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Scilla

April 26, 2024

For other uses, see Scilla (disambiguation).

Scilla (/ˈsɪlə/) is a genus of about 30 to 80 species of bulb-forming perennial herbaceous plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. Sometimes called the squills in English, they are native to woodlands, subalpine meadows, and seashores throughout Europe, Africa and the Middle East. A few species are also naturalized in Australasia and North America. Their flowers are usually blue, but white, pink, and purple types are known; most flower in early spring, but a few are autumn-flowering. Several Scilla species are valued as ornamental garden plants.

Scilla
Scilla bifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Subfamily: Scilloideae
Genus: Scilla
L.
Type species
Scilla bifolia L.
Sections
Synonyms[1]
    • Stellaris Fabr.
    • Stellaster Heist. ex Fabr
    • Lilio-Hyacinthus Ortega
    • Epimenidion Raf.
    • Ioncomelos Raf.
    • Lagocodes Raf.
    • Oncostema Raf.
    • Tractema Raf.
    • Genlisa Raf.
    • Chionodoxa Boiss.
    • Nectaroscilla Parl.
    • Adenoscilla Gren. & Godr.
    • Basaltogeton Salisb.
    • Hylomenes Salisb.
    • Monocallis Salisb.
    • Othocallis Salisb.
    • Petranthe Salisb.
    • Rinopodium Salisb.
    • Caloscilla Jord. & Fourr.
    • ×Chionoscilla J.Allen ex Nicholson
    • Apsanthea Jord. in C.T.A.Jordan & J.P.Fourreau
    • Autonoe (Webb & Berthel.) Speta
    • Chouardia Speta
    • Pfosseria Speta
    • Schnarfia Speta
Floral formula
P3+3 A3+3 G(3)
Linnaeus: Scilla 1753, 1st page

Taxonomy edit

Species of Scilla have been known since classical antiquity, being described by both Greek (Theophrastus (371–287 BC) and Discorides (40–90 AD)) and Roman (Pliny (23–79 AD)[a]) writers.[3][4][5] Theophrastus described Scilla hyacinthoides (skilla), and more briefly S. autumnalis and S. bifolia in his Historia plantarum, where he mentions "those of squill" (σκῐ́λλης; skilles).[6] In classical literature, Scilla was known for its medicinal properties.[b][3] Later mentions include pre-Linnaen botanists such as Fuchs (1542)[7] and Clusius (1601), who considered many closely related plants to be types of Hyacinthus.[8][9][3]

 
Spring Scilla flowers in Kildeskoven, Greater Copenhagen, Denmark

The genus Scilla has a long and complicated history in terms of its classification, circumscription and subdivision,[10] and is not fully resolved.[11] The genus Scilla was first formally described by Linnaeus in 1753, and hence bears his name as the botanical authority, Scilla L.. In Scilla, he included six plants previously considered as Hyacinthus. For instance, he renamed Clusius' Hyacinthus stellatus cinerei coloris[c][12] as Scilla italica (Hyacinthoides italica in modern systems) and Hyacinthus stellatus peruanus[13] as Scilla peruviana, while Fuchs' Hyacinthus caeruleus mas minor, he named Scilla bifolia.[14]

 
Hyacinthus caeruleus mas minor (Scilla bifolia)
Fuchs De historia 1543

In total, Linnaeus listed eight species of Scilla,[d] from the Mediterranean, Europe and southwest Asia, and placed the genus in the grouping Hexandria Monogynia (6 stamens, 1 pistil) within his system of sexual classification (systema sexuale).[15][16] Since he listed S. maritima (which had previously been known as scilla officinale) first, this was considered the type species.[3] On the basis that the seed morphology distinguished this species from all the other Linnean Scilla, Steinheil reclassified it as a member of a novel genus, Urginea, now submerged in Drimia as Drimia maritima.[17]

Later, De Jussieu (1789), using a natural system, the relative value of plant characteristics, rather than purely sexual ones, and a hierarchical system of ranks, grouped Scilla into a "family" which he called Asphodeli, along with Hyacinthus and Allium.[18] Jaume-Saint-Hilaire (1805), while maintaining the same affiliation, recognized three species S. maritima, S. amoena and S. italica.[19] By 1853, Lindley had created a very large order, the Liliaceae, in which Scilla and related genera formed one of eleven suborders, as Scilleae. This included many genera, including Camassia and Ornithogalum.[20] Treatments of Scilla in the nineteenth century include those of Dumortier (1827),[21] Salisbury (1796, 1866)[22][23] and Baker (1873),[24] with rather different approaches.[3]

Historically, Scilla and related genera were placed with lily-like plants in the order Liliales, for instance as the tribe Hyacintheae of the family Liliaceae. The availability of molecular phylogenetic methods in taxonomic classification led to major realignments of several related monocot orders, particularly with the adoption of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system.[25] Significantly, hyacinth-like plants including Scilla were initially placed in a separate family, the Hyacinthaceae in the order Asparagales, specifically in the very large subfamily Hyacinthoideae.[26][27] Since 2009, the Hyacintheae, including Scilla, have been considered as Scilloideae, a subfamily of the family Asparagaceae.[11] There they are placed as one of about 21 genera in the subtribe Hyacinthinae within tribe Hyacintheae.[28] The most closely related genera to Scilla were Muscari Mill. and Chionodoxa Boiss.

Subdivision edit

For some time, Chionodoxa had been considered a possible synonym to Scilla bifolia L. and molecular methods failed to support the existence of a separate genus, but rather its specimens appeared intermixed with those of Scilla. Although there are distinguishing morphological features (e.g fused tepal bases and broadened filaments), these were considered paraphyletic, having arisen in several lines within the Hyacinthaceae. Furthermore, it was observed that Chionodoxa was capable of hybridization with Scilla bifolia. It was therefore proposed that Chionodoxa be considered an obsolete genus and be submerged within Scilla.[27]

Subsequently, it was proposed that the species of Scilla be split into two sections, Chionodoxa that would include those taxa previously considered to belong in the genus Chionodoxa, and Scilla which would contain the remainder.[29]

Species edit

Main article: List of Scilla species

The precise number of Scilla species in the genus depends on which proposals to split the genus are accepted. In addition to creating two sections, some authorities have split the genus into a number of smaller genera. For instance, particularly the Eurasian species have been moved to genera such as Othocallis Salisb., so that Scilla siberica would become Othocallis siberica, leaving a much smaller genus referred to as Scilla s.s. or Scilla sensu Speta, with about 30 species.[30][31] However, this has not been generally accepted, leaving a much larger Scilla s.l.[32][1][16] of about 80 species.[33][34] Although the Flora of North America mentions (but does not list) 50 species,[35] World Flora Online lists 83 species, as of May 2022.[36] Speta's scheme (1998) created 8 separate genera, but many of these are very narrowly defined being either monotypic (single species) or oligotypic (very few species).[29][16]

Etymology edit

Both the scientific genus name Scilla and the common word squill[37] derive, via Middle English and French, from the Latin scilla[38] and Greek σκίλλα skilla words for the plants. The common name squill has been applied to a number of other similar taxa such as Drimia.[39][40]

Distribution and habitat edit

Native to woodlands, subalpine meadows, and seashores throughout Europe (especially the Mediterranean),[41] Africa (especially South Africa), Eurasia (especially southwest Asia) and the Middle East. A few species are also widely naturalized, particularly in Australia, New Zealand and North America.[35][1]

Cultivation and uses edit

Many Scilla species, notably S. siberica and members of section Chionodoxa, are grown in gardens for their attractive early spring flowers.

Notes edit

  1. ^ e.g. scilla autem et bulbi et cepae et alium non nisi in rectum radicantur (squill and the bulbs and onion and garlic only throw out straight roots)[2]
  2. ^ One of the common names for Scilla maritima has been scilla officinalis,[3] indicating its medicinal use
  3. ^ sic. Clusius actually used cineracei
  4. ^ Scilla maritima, S. lilio-hyacinthus, S. italica, S. peruviana, S. amoena, S. bifolia, S. autumnalis, S. unifolia

References edit

  1. ^ a b c WCSP 2022.
  2. ^ Plinius Secundus 1938, p. XIX 31.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Chouard 1934.
  4. ^ Negbi 1989.
  5. ^ Janssen 2022.
  6. ^ Theophrastus 1916.
  7. ^ Fuchs 1542.
  8. ^ Clusius 1601.
  9. ^ Witztum & Negbi 1991.
  10. ^ Greilhuber & Speta 1976.
  11. ^ a b Chase et al 2009.
  12. ^ Clusius 1601, p. 184.
  13. ^ Clusius 1601, p. 182.
  14. ^ Fuchs 1542, p. 837.
  15. ^ Linnaeus 1753.
  16. ^ a b c Martínez-Azorín & Crespo 2016.
  17. ^ Steinheil 1834.
  18. ^ Jussieu 1789.
  19. ^ Jaume-Saint-Hilaire 1805.
  20. ^ Lindley 1853.
  21. ^ Dumortier 1827.
  22. ^ Salisbury 1796.
  23. ^ Salisbury & Gray 1866.
  24. ^ Baker 1873.
  25. ^ APG IV 2016.
  26. ^ APG I 1998.
  27. ^ a b Pfosser & Speta 1999.
  28. ^ Stevens 2022.
  29. ^ a b Trávníèček et al 2009.
  30. ^ Speta 1998a.
  31. ^ Speta 1998b.
  32. ^ POWO 2022.
  33. ^ WCSP 2022a.
  34. ^ Christenhusz et al 2017.
  35. ^ a b McNeill 2002.
  36. ^ WFO 2022.
  37. ^ Brenzel 2007.
  38. ^ Lewis & Short 1891.
  39. ^ Pearsall & Trumble 1996.
  40. ^ σκίλλα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  41. ^ Flora Italiana 2022.

Bibliography edit

Books edit

  • Brenzel, Kathleen Norris, ed. (2007). "Scilla". Sunset western garden book (8th, completely rev. and updated ed.). Menlo Park, CA: Sunset Pub. Corp. p. 619. ISBN 978-0-376-03917-0.
  • Speta, Franz (1998a). "Hyacintheae". In Kubitzki, Klaus; Huber, Herbert (eds.). Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 3. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 261–285. ISBN 3-540-64060-6.
  • Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Fay, Michael F.; Chase, Mark W. (2017). "Scilloideae". Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. University of Chicago Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
  • Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1891). "scilla". A New Latin Dictionary. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 1642.(see A Latin Dictionary and Perseus Project)
  • Pearsall, Judy; Trumble, Bill (1996). "squill". The Oxford English Reference Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1405. ISBN 978-0-19-860050-3.
  • Tutin, T. G.; Heywood, V H; Burges, N. A.; Moore, D. M.; Valentine, D. H.; Walters, S. M.; Webb, D. A., eds. (1980). "Scilla". Flora Europaea. Volume 5, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (monocotyledones). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–43. ISBN 0-521-20108-X. (see also Flora Europaea)

Historical sources (chronological) edit

  • Theophrastus (1916) [4th c. BC]. "I vi 7". Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Hort, Arthur. London and New York: William Heinemann and G.P. Putnam's Sons.
  • Plinius Secundus, Gaius (1938) [77 AD]. Naturalis Historia 37 vols. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Harris Rackham; W.H.S. Jones; David Edward Eichholz. Harvard University Press.
  • Fuchs, Leonhart (1542). "De Scilla". De historia stirpium commentarii insignes: maximis impensis et uigiliis elaborati, adiectis earundem uiuis plusquam quingentis imaginibus, nunquam antea ad naturae imitationem artificiosius effictis & expressis / c Leonharto Fuchsio medico hac nostra aetate longè clarissimo, autore. Regiones peregrinas pleriq[ue], alij alias, sumptu ingenti, studio indefesso, nec sine discrimine uirae nonnunquam, adierunt, ut simplicium materiae cognoscendae facultatem compararent sibi: eam tibi materiam uniuersam summo & impensarum & temporis compendio, procul discrimine omni, tanquam in uiuo iucundissimoq́[ue] uiridario, magna cum uoluptate, hinc cognoscere licebit. Accessit ijs succincta admodum uocum difficilium & obscurarum passim in hoc opere occurrentium explicatio. Vnà cum quadruplici indice, quorum primus quidem stirpium nomenclaturas Graecas, alter Latinas, tertius officinis seplasiariorum & herbarijs usitatas, quartus Germanicas continebit. Albrecht Meyer (llustrator), Heinrich Füllmaurer (woodblocks), Vitus Rudolph Speckle (printer). Basileae: In officina Isingriniana. pp. 781–783.
  • Clusius, Carolus (1601). "Scilla". Rariorum plantarum historia: quae accesserint, proxima pagina docebit. Antwerp: Ioannem Moretum. pp. 170–174. (also at Botanicus: Rariorum plantarum )
  • Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Scilla". Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. pp. 308–309., see also Species Plantarum
  • Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789). "Scilla". Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam. Paris: apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois. p. 53. OCLC 5161409.
  • Salisbury, R. A. (1796). Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium (in Latin). London: self.
  • Jaume-Saint-Hilaire, Jean Henri (1805). "Scilla". Exposition de familles naturales. Vol. 1. Paris: Treutel et Würtz. p. 131.
  • Dumortier, Barthélemy Charles Joseph (1827). "Scilla". Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus (in Latin). Tornaci nerviorum: J. Casterman. p. 140.
  • Lindley, John (1853) [1846]. "Scilleae". The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans. p. 205.
  • Salisbury, Richard Anthony; Gray, J. E. (1866). The Genera of Plants (Unpublished fragment). J. Van Voorst. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

Articles edit

  • Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998). "An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (4): 531–553. doi:10.2307/2992015. JSTOR 2992015.
  • Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. S2CID 7498637.
  • Baker, J G (1873). "Revision of the genera and species of Scilleae and Chlorogaleae". The Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany. 13 (68): 209–292. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1872.tb00093.x.
  • Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 132–136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
  • Chouard, M. Pierre (January 1934). "Les noms linnéens des Scilla et des Endymio et leur véritable signification". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France (in French). 81 (4): 620–630. doi:10.1080/00378941.1934.10834006.
  • Firat, Mehmet; Yildirim, Hasan (February 2020). "Scilla hakkariensis, sp. nov. (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae): a new species of Scilla L. from Hakkari (eastern Anatolia)". Adansonia. 42 (2): 89–94. doi:10.5252/adansonia2020v42a2. S2CID 211554226.
  • Greilhuber, Johann; Speta, Franz (1976). "C-banded karyotypes in theScilla hohenackeri group,S. persica, andPuschkinia (Liliaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 126 (2): 149–188. doi:10.1007/BF00981669. JSTOR 23642152. S2CID 28559954.
  • Martínez-Azorín, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Dold, Anthony P.; Pinter, Michael; Wetschnig, Wolfgang (27 February 2015). "New combinations and lectotype designations in Asparagaceae subfam. Scilloideae". Phytotaxa. 201 (2): 165. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.201.2.7.
  • Martínez-Azorín, Mario; Crespo, ManuelB. (1 December 2016). "(48) Request for a binding decision on whether Scilla L. (Hyacinthaceae subfam. Hyacinthoideae) and Squilla Steinh. (Hyacinthaceae subfam. Urgineoideae) are sufficiently alike to be confused". Taxon. 65 (6): 1437–1438. doi:10.12705/656.27. hdl:10045/78247.
  • Negbi, Moshe (May 1989). "Theophrastus on geophytes". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 100 (1): 15–43. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb01708.x.
  • Pfosser, Martin; Speta, Franz (1999). "Phylogenetics of Hyacinthaceae Based on Plastid DNA Sequences". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 86 (4): 852. doi:10.2307/2666172. JSTOR 2666172.
  • Speta, F (14 August 1998b). "Systematische Analyse der Gattung Scilla L. s.l. (Hyacinthaceae)" [Systematic analysis of the genus Scilla L. s.l. (Hyacinthaceae)]. Phyton. 38 (1): 1–141.
  • Steinheil, Adolph (1834). "Matériaux pour servir a la flore de barbarie III: Note sur le genre Urginea nouvellement formé dans la famille Liliacées". Annales des sciences naturelles Botanique (in French). Second series 1: 321–332.
  • Trávníèček, Bohumil; Duchoslav, Martin; Šarhanová, Petra & Šafáøová, Lenka (2009), "Squills (Scilla s.lat., Hyacinthaceae) in the flora of the Czech Republic, with taxonomical notes on Central-European squill populations" (PDF), Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae Biologicae (Brno), 94: 157–205, retrieved 2020-03-19
  • Witztum, A.; Negbi, M. (1991). "Primary Xylem of Scilla hyacinthoides (Liliaceae): The Wool-Bearing Bulb of Theophrastus". Economic Botany. 45 (1): 97–102. doi:10.1007/BF02860053. JSTOR 4255312. S2CID 35267741.
  • Yildirim, H.; Yetisen, K.; Özdemir, A.; Özdemir, C. (2 March 2017). "An Anatomical Study of Scilla (Scilloideae) Section Chionodoxa and Scilla bifolia in Turkey1". Planta Daninha. 35. doi:10.1590/s0100-83582017350100004.
  • Yildirim, Hasan; Altıoglu, Yusuf (2021). "Resurrection of Genus Chionodoxa Boiss. (Asparagaceae), a morphological revision of Chionodoxa taxa in Turkey and a new species of this genus". Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi (in Turkish). 8 (1): 5195.

Websites edit

April 26, 2024
scilla, other, uses, disambiguation, genus, about, species, bulb, forming, perennial, herbaceous, plants, family, asparagaceae, subfamily, scilloideae, sometimes, called, squills, english, they, native, woodlands, subalpine, meadows, seashores, throughout, eur. For other uses see Scilla disambiguation Scilla ˈ s ɪ l e is a genus of about 30 to 80 species of bulb forming perennial herbaceous plants in the family Asparagaceae subfamily Scilloideae Sometimes called the squills in English they are native to woodlands subalpine meadows and seashores throughout Europe Africa and the Middle East A few species are also naturalized in Australasia and North America Their flowers are usually blue but white pink and purple types are known most flower in early spring but a few are autumn flowering Several Scilla species are valued as ornamental garden plants Scilla Scilla bifolia Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Order Asparagales Family Asparagaceae Subfamily Scilloideae Genus ScillaL Type species Scilla bifolia L Sections Scilla Chionodoxa Boiss Synonyms 1 Stellaris Fabr Stellaster Heist ex FabrLilio Hyacinthus OrtegaEpimenidion Raf Ioncomelos Raf Lagocodes Raf Oncostema Raf Tractema Raf Genlisa Raf Chionodoxa Boiss Nectaroscilla Parl Adenoscilla Gren amp Godr Basaltogeton Salisb Hylomenes Salisb Monocallis Salisb Othocallis Salisb Petranthe Salisb Rinopodium Salisb Caloscilla Jord amp Fourr Chionoscilla J Allen ex NicholsonApsanthea Jord in C T A Jordan amp J P FourreauAutonoe Webb amp Berthel SpetaChouardia SpetaPfosseria SpetaSchnarfia Speta Floral formulaP3 3 A3 3 G 3 Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Subdivision 1 2 Species 1 3 Etymology 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Cultivation and uses 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography 6 1 Books 6 1 1 Historical sources chronological 6 2 Articles 6 3 Websites Linnaeus Scilla 1753 1st pageTaxonomy editSpecies of Scilla have been known since classical antiquity being described by both Greek Theophrastus 371 287 BC and Discorides 40 90 AD and Roman Pliny 23 79 AD a writers 3 4 5 Theophrastus described Scilla hyacinthoides skilla and more briefly S autumnalis and S bifolia in his Historia plantarum where he mentions those of squill skῐ llhs skilles 6 In classical literature Scilla was known for its medicinal properties b 3 Later mentions include pre Linnaen botanists such as Fuchs 1542 7 and Clusius 1601 who considered many closely related plants to be types of Hyacinthus 8 9 3 nbsp Spring Scilla flowers in Kildeskoven Greater Copenhagen Denmark The genus Scilla has a long and complicated history in terms of its classification circumscription and subdivision 10 and is not fully resolved 11 The genus Scilla was first formally described by Linnaeus in 1753 and hence bears his name as the botanical authority Scilla L In Scilla he included six plants previously considered as Hyacinthus For instance he renamed Clusius Hyacinthus stellatus cinerei coloris c 12 as Scilla italica Hyacinthoides italica in modern systems and Hyacinthus stellatus peruanus 13 as Scilla peruviana while Fuchs Hyacinthus caeruleus mas minor he named Scilla bifolia 14 nbsp Hyacinthus caeruleus mas minor Scilla bifolia Fuchs De historia 1543 In total Linnaeus listed eight species of Scilla d from the Mediterranean Europe and southwest Asia and placed the genus in the grouping Hexandria Monogynia 6 stamens 1 pistil within his system of sexual classification systema sexuale 15 16 Since he listed S maritima which had previously been known as scilla officinale first this was considered the type species 3 On the basis that the seed morphology distinguished this species from all the other Linnean Scilla Steinheil reclassified it as a member of a novel genus Urginea now submerged in Drimia as Drimia maritima 17 Later De Jussieu 1789 using a natural system the relative value of plant characteristics rather than purely sexual ones and a hierarchical system of ranks grouped Scilla into a family which he called Asphodeli along with Hyacinthus and Allium 18 Jaume Saint Hilaire 1805 while maintaining the same affiliation recognized three species S maritima S amoena and S italica 19 By 1853 Lindley had created a very large order the Liliaceae in which Scilla and related genera formed one of eleven suborders as Scilleae This included many genera including Camassia and Ornithogalum 20 Treatments of Scilla in the nineteenth century include those of Dumortier 1827 21 Salisbury 1796 1866 22 23 and Baker 1873 24 with rather different approaches 3 Historically Scilla and related genera were placed with lily like plants in the order Liliales for instance as the tribe Hyacintheae of the family Liliaceae The availability of molecular phylogenetic methods in taxonomic classification led to major realignments of several related monocot orders particularly with the adoption of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system 25 Significantly hyacinth like plants including Scilla were initially placed in a separate family the Hyacinthaceae in the order Asparagales specifically in the very large subfamily Hyacinthoideae 26 27 Since 2009 the Hyacintheae including Scilla have been considered as Scilloideae a subfamily of the family Asparagaceae 11 There they are placed as one of about 21 genera in the subtribe Hyacinthinae within tribe Hyacintheae 28 The most closely related genera to Scilla were Muscari Mill and Chionodoxa Boiss Subdivision edit For some time Chionodoxa had been considered a possible synonym to Scilla bifolia L and molecular methods failed to support the existence of a separate genus but rather its specimens appeared intermixed with those of Scilla Although there are distinguishing morphological features e g fused tepal bases and broadened filaments these were considered paraphyletic having arisen in several lines within the Hyacinthaceae Furthermore it was observed that Chionodoxa was capable of hybridization with Scilla bifolia It was therefore proposed that Chionodoxa be considered an obsolete genus and be submerged within Scilla 27 Subsequently it was proposed that the species of Scilla be split into two sections Chionodoxa that would include those taxa previously considered to belong in the genus Chionodoxa and Scilla which would contain the remainder 29 Species edit Main article List of Scilla species The precise number of Scilla species in the genus depends on which proposals to split the genus are accepted In addition to creating two sections some authorities have split the genus into a number of smaller genera For instance particularly the Eurasian species have been moved to genera such as Othocallis Salisb so that Scilla siberica would become Othocallis siberica leaving a much smaller genus referred to as Scilla s s or Scilla sensu Speta with about 30 species 30 31 However this has not been generally accepted leaving a much larger Scilla s l 32 1 16 of about 80 species 33 34 Although the Flora of North America mentions but does not list 50 species 35 World Flora Online lists 83 species as of May 2022 36 Speta s scheme 1998 created 8 separate genera but many of these are very narrowly defined being either monotypic single species or oligotypic very few species 29 16 Etymology edit Both the scientific genus name Scilla and the common word squill 37 derive via Middle English and French from the Latin scilla 38 and Greek skilla skilla words for the plants The common name squill has been applied to a number of other similar taxa such as Drimia 39 40 Distribution and habitat editNative to woodlands subalpine meadows and seashores throughout Europe especially the Mediterranean 41 Africa especially South Africa Eurasia especially southwest Asia and the Middle East A few species are also widely naturalized particularly in Australia New Zealand and North America 35 1 Cultivation and uses editMany Scilla species notably S siberica and members of section Chionodoxa are grown in gardens for their attractive early spring flowers Notes edit e g scilla autem et bulbi et cepae et alium non nisi in rectum radicantur squill and the bulbs and onion and garlic only throw out straight roots 2 One of the common names for Scilla maritima has been scilla officinalis 3 indicating its medicinal use sic Clusius actually used cineracei Scilla maritima S lilio hyacinthus S italica S peruviana S amoena S bifolia S autumnalis S unifoliaReferences edit a b c WCSP 2022 Plinius Secundus 1938 p XIX 31 a b c d e f Chouard 1934 Negbi 1989 Janssen 2022 Theophrastus 1916 Fuchs 1542 Clusius 1601 Witztum amp Negbi 1991 Greilhuber amp Speta 1976 a b Chase et al 2009 Clusius 1601 p 184 Clusius 1601 p 182 Fuchs 1542 p 837 Linnaeus 1753 a b c Martinez Azorin amp Crespo 2016 Steinheil 1834 Jussieu 1789 Jaume Saint Hilaire 1805 Lindley 1853 Dumortier 1827 Salisbury 1796 Salisbury amp Gray 1866 Baker 1873 APG IV 2016 APG I 1998 a b Pfosser amp Speta 1999 Stevens 2022 a b Travniecek et al 2009 Speta 1998a Speta 1998b POWO 2022 WCSP 2022a Christenhusz et al 2017 a b McNeill 2002 WFO 2022 Brenzel 2007 Lewis amp Short 1891 Pearsall amp Trumble 1996 skilla Liddell Henry George Scott Robert A Greek English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Flora Italiana 2022 Bibliography editBooks edit Brenzel Kathleen Norris ed 2007 Scilla Sunset western garden book 8th completely rev and updated ed Menlo Park CA Sunset Pub Corp p 619 ISBN 978 0 376 03917 0 Speta Franz 1998a Hyacintheae In Kubitzki Klaus Huber Herbert eds Flowering plants Monocotyledons Lilianae except Orchidaceae The families and genera of vascular plants Vol 3 Berlin Springer Verlag pp 261 285 ISBN 3 540 64060 6 Christenhusz Maarten J M Fay Michael F Chase Mark W 2017 Scilloideae Plants of the World An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants University of Chicago Press p 174 ISBN 978 0 226 52292 0 Lewis Charlton T Short Charles 1891 scilla A New Latin Dictionary New York Harper and Brothers p 1642 see A Latin Dictionary and Perseus Project Pearsall Judy Trumble Bill 1996 squill The Oxford English Reference Dictionary 2nd ed Oxford University Press p 1405 ISBN 978 0 19 860050 3 Tutin T G Heywood V H Burges N A Moore D M Valentine D H Walters S M Webb D A eds 1980 Scilla Flora Europaea Volume 5 Alismataceae to Orchidaceae monocotyledones Cambridge England Cambridge University Press pp 41 43 ISBN 0 521 20108 X see also Flora Europaea Historical sources chronological edit Theophrastus 1916 4th c BC I vi 7 Theophrastus Enquiry into Plants Loeb Classical Library Translated by Hort Arthur London and New York William Heinemann and G P Putnam s Sons Plinius Secundus Gaius 1938 77 AD Naturalis Historia 37 vols Loeb Classical Library Translated by Harris Rackham W H S Jones David Edward Eichholz Harvard University Press Fuchs Leonhart 1542 De Scilla De historia stirpium commentarii insignes maximis impensis et uigiliis elaborati adiectis earundem uiuis plusquam quingentis imaginibus nunquam antea ad naturae imitationem artificiosius effictis amp expressis c Leonharto Fuchsio medico hac nostra aetate longe clarissimo autore Regiones peregrinas pleriq ue alij alias sumptu ingenti studio indefesso nec sine discrimine uirae nonnunquam adierunt ut simplicium materiae cognoscendae facultatem compararent sibi eam tibi materiam uniuersam summo amp impensarum amp temporis compendio procul discrimine omni tanquam in uiuo iucundissimoq ue uiridario magna cum uoluptate hinc cognoscere licebit Accessit ijs succincta admodum uocum difficilium amp obscurarum passim in hoc opere occurrentium explicatio Vna cum quadruplici indice quorum primus quidem stirpium nomenclaturas Graecas alter Latinas tertius officinis seplasiariorum amp herbarijs usitatas quartus Germanicas continebit Albrecht Meyer llustrator Heinrich Fullmaurer woodblocks Vitus Rudolph Speckle printer Basileae In officina Isingriniana pp 781 783 Clusius Carolus 1601 Scilla Rariorum plantarum historia quae accesserint proxima pagina docebit Antwerp Ioannem Moretum pp 170 174 also at Botanicus Rariorum plantarum Linnaeus Carl 1753 Scilla Species Plantarum exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas cum differentiis specificis nominibus trivialibus synonymis selectis locis natalibus secundum systema sexuale digestas Vol 1 Stockholm Impensis Laurentii Salvii pp 308 309 see also Species Plantarum Jussieu Antoine Laurent de 1789 Scilla Genera Plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam Paris apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois p 53 OCLC 5161409 Salisbury R A 1796 Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium in Latin London self Jaume Saint Hilaire Jean Henri 1805 Scilla Exposition de familles naturales Vol 1 Paris Treutel et Wurtz p 131 Dumortier Barthelemy Charles Joseph 1827 Scilla Florula Belgica operis majoris prodromus in Latin Tornaci nerviorum J Casterman p 140 Lindley John 1853 1846 Scilleae The Vegetable Kingdom or The structure classification and uses of plants illustrated upon the natural system 3rd ed London Bradbury amp Evans p 205 Salisbury Richard Anthony Gray J E 1866 The Genera of Plants Unpublished fragment J Van Voorst Retrieved 26 October 2014 Articles edit Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998 An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85 4 531 553 doi 10 2307 2992015 JSTOR 2992015 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV 2016 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG IV Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 1 1 20 doi 10 1111 boj 12385 S2CID 7498637 Baker J G 1873 Revision of the genera and species of Scilleae and Chlorogaleae The Journal of the Linnean Society Botany 13 68 209 292 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 1872 tb00093 x Chase M W Reveal J L amp Fay M F 2009 A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 132 136 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00999 x Chouard M Pierre January 1934 Les noms linneens des Scilla et des Endymio et leur veritable signification Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France in French 81 4 620 630 doi 10 1080 00378941 1934 10834006 Firat Mehmet Yildirim Hasan February 2020 Scilla hakkariensis sp nov Asparagaceae Scilloideae a new species of Scilla L from Hakkari eastern Anatolia Adansonia 42 2 89 94 doi 10 5252 adansonia2020v42a2 S2CID 211554226 Greilhuber Johann Speta Franz 1976 C banded karyotypes in theScilla hohenackeri group S persica andPuschkinia Liliaceae Plant Systematics and Evolution 126 2 149 188 doi 10 1007 BF00981669 JSTOR 23642152 S2CID 28559954 Martinez Azorin Mario Crespo Manuel B Dold Anthony P Pinter Michael Wetschnig Wolfgang 27 February 2015 New combinations and lectotype designations in Asparagaceae subfam Scilloideae Phytotaxa 201 2 165 doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 201 2 7 Martinez Azorin Mario Crespo ManuelB 1 December 2016 48 Request for a binding decision on whether Scilla L Hyacinthaceae subfam Hyacinthoideae and Squilla Steinh Hyacinthaceae subfam Urgineoideae are sufficiently alike to be confused Taxon 65 6 1437 1438 doi 10 12705 656 27 hdl 10045 78247 Negbi Moshe May 1989 Theophrastus on geophytes Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 100 1 15 43 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 1989 tb01708 x Pfosser Martin Speta Franz 1999 Phylogenetics of Hyacinthaceae Based on Plastid DNA Sequences Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 4 852 doi 10 2307 2666172 JSTOR 2666172 Speta F 14 August 1998b Systematische Analyse der Gattung Scilla L s l Hyacinthaceae Systematic analysis of the genus Scilla L s l Hyacinthaceae Phyton 38 1 1 141 Steinheil Adolph 1834 Materiaux pour servir a la flore de barbarie III Note sur le genre Urginea nouvellement forme dans la famille Liliacees Annales des sciences naturelles Botanique in French Second series 1 321 332 Travniecek Bohumil Duchoslav Martin Sarhanova Petra amp Safaoova Lenka 2009 Squills Scilla s lat Hyacinthaceae in the flora of the Czech Republic with taxonomical notes on Central European squill populations PDF Acta Musei Moraviae Scientiae Biologicae Brno 94 157 205 retrieved 2020 03 19 Witztum A Negbi M 1991 Primary Xylem of Scilla hyacinthoides Liliaceae The Wool Bearing Bulb of Theophrastus Economic Botany 45 1 97 102 doi 10 1007 BF02860053 JSTOR 4255312 S2CID 35267741 Yildirim H Yetisen K Ozdemir A Ozdemir C 2 March 2017 An Anatomical Study of Scilla Scilloideae Section Chionodoxa and Scilla bifolia in Turkey1 Planta Daninha 35 doi 10 1590 s0100 83582017350100004 Yildirim Hasan Altioglu Yusuf 2021 Resurrection of Genus Chionodoxa Boiss Asparagaceae a morphological revision of Chionodoxa taxa in Turkey and a new species of this genus Bagbahce Bilim Dergisi in Turkish 8 1 5195 Websites edit POWO 2022 Scilla L Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 12 May 2022 WCSP 2022 Scilla L Sp Pl 308 1753 Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 9 May 2022 WCSP 2022a Scilla World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 12 May 2022 WFO 2022 Scilla L World Flora Online Retrieved 15 May 2022 Stevens P F 2022 2001 4 Scilloideae 4D Hyacintheae 4Dc Hyacinthinae Parlatore AP Web v 14 Missouri Botanical Garden Retrieved 13 May 2022 see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website McNeill J 2002 Scilla Linnaeus Sp Pl 1 308 1753 Gen Pl ed 5 146 1754 Flora of North America New York Oxford University Press p 58 Retrieved 16 May 2022 Elenco delle specie Genere Scilla Famiglia Asparaginaceae Flora Italiana 2022 Retrieved 17 May 2022 Janssen David 2022 Scilla squill glory of the snow Flora Emslandia Retrieved 18 May 2022 PBS 2022 Scilla Pacific Bulb Society Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Scilla amp oldid 1215994791, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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