nbsp The turbe of Selim I in his mosqueA planned campaign westward was cut short when Selim was overwhelmed by sickness and subsequently died in the ninth year of his reign aged 49 Officially it is said that Selim succumbed to a mistreated carbuncle Some historians however suggest that he died of cancer or that his physician poisoned him 28 Other historians have noted that Selim s death coincided with a period of plague in the empire and have added that several sources imply that Selim himself suffered from the disease On 22 September 1520 Selim I s eight year reign came to an end Selim died and was brought to Istanbul so he could be buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque which sultan Suleiman I commissioned in loving memory of his father Selim I had conquered and unified the Islamic holy lands Protecting the lands in Europe he gave priority to the East as he believed the real danger came from there 29 30 Personality edit nbsp Yavuz Selim Mosque was commissioned by the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I in memory of his father Selim I who died in 1520 The architect was Alauddin Acem Alisi 31 nbsp Selim I nbsp Selim I by an unknown European painter nbsp 16th century miniature of Selim I nbsp Selim I and Piri Mehmed Pasha nbsp Selim I by Asik CelebiBy most accounts Selim had a fiery temper and had very high expectations of those below him Several of his viziers were executed for various reasons A famous anecdote relates how another vizier playfully asked the Sultan for some preliminary notice of his doom so that he might have time to put his affairs in order The Sultan laughed and replied that indeed he had been thinking of having the vizier killed but had no one fit to take his place otherwise he would gladly oblige A popular Ottoman curse was May you be a vizier of Selim s as a reference to the number of viziers he had executed 32 Selim was one of the Empire s most successful and respected rulers being energetic and hardworking During his short eight years of ruling he accomplished momentous success Despite the length of his reign many historians agree that Selim prepared the Ottoman Empire to reach its zenith under the reign of his son and successor Suleiman the Magnificent 33 Selim was bilingual in Turkish and Persian with the Ottoman literary critic Latifi died 1582 noting that he was very fond of speaking Persian 34 35 He was also a distinguished poet who wrote both Turkish and Persian verse 36 under the nickname Mahlas Selimi collections of his Persian poetry are extant today 33 In a letter to his rival while equating himself with Alexander Selim compares his rival Ismail as Darius of our days 37 Paolo Giovio in a work written for Charles V says that Selim holds Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar in the highest esteem above all the generals of old 38 Foreign relations editRelations with Shah Ismail edit While marching into Persia in 1514 Selim s troops suffered from the scorched earth tactics of Shah Ismail The sultan hoped to lure Ismail into an open battle before his troops starved to death and began writing insulting letters to the Shah accusing him of cowardice They who by perjuries seize scepters ought not to skulk from danger but their breast ought like the shield to be held out to encounter peril they ought like the helm to affront the foeman s blow Ismail responded to Selim s third message quoted above by having an envoy deliver a letter accompanied by a box of opium The Shah s letter insultingly implied that Selim s prose was the work of an unqualified writer on drugs Selim was enraged by the Shah s denigration of his literary talent and ordered the Persian envoy to be torn to pieces 39 Outside of their military conflicts Selim I and Shah Ismail clashed on the economic front as well Opposed to Shah Ismail s adherence to the Shia sect of Islam contrasting his Sunni beliefs Selim I and his father before him did not really accept his basic political and religious legitimacy 40 beginning the portrayal of the Safavids in Ottoman chronicles as kuffar 41 After the Battle of Chaldiran Selim I s minimal tolerance for Shah Ismail disintegrated and he began a short era of closed borders with the Safavid Empire Selim I wanted to use the Ottoman Empire s central location to completely cut the ties between Shah Ismail s Safavid Empire and the rest of the world 42 Even though the raw materials for important Ottoman silk production at that time came from Persia rather than developed within the Ottoman Empire itself 43 he imposed a strict embargo on Iranian silk in an attempt to collapse their economy 42 For a short amount of time the silk resources were imported via the Mamluk territory of Aleppo but by 1517 Selim I had conquered the Mamluk state and the trade fully came to a standstill 44 So strict was this embargo that merchants who had been incautious enough not to immediately leave Ottoman territory when war was declared had their goods taken away and were imprisoned 44 and to emphasize frontier security sancaks along the border between the two empires were given exclusively to Sunnis and those who did not have any relationship with the Safavid sympathizing Kizilbas 45 Iranian merchants were barred from entering the borders of the Ottoman Empire under Selim I Shah Ismail received revenue via customs duties therefore after the war to demonstrate his commitment to their thorny rivalry Selim I halted trade with the Safavids 44 even at the expense of his empire s own silk industry and citizens This embargo and closed borders policy was reversed quickly by his son Suleyman I after Selim I s death in 1520 44 Relations with Babur edit Babur s early relations with the Ottomans were poor because Selim I provided Babur s rival Ubaydullah Khan with powerful matchlocks and cannons 46 In 1507 when ordered to accept Selim I as his rightful suzerain Babur refused and gathered Qizilbash servicemen in order to counter the forces of Ubaydullah Khan during the Battle of Ghazdewan in 1512 In 1513 Selim I reconciled with Babur fearing that he would join the Safavids dispatched Ustad Ali Quli and Mustafa Rumi and many other Ottoman Turks in order to assist Babur in his conquests this particular assistance proved to be the basis of future Mughal Ottoman relations 46 From them he also adopted the tactic of using matchlocks and cannons in field rather than only in sieges which would give him an important advantage in India 47 Family editConsorts edit Selim I had two known consorts Hafsa Hatun his favorite concubine and mother of his successor Suleiman the Magnificent she became the first valide sultan in Ottoman history 48 Ayse Hatun who entered into Selim s harem after the death of her first consort Selim s half brother Sehzade Mehmed 49 Sons edit Selim I had at least six sons Suleiman I 1494 1566 with Hafsa Hatun Also known as Suleiman the Magnificent became sultan after his father s death Sehzade Salih died 1499 buried in Gulbahar Hatun Mausoleum Trabzon 50 Sehzade Orhan before 1520 51 Sehzade Musa before 1520 51 Sehzade Korkud before 1520 51 Uveys Pasha 1512 1547 Illegitimate son governor of YemenDaughters edit Selim I had at least ten daughters 51 Fatma Sultan d 1566 daughter of Hafsa Married to Mustafa Pasha first then married to Kara Ahmed Pasha lastly married to Hadim Ibrahim Pasha Hatice Sultan daughter of Hafsa Married to Kapudan Iskender Pasha in 1509 Once believed to be remarried with Pargali Ibrahim Pasha but research revealed that such marriage never occurred She re married instead with Coban Mustafa Pasha son of Iskender Pasha and widow of her half sister Sahzade Sultan She had at least five sons and three daughters 52 Hafize Hafsa Sultan d 10 July 1538 maybe daughter of Hafsa She married twice and had a son 53 54 Beyhan Sultan d 1559 maybe daughter of Hafsa Married in 1513 to Ferhad Pasha She had at least one daughter Esmehan Hanimsultan 53 54 Gevherhan Sultan b 1494 married in 1509 to her cousin Sultanzade Isfendiyaroglu Mehmed Bey son of Sofu Fatma Sultan daughter of Bayezid II governor of Balikesir They had no known children and she was widowed in 1514 when Mehmed died at the Battle of Chaldiran According to unsourced traditions she remarried Saadet I Crimean Khan of the Giray dynasty If true she was the mother of Saadet s son Ahmed Pasha 51 Sah Sultan 1500 1572 55 married in 1523 to Lutfi Pasha div they had at least one daughter named Esmehan Hanimsultan 53 54 Sahzade Sultan d 1529 known also as Sultanzade Sultan she married Coban Mustafa Pasha son of Iskender Pasha She had at least one daughter Ayse Hanimsultan After her death her husband married her half sister Hatice Sultan Her name means descendant of the Sah or descendant of the Sultan 51 Yenisah Sultan Nothing is known about her but her name which means trust of the Sah It is possible that she or Hanim Sultan was the unnamed princess who married Koca Sinan Pasha and had by him Emine Hanimsultan and Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha and who after widowed remarried with Guzelce Mahmud Pasa 51 Kamersah Sultan meaning Moon of the Shah or Life of the Shah died on 27 September 1503 in Trabzon 51 Hanim Sultan Nothing is known about her but her name which means lady Is uncertain of she was really existed or if Hanim is the second name of Hatice Sultan or Sahzade Sultan It is possible that she or Yenisah Sultan was the unnamed princess who married Koca Sinan Pasha and had by him Emine Hanimsultan and Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha and who after widowed remarried with Guzelce Mahmud Pasa 51 Legacy editThe drillship Yavuz is named after Selim I A third bridge over the Bosphorus in Istanbul is called the Yavuz Sultan Selim BridgePopular culture editSelim I appears as an important character in the action adventure video game Assassin s Creed Revelations 56 Selim I is portrayed by Muharrem Gulmez in the Turkish historical television series Magnificent Century 57 Selim I is portrayed as a major antagonist by Mahmoud Nasr in the joint Saudi Emirati series Kingdoms of Fire citation needed See also editTuman bay IIReferences edit Hanefi Bostan XV XVI Asirlarda Trabzon Sancaginda Sosyal ve Iktisadi Hayat p 67 Olcer Cuneyt 1989 Ottoman coinage during the reign of Yavuz Sultan Selim I son of Bayezid II Mansel Philip 2011 Constantinople City of the World s Desire 1453 1924 John Murray Press p PT42 ISBN 978 1848546479 a b Agoston Gabor 2009 Selim I In Agoston Gabor Bruce Masters eds Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire Facts On File pp 511 513 ISBN 978 0816062591 a b Finkel Caroline 2005 Osman s Dream The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300 1923 New York Basic Books pp 110 111 ISBN 978 0 465 02396 7 Necdet Sakaoglu in Turkish 2008 Bu mulkun kadin sultanlari Valide sultanlar hatunlar hasekiler kadinefendiler sultanefendiler Oglak publications p 136 ISBN 978 975 329 623 6 Anthony Dolphin Alderson 1956 The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty Clarendon Press Leslie P Peirce 1993 The Imperial Harem Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire Oxford University Press pp 106 107 ISBN 978 0 19 508677 5 a b Baer Marc David 2021 The Ottomans Khans Caesars and Caliphs John Murray Press ISBN 978 1473695726 a b Mikhail 2020 The Last Muslim Conquest The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe Gabor Agoston Princeton University Press p 21 1509 nolu Rize seriyye sicili isiginda Rizede sosyal hayat U Erkan 2007 p 19 Gurcistanin yeni jeopolitigi C Kucukali 2015 From Dynastic Principality to Imperial District The Incorporation of Guria Into the Russian Empire to 1856 Kenneth Church University of Michigan 2001 a b The Classical Age 1453 1600 Retrieved on 16 September 2007 Savory 2007 p 40 BBC LINK History of Iran Safavid Empire 1502 1736 Retrieved 16 December 2014 Rayfield Donald 2013 Edge of Empires A History of Georgia Reaktion Books ISBN 978 1780230702 Retrieved 15 December 2014 Mikhail 2020 pp 258 259 Karagoz 2017 p 72 Michael Axworthy Iran Empire of the Mind Penguin 2008 p 133 Housley Norman 1992 The Later Crusades 1274 1580 From Lyons to Alcazar Oxford University Press p 120 ISBN 978 0198221364 Retrieved 4 March 2020 Morgan David Shah Isma il and the Establishment of Shi ism Coursesa matrix msu edu Retrieved 20 March 2012 Matthee Rudolph P The pursuit of pleasure drugs and stimulants in Iranian history 1500 1900 p 77 Yavuz Sultan Selim Government Archived 29 September 2007 at archive today Retrieved on 16 September 2007 Burak Guy 2015 The Second Formation of Islamic Law The Ḥanafi School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 2 ISBN 978 1 107 09027 9 Byfeld Ted ed 2010 A Century of Giants A D 1500 to 1600 in an age of spiritual genius western Christendom shatters The Society to Explore and Record Christian History p 9 ISBN 978 0 9689873 9 1 Varlik Nukhet 2015 Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World The Ottoman Experience 1347 1600 New York Cambridge University Press pp 164 165 ISBN 9781107013384 Gundogdu Rasit 2017 Sultans of the Ottoman Empire Istanbul Rumuz Publishing pp 262 263 ISBN 9786055112158 Necipoglu 2005 pp 93 94 Dash Mike The Ottoman Empire s Life or Death Race Smithsonian Magazine a b Necdet Sakaoglu Bu Mulkun Sultanlari p 127 Inan Murat Umut 2019 Imperial Ambitions Mystical Aspirations Persian Learning in the Ottoman World In Green Nile ed The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca University of California Press p 80 Kia Mana 2014 Imagining Iran before Nationalism Geocultural Meanings of Land in Azar s Atashkadeh In Aghaie Kamran Scot Marashi Afshin eds Rethinking Iranian Nationalism and Modernity University of Texas Press pp 110 111 note 81 Bertold Spuler Persian Historiography and Geography Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd 2003 68 On the whole the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course in Anatolia the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization where it was at time to some extent the language of diplomacy However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi ites wrote poetry in Persian Karen M Kern 2011 Imperial Citizen Marriage and Citizenship in the Ottoman Frontier Provinces of Iraq p 39 Donald Presgrave Little 1976 Essays on Islamic civilization presented to Niyazi Berkes p 227 Crider Elizabeth Fortuato 1969 The Foreign Relations of the Ottoman Empire Under Selim I 1512 1520 Master s Thesis Ohio State University 1969 p 20 Retrieved on 12 April 2011 Floor Herzig Floor Willem M Herzig Edmund and Iran Heritage Foundation Iran and the World in the Safavid Age International Library of Iranian Studies 2 London New York I B Tauris 2012 Chapter 5 The Evolution of Ottoman Iranian Diplomacy through the Safavid Era p 81 Floor Herzig Floor Willem M Herzig Edmund and Iran Heritage Foundation Iran and the World in the Safavid Age International Library of Iranian Studies 2 London New York I B Tauris 2012 Chapter 5 The Evolution of Ottoman Iranian Diplomacy through the Safavid Era p 82 a b Kucukdag Yusuf Measures Taken by the Ottoman State against Shah Ismail s Attempts to Convert Anatolia to Shia University of Gaziantep Journal of Social Sciences 7 no 1 2008 p 12 Floor Herzig Floor Willem M Herzig Edmund and Iran Heritage Foundation Iran and the World in the Safavid Age International Library of Iranian Studies 2 London New York I B Tauris 2012 Chapter 13 Trade between the Ottomans and Safavids The Acem Tyccari and others p 237 a b c d Floor Herzig Floor Willem M Herzig Edmund and Iran Heritage Foundation Iran and the World in the Safavid Age International Library of Iranian Studies 2 London New York I B Tauris 2012 Chapter 13 Trade between the Ottomans and Safavids The Acem Tyccari and others p 238 Kucukdag Yusuf Measures Taken by the Ottoman State against Shah Ismail s Attempts to Convert Anatolia to Shia University of Gaziantep Journal of Social Sciences7 no 1 2008 p 11 a b Farooqi Naimur Rahman 2008 Mughal Ottoman relations a study of political amp diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire 1556 1748 Retrieved 25 March 2014 Eraly Abraham 2007 Emperors Of The Peacock Throne The Saga of the Great Moghuls Penguin Books Limited pp 27 29 ISBN 978 93 5118 093 7 Frantz Sarah S G Selinger Eric Murphy 2014 New Approaches to Popular Romance Fiction Critical Essays McFarland pp 24 25 ISBN 978 0 7864 8967 1 Ilya V Zaytsev The Structure of the Giray Dynasty 15th 16th centuries Matrimonial and Kinship Relations of the Crimean Khans in Elena Vladimirovna Boĭkova R B Rybakov ed Kinship in the Altaic World Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference Moscow 10 15 July 2005 p 341 Sen Zafer Yavuz Sultan Selim in Trabzon da Medfun Bilinmeyen Kizi Kamer Sultan ve oglu Sehzade Salih a b c d e f g h i A D Alderson 1956 The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty Government of India Department of Archaeology p Table XXIX Selim I and his family Turan Ebru 2009 The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha c 1495 1536 The Rise of Sultan Suleyman s Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth Century Ottoman Empire Turcica 41 3 36 doi 10 2143 TURC 41 0 2049287 Sahin Kaya 2013 Empire and Power in the reign of Suleyman Narrating the Sixteenth Century Ottoman World Cambridge University Press p 51 ISBN 978 1 107 03442 6 Peirce Leslie 2017 Empress of the East How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire Basic Books p 157 Muhsine granddaughter of an illustrious statesman is now largely accepted as Ibrahim s wife a b c Turan Ebru 2009 The marriage of Ibrahim Pasha c 1495 1536 The rise of Sultan Suleyman s favourite to the grand vizierate and the politics of the elites in the early sixteenth century Ottoman Empire pp 14 25 a b c Gok Ilhan 2014 II Bayezid Donemi In amat Defteri ve Ceyb i Humayun Masraf Defteri Thesis pp 1464 1465 1469 Haskan Mehmet Nermi 2008 Eyup Sultan Tarihi Vol 2 Eyup Belediyesi Kultur Yayinlari p 535 ISBN 978 9 756 08704 6 Selim I Assassin s Creed Revelations Wiki Guide IGN The Magnificent Century TV Series 2011 2014 IMDb Further reading edit nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Selim Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 24 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 606 607 Holt P M 1967 Sultan Selim I and the Sudan Journal of African History 8 1 19 23 doi 10 1017 S0021853700006794 S2CID 161275064 Karagoz Huseyn Mirza 2017 Alevism in Turkey Tensions and patterns of migration In Issa Tozun ed Alevis in Europe Voices of Migration Culture and Identity Routledge Mikhail Alan 2020 God s Shadow Sultan Selim His Ottoman Empire and the Making of the Modern World Liveright ISBN 978 1 631 49239 6 Savory Roger 2007 Iran Under the Safavids Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0521042512 Winter Michael The Conquest of Syria and Egypt by Sultan Selim I According to Evliya Celebi in The Mamluk Ottoman Transition Continuity and Change in Egypt and Bilad Al Sham in the Sixteenth Century 2016 127 146 Necipoglu Gulru 2005 The Age of Sinan Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire London Reaktion Books ISBN 978 1 86189 253 9 External links edit nbsp Media related to Selim I at Wikimedia CommonsSelim IHouse of OsmanBorn 1470 1 Died 22 September 1520Regnal titlesPreceded byBayezid II Sultan of the Ottoman Empire25 April 1512 22 September 1520 Succeeded bySuleiman ISunni Islam titlesPreceded byal Mutawakkil IIIas Caliph of Cairo 1st Caliph of the Ottoman dynasty1517 1520 Succeeded bySuleiman I Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Selim I amp oldid 1189698905, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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