Campanula rotundifolia, the harebell, Scottish bluebell, or bluebell of Scotland, is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower familyCampanulaceae.[2] This herbaceousperennial is found throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. In Scotland, it is often known simply as bluebell. It is the floral emblem of Sweden where it is known as small bluebell.[3] It produces its violet-blue, bell-shaped flowers in late summer and autumn.
Campanula rotundifolia is a slender, prostrate to erect herbaceousperennial, spreading by seed and rhizomes. The basal leaves are long-stalked, rounded to heart-shaped, usually slightly toothed, with prominent hydathodes, and often wither early. Leaves on the flowering stems are long and narrow and the upper ones are unstemmed.[6] The inflorescence is a panicle or raceme, with 1 to many flowers borne on very slender pedicels. The flowers usually have five (occasionally 4, 6 or 7) pale to mid violet-blue petals fused together into a bell shape, about 12–30 mm (15⁄32–1+3⁄16 in) long and five long, pointed green sepals behind them. Plants with pale pink or white flowers may also occur.[6] The petal lobes are triangular and curve outwards. The seeds are produced in a capsule about 3–4 mm (1⁄8–5⁄32 in) diameter and are released by pores at the base of the capsule. Seedlings are minute, but established plants can compete with tall grass. As with many other Campanula species, all parts of the plant exude white latex when injured or broken.
The flowering period is long and varies by location. In the British Isles, harebell flowers from July to November.[6][7]: 250 [8] In Missouri, it flowers from May to August;[9] in Minnesota, from June to October.[10] The flowers are pollinated by bees, but can self-pollinate.
TaxonomyEdit
Campanula rotundifolia was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus. As of 2023[update], no varieties or subspecies of Campanula rotundifolia are accepted in Plants of the World Online (POWO).[11] Several species have been previously described as varieties or subspecies of C. rotundifolia:
Campanula ruscinonensis (C. r. var. ruscinonensis)[20]
Campanula willkommii (C. r. subsp. willkommii)[21]
Although POWO and World Flora Online (WFO)[22] accept these as separate species, most English language sources do not. For example both the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN) and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database (PLANTS) do not accept any of these species as valid or even regard them as valid subspecies.[2][23] This is also the case with authoritative floras such as Flora of Colorado.[24]
While it is now commonly known as harebell or bluebell, it was historically known by several other names including blawort, hair-bell, lady's thimble, witch's bells, and witch's thimbles.[25][26]
Campanula rotundifolia occurs from Spitzbergen,[6] extending in mainland Europe from northernmost Scandinavia to the Pyrenees and the French Mediterranean coast.[27] It also occurs on the southern coasts of Greenland, on Iceland and on southern Novaya Zemlya.[27]
Some sources and authorities like the VASCAN and PLANTS do not currently separate out different species for North America.[2][28][23] If using these sources it is widely distributed through North America including all of Canada and most of the United States.
^In Jessica Kerr's and Opelia Dowden's Shakespeare's Flowers published in 1970 they infer that Shakespeare was actually making reference to Hyacinthoides non-scripta.
^ abcAcadia University, Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centre, University of Toronto Mississauga, University of British Columbia (18 April 2023). "Campanula rotundifolia Linnaeus - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)". Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 1 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN978-1845337315.
^Stace, C. A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. ISBN978-1-5272-2630-2.
^ abcdefStevens, C.J.; Wilson, J; McAllister, H.A. (2012). "Biological Flora of the British Isles: Campanula rotundifolia". Journal of Ecology. 100 (3): 821–839. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01963.x.
^Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003). Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora. London: A & C Black. ISBN978-1408179505.
^Jeffree, E.P. (1960). "Some long-term means from the Phenological reports (1891–1948) of the Royal Meteorological Society". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 86 (367): 95–103. Bibcode:1960QJRMS..86...95J. doi:10.1002/qj.49708636710.
^WFO (2023). "Campanula L." World Flora Online. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ abUSDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Campanula rotundifolia L.". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^Ackerfield, Jennifer (2015). Flora of Colorado. Fort Worth: BRIT press. pp. 261–262. ISBN978-1-889878-45-4.
^Miller, W. (1884), A Dictionary of English Names of Plants: Applied in England and Among English-speaking People to Cultivated and Wild Plants, Trees, and Shrubs, J. Murray
^Quattrocchi, U. (2012), CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set), Taylor & Francis, ISBN9781420080445
^Brouillet L, Desmet P, Coursol F, Meades SJ, Favreau M, Anions M, Bélisle P, Gendreau C, Shorthouse D, et al. (2010). "Campanula Linnaeus". Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^McAllister, H.A. 1973. The experimental taxonomy of Campanula rotundifolia L. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Glasgow
^Shetler SG. 1982 Variation and evolution of Nearctic harebells (Campanula subsect. Heterophylla). Phan. Monogr. 11. 1-516 (1982)- En Abstr. in Excerpta Bot., A, 39(1): p.20 (1982).
^Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X
^Plantlife website County Flowers page 2015-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
^Christina G Rossetti, A Nursery Rhyme Book, Macmillan and Co., London, New York (1893)
^Emily Dickinson, Did the Harebell loose her girdle, Volume: Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson, first published in 1955
October 21, 2023
campanula, rotundifolia, harebell, scottish, bluebell, bluebell, scotland, species, flowering, plant, bellflower, family, campanulaceae, this, herbaceous, perennial, found, throughout, temperate, regions, northern, hemisphere, scotland, often, known, simply, b. Campanula rotundifolia the harebell Scottish bluebell or bluebell of Scotland is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae 2 This herbaceous perennial is found throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere In Scotland it is often known simply as bluebell It is the floral emblem of Sweden where it is known as small bluebell 3 It produces its violet blue bell shaped flowers in late summer and autumn Campanula rotundifoliaScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder AsteralesFamily CampanulaceaeGenus CampanulaSpecies C rotundifoliaBinomial nameCampanula rotundifoliaL Synonyms 1 Synonymy Campanula allophylla Raf ex A DC Campanula angustifolia Lam Campanula antirrhina Schleich Campanula asturica PodlechCampanula bielzii SchurCampanula bocconei Vill Campanula caballeroi Sennen amp LosaCampanula chinganensis A I BaranovCampanula confertifolia Reut WitasekCampanula decloetiana OrtmannCampanula heterodoxa Vest ex Schult Campanula hostii Baumg Campanula inconcessa Schott Nyman amp KotschyCampanula juncea HillCampanula lanceolata Lapeyr Campanula langsdorffiana A DC Trautv Campanula legionensis PauCampanula lobata Schloss amp Vuk Campanula lostrittii Ten Campanula minor Lam Campanula minuta SaviCampanula pennina Reut Campanula pinifolia Uechtr ex PancicCampanula pseudovaldensis SchurCampanula solstitialis A Kern Campanula tenuifolia Hoffm Campanula tenuifolia Mart Campanula tracheliifolia Losa ex SennenCampanula urbionensis Rivas Mart amp G NavarroCampanula wiedmannii PodlechDepierrea campanuloides Schltdl The Latin specific epithet rotundifolia means round leaved 4 However not all leaves are round in shape Middle stem leaves are linear 5 707 Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution and habitat 4 In culture 5 Notes 5 1 ReferencesDescription EditCampanula rotundifolia is a slender prostrate to erect herbaceous perennial spreading by seed and rhizomes The basal leaves are long stalked rounded to heart shaped usually slightly toothed with prominent hydathodes and often wither early Leaves on the flowering stems are long and narrow and the upper ones are unstemmed 6 The inflorescence is a panicle or raceme with 1 to many flowers borne on very slender pedicels The flowers usually have five occasionally 4 6 or 7 pale to mid violet blue petals fused together into a bell shape about 12 30 mm 15 32 1 3 16 in long and five long pointed green sepals behind them Plants with pale pink or white flowers may also occur 6 The petal lobes are triangular and curve outwards The seeds are produced in a capsule about 3 4 mm 1 8 5 32 in diameter and are released by pores at the base of the capsule Seedlings are minute but established plants can compete with tall grass As with many other Campanula species all parts of the plant exude white latex when injured or broken The flowering period is long and varies by location In the British Isles harebell flowers from July to November 6 7 250 8 In Missouri it flowers from May to August 9 in Minnesota from June to October 10 The flowers are pollinated by bees but can self pollinate Taxonomy EditCampanula rotundifolia was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus As of 2023 update no varieties or subspecies of Campanula rotundifolia are accepted in Plants of the World Online POWO 11 Several species have been previously described as varieties or subspecies of C rotundifolia Campanula alaskana Campanula rotundifolia var alaskana or hirsuta 12 Campanula giesekiana C r var dubia or var groenlandica 13 Campanula intercedens C r var dentata or intercedens 14 Campanula kladniana C r subsp kladniana 15 Campanula macrorhiza C r var aitanica or alcoiana 16 Campanula moravica C r subsp moravica 17 Campanula nejceffii C r var bulgarica 18 Campanula petiolata C r var petiolata 19 Campanula ruscinonensis C r var ruscinonensis 20 Campanula willkommii C r subsp willkommii 21 Although POWO and World Flora Online WFO 22 accept these as separate species most English language sources do not For example both the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada VASCAN and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database PLANTS do not accept any of these species as valid or even regard them as valid subspecies 2 23 This is also the case with authoritative floras such as Flora of Colorado 24 While it is now commonly known as harebell or bluebell it was historically known by several other names including blawort hair bell lady s thimble witch s bells and witch s thimbles 25 26 Elsewhere in Britain bluebell refers to Hyacinthoides non scripta and in North America bluebell typically refers to species in the genus Mertensia such as Mertensia virginica Virginia bluebells nbsp Petal lobes curve outwards nbsp Growing wild on a soil covered concrete slab nbsp White variant nbsp In southern NorwayDistribution and habitat EditCampanula rotundifolia occurs from Spitzbergen 6 extending in mainland Europe from northernmost Scandinavia to the Pyrenees and the French Mediterranean coast 27 It also occurs on the southern coasts of Greenland on Iceland and on southern Novaya Zemlya 27 Some sources and authorities like the VASCAN and PLANTS do not currently separate out different species for North America 2 28 23 If using these sources it is widely distributed through North America including all of Canada and most of the United States It occurs as tetraploid or hexaploid populations in Britain and Ireland but diploids occur widely in continental Europe 29 In Britain the tetraploid population has an easterly distribution and the hexaploid population a westerly distribution and very little mixing occurs at the range boundaries 6 Harebells grow in dry nutrient poor grasslands and heaths The plant often successfully colonises cracks in walls or cliff faces and stable dunes 6 C rotundifolia is more inclined to occupy climates that have an average temperature below 0 C in the cold months and above 10 C in the summer 30 In Iceland research on Campanula rotundifolia has revealed that it is a host of at least three species of pathogenic fungi Coleosporium tussilaginis Puccinia campanulae and Sporonema campanulae and the teleomorph Leptotrochila radians 31 In culture EditThe harebell is dedicated to Saint Dominic citation needed In 2002 Plantlife named it the county flower of Yorkshire in the United Kingdom 32 William Shakespeare makes a reference to the azured hare bell in Cymbeline With fairest flowers Whilst summer lasts and I live here Fidele I ll sweeten thy sad grave thou shalt not lack The flower that s like thy face pale primrose nor The azured hare bell like thy veins no nor The leaf of eglantine whom not to slander Out sweeten d not thy breath 33 note 1 Christina Rossetti 1830 1894 wrote a poem entitled Hope is Like A Harebell Hope is like a harebell trembling from its birth Love is like a rose the joy of all the earth Faith is like a lily lifted high and white Love is like a lovely rose the world s delight Harebells and sweet lilies show a thornless growth But the rose with all its thorns excels them both 34 Emily Dickinson uses the harebell as an analogy for desire that grows cold once that which is cherished is attained Did the Harebell loose her girdle To the lover Bee Would the Bee the Harebell hallow Much as formerly Did theparadise persuaded Yield her moat of pearl Would the Eden be an Eden Or the Earl an Earl 35 Notes Edit In Jessica Kerr s and Opelia Dowden s Shakespeare s Flowers published in 1970 they infer that Shakespeare was actually making reference to Hyacinthoides non scripta References Edit Campanula rotundifolia World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Royal Botanic Gardens Kew via The Plant List Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online a b c Acadia University Universite de Montreal Biodiversity Centre University of Toronto Mississauga University of British Columbia 18 April 2023 Campanula rotundifolia Linnaeus Database of Vascular Plants of Canada VASCAN Database of Vascular Plants of Canada VASCAN Retrieved 1 May 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Sveriges nationalblomma 13 March 2021 Harrison Lorraine 2012 RHS Latin for Gardeners United Kingdom Mitchell Beazley ISBN 978 1845337315 Stace C A 2019 New Flora of the British Isles Fourth ed Middlewood Green Suffolk U K C amp M Floristics ISBN 978 1 5272 2630 2 a b c d e f Stevens C J Wilson J McAllister H A 2012 Biological Flora of the British Isles Campanula rotundifolia Journal of Ecology 100 3 821 839 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2745 2012 01963 x Blamey M Fitter R Fitter A 2003 Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora London A amp C Black ISBN 978 1408179505 Jeffree E P 1960 Some long term means from the Phenological reports 1891 1948 of the Royal Meteorological Society Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 86 367 95 103 Bibcode 1960QJRMS 86 95J doi 10 1002 qj 49708636710 Tenaglia Dan Campanula rotundifolia page Missouri Plants Missouri Botanical Garden Chayka Katy Dziuk Peter 2016 Campanula rotundifolia Harebell Minnesota Wildflowers Retrieved 19 June 2018 POWO 2023 Campanula rotundifolia L Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 1 May 2023 POWO 2023 Campanula alaskana A Gray W Wight ex J P Anderson Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 1 May 2023 POWO 2023 Campanula giesekiana Vest ex Schult Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 1 May 2023 POWO 2023 Campanula intercedens Witasek Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 1 May 2023 POWO 2023 Campanula kladniana Schur Witasek Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 1 May 2023 POWO 2023 Campanula macrorhiza J Gay ex A DC Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 1 May 2023 POWO 2023 Campanula moravica Spitzn Kovanda Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 1 May 2023 POWO 2023 Campanula nejceffii Marinov amp Stoyanov Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 1 May 2023 POWO 2023 Campanula petiolata A DC Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 1 May 2023 POWO 2023 Campanula ruscinonensis Timb Lagr Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 1 May 2023 POWO 2023 Campanula willkommii Witasek Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 1 May 2023 WFO 2023 Campanula L World Flora Online Retrieved 17 May 2023 a b USDA NRCS n d Campanula rotundifolia L The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 1 May 2020 Ackerfield Jennifer 2015 Flora of Colorado Fort Worth BRIT press pp 261 262 ISBN 978 1 889878 45 4 Miller W 1884 A Dictionary of English Names of Plants Applied in England and Among English speaking People to Cultivated and Wild Plants Trees and Shrubs J Murray Quattrocchi U 2012 CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants Common Names Scientific Names Eponyms Synonyms and Etymology 5 Volume Set Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9781420080445 a b Anderberg Arne Den Virtuella Floran Campanula rotundifolia L Naturhistoriska riksmuseet Stockholm Sweden Brouillet L Desmet P Coursol F Meades SJ Favreau M Anions M Belisle P Gendreau C Shorthouse D et al 2010 Campanula Linnaeus Database of Vascular Plants of Canada VASCAN Retrieved 16 May 2020 McAllister H A 1973 The experimental taxonomy of Campanula rotundifolia L Ph D Thesis University of Glasgow Shetler SG 1982 Variation and evolution of Nearctic harebells Campanula subsect Heterophylla Phan Monogr 11 1 516 1982 En Abstr in Excerpta Bot A 39 1 p 20 1982 Helgi Hallgrimsson amp Gudridur Gyda Eyjolfsdottir 2004 Islenskt sveppatal I smasveppir Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I Microfungi Fjolrit Natturufraedistofnunar Natturufraedistofnun Islands Icelandic Institute of Natural History ISSN 1027 832X Plantlife website County Flowers page Archived 2015 04 30 at the Wayback Machine William Shakespeare Cymbeline iv 2 Arviragus speech Christina G Rossetti A Nursery Rhyme Book Macmillan and Co London New York 1893 Emily Dickinson Did the Harebell loose her girdle Volume Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson first published in 1955 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Campanula rotundifolia amp oldid 1180506767, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
