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Sarawak Malay

Sarawak Malay (Standard Malay: Bahasa Melayu Sarawak or Bahasa Sarawak, Jawi: بهاس ملايو سراوق, Sarawak Malay: Kelakar Sarawak) is a Malayic language native to the State of Sarawak. It is a common language used by natives of Sarawak[1] and also as the important mother tongue for the Sarawakian Malay people.

Sarawak Malay
Kelakar Sarawak
Native toSarawak
Native speakers
(undated figure of 900,000–1,200,000[citation needed])
Austronesian
Dialects
  • Kuching
  • Saribas
  • Sibu
Language codes
ISO 639-3
zlm-sar
Glottologsara1351

This Malay variant is related to Bruneian Malay. The Sarawakian Malay language also bears strong similarities with the West Kalimantan Malay language around Sanggau, Sintang and Sekadau in the northern part of the West Kalimantan province of Indonesia.

Dialects edit

According to Asmah Haji Omar (1993), Sarawak Malay can be divided into three dialects which are:[2]

Features edit

Sarawak Malay has features that are not found in Standard Malay, of which some of them are closer to colloquial Indonesian:[2]

  • Sarawak Malay has only one diphthong which is /oi̯/ unlike Standard Malay which has three which are /oi̯, ai̯, au̯/.
  • The diphthongs /ai̯, au̯/ in Standard Malay correspond to monophthongs /e, o/ in Sarawak Malay so pandai /pan.dai̯/ and pulau /pu.lau̯/ in Standard Malay are [pan.de] and [pu.lo] in Sarawak Malay.
  • Verbs conjugated in the "agent focus" sense (e.g. biar > membiar) conjugate differently in Sarawak Malay:
    • In Sarawak Malay, the initial consonant in a syllable coda of the conjugated form of the word (e.g. the initial middle 'm' in memberi) in Standard Malay is the initial consonant in Sarawak Malay. For example, Standard Malay mencari [məɲ.t͡ʃa.ri] is nyari [ɲ̩a.ɣi] in Sarawak Malay because the 'n' in mencari is a [ɲ]. This is also found in how memberi [məm.bə.ri] is meri [mə.ɣi] in Sarawak Malay because of the middle 'm' in memberi.
  • In the dialects of Kuching and Sibu, open-ended final /a/ is an [a] like in Baku Standard Malay but in the dialect of Saribas, it is instead an [o] so ada /ada/ is [a.da] in the Kuching and SIbu dialects and in Baku Standard Malay but is pronounced as [a.do] in the Saribas dialect.
  • In Sarawak Malay, /r/ is a uvular or velar fricative ([ʁ] and [ɣ] respectively), unlike in Standard Malay where it varies between an alveolar trill [r], an alveolar tap [ɾ], and a postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠].

Vocabulary edit

Sarawak Malay has a rich vocabulary of which many words, while also found in Standard Malay, have completely different meanings.[3]

Difference in meaning
Word Meaning in

Sarawak Malay

Meaning in

Standard Malay

agak 'to meet' 'to guess'
kelakar 'to talk' 'funny'
tangga 'to look' 'stairs'
tikam 'to throw' 'to stab'
tetak 'to laugh' 'to cut'
marak 'to waste' 'to refract'

The numbers of Sarawak Malay differ a bit from their Standard Malay counterparts.[4]

Numbers
Sarawak Malay Standard Malay English translation
satu satu 'one'
duak dua 'two'
tiga tiga 'three'
empat empat 'four'
limak lima 'five'
nam enam 'six'
tujoh tujuh 'seven'
lapan lapan 'eight'
semilan sembilan 'nine'
sepuloh sepuluh 'ten'

The pronouns too differ quite significantly,[5] with 1st and 2nd personal pronouns (both singular and plural) are both derived from 1st person plural pronouns (kami and kita in Standard Malay).

Personal pronouns
Sarawak Malay Standard Malay English translation
kamek saya / aku 'I' / 'me'
kamek empun saya / aku punya 'my' / 'mine'
kamek orang kita/kami 'we'
kitak kau / kamu / awak 'you' (informal, singular)
kitak empun kau / kamu / awak punya 'your' / 'yours'
kitak orang kamu / awak semua 'you' (plural)
nya dia 'he' / 'she' / 'it'
nya empun dia punya 'his' / 'her' / 'hers'
sidak nya empun mereka punya 'theirs'
sidak nya kedirik mereka sendiri 'themselves'

Below is a non-exhaustive list of lexical differences between Standard Malay and Sarawak Malay.[citation needed]

Standard Malay Sarawak Malay English translation
baring gurin 'to lie down'
bodoh paloi 'stupid'
berlari berekot 'to run'
garang gaok 'angry'
hijau gadong / ijo 'green' (colour)
kapal terbang belon 'aeroplane'
kecil kecik / salus 'small'
juga juak 'also'
sombong lawa 'arrogant'
kenapa kenak 'why'
kenyang kedak 'full' (eating)
mahu maok 'to want'
merah jambu kalas 'pink'
sekarang / kini kinek 'now'
singgah berambeh 'to go to'
tembikai semangka 'watermelon'
tak / tidak si / sik 'negative marker'
tipu bulak 'to lie'
ya / haah aok 'yes'
lihat / tengok tangga 'to see'
berkira cokot 'picky'

Many of the words used in Sarawak Malay nowadays were borrowed from many languages such as English. Some English words that have been borrowed and have undergone significant pronunciation changes are as follows:

English loanword Original English

form

eksen 'action'
bol 'ball'
kaler 'colour'
kapet 'carpet'
pancet 'punctured'
henpon 'handphone'
moto 'motor'
prempan 'frying pan'
uren 'orange'
raun 'round'

Word formation edit

The word formation rules of Sarawak Malay are very different from those of the standard Malay language. Without prior exposure, most West Malaysians have trouble following Sarawakian conversations. Sabahan is also different from Sarawak Malay, however they do share some lexicon, such as the word Bah, which is used to stress a sentence. E.g.: Don't do like that - "Iboh polah kedak ya bah." It is similar in use to "lah" in Singlish and in West Malaysia. E.g.: Don't do like that 'lah'. Some words in Sarawakian Malay have a similar pronunciation of ai as ei, as in some districts of Perak: serai > serei, kedai > kedei. Some Sarawakian Malay verbs have a final glottal stop after a vowel or in place of final /r/: kena > kenak, air > aik, beri > berik. like in the Aboriginal Malay languages of West Malaysia.

Many words in Sarawak Malay have diverged from their original pronunciations and some are totally different. Some examples include:

English Standard Malay Sarawak Malay[6]
sweeping menyapu nyapu
coconut kelapa / nyiur nyior[7]
more lagi lagik / agik / gik
road jalan raya jeraya
clever pandai pandei
teach mengajar ngaja
yes ya aok
cat kucing pusak
dog anjing / asu (less used) asuk
chicken ayam / manuk (archaic) manok
knife pisau ladin (Malay/Melanau) dandin / pisok

Colloquial and contemporary usage edit

Contemporary usage of Sarawak Malay includes contemporary Malay words or incorporated from other languages, spoken by the urban speech community, which may not be familiar to the older generation. E.g.: SMS language. E.g.:

English Sarawak Malay SMS Text
you kitak ktk
me kamek kmk
no sik x
message mesej msg
nothing sikda xda
why kenak knk

Media edit

TVS, a regional television broadcaster serving Sarawak from the state government-owned Sarawak Media Group has programming tailored in the language.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ "Sarawak, a land of many tongues". theborneopost.com. Borneo Post. 23 December 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  2. ^ a b Nabilah Bolhassan (2019). "Dialek Melayu Sarawak dan Bahasa Melayui Baku:Satu Kajian Perbandingan". Malaysian Journal of Social Science (in Malay). 4: 12–14 – via KUIM.
  3. ^ Nabilah Bolhasan (2019). "Dialek Melayu Sarawak dan Bahasa Melayu Baku:Satu Kajian Perbandingan". Malaysian Journal of Social Science (in Malay). 4: 14–18 – via KUIM.
  4. ^ The Sound of the Sarawak Malay language / dialect (UDHR, Numbers, Greetings, Words & Sample Text), archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2021-07-31
  5. ^ "Personal Pronouns in Melayu Sarawak". Borneo Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  6. ^ Daftar kata dialek Melayu Sarawak : dialek Melayu Sarawak-bahasa Malaysia, bahasa Malaysia-dialek Melayu (in Malay) (2 ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 1998. ISBN 9836263241.
  7. ^ In Indonesian Language: Kelapa means "coconut", Niyur means "coconut tree".
  8. ^ Collin Jerome; Ting Su Hie; Ahmad Junaidi Ahmad Hadzmy; Humaira Raslie (Mar 13, 2023). Accessing News in the Digital Era: The Case of Sarawak, Malaysia. 5th Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Education, Economics and Technology. Kuala Lumpur. p. 23-4.

External links edit

sarawak, malay, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, january, 20. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sarawak Malay news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article is about the language For Ethnic Malays residing in Sarawak see Sarawakian Malay people Sarawak Malay Standard Malay Bahasa Melayu Sarawak or Bahasa Sarawak Jawi بهاس ملايو سراوق Sarawak Malay Kelakar Sarawak is a Malayic language native to the State of Sarawak It is a common language used by natives of Sarawak 1 and also as the important mother tongue for the Sarawakian Malay people Sarawak MalayKelakar SarawakNative toSarawakNative speakers undated figure of 900 000 1 200 000 citation needed Language familyAustronesian Malayo Polynesian disputed MalayicSarawak MalayDialectsKuching Saribas SibuLanguage codesISO 639 3 Linguist Listzlm sarGlottologsara1351This Malay variant is related to Bruneian Malay The Sarawakian Malay language also bears strong similarities with the West Kalimantan Malay language around Sanggau Sintang and Sekadau in the northern part of the West Kalimantan province of Indonesia Contents 1 Dialects 2 Features 3 Vocabulary 4 Word formation 5 Colloquial and contemporary usage 6 Media 7 References 8 External linksDialects editAccording to Asmah Haji Omar 1993 Sarawak Malay can be divided into three dialects which are 2 Kuching Saribas SibuFeatures editSarawak Malay has features that are not found in Standard Malay of which some of them are closer to colloquial Indonesian 2 Sarawak Malay has only one diphthong which is oi unlike Standard Malay which has three which are oi ai au The diphthongs ai au in Standard Malay correspond to monophthongs e o in Sarawak Malay so pandai pan dai and pulau pu lau in Standard Malay are pan de and pu lo in Sarawak Malay Verbs conjugated in the agent focus sense e g biar gt membiar conjugate differently in Sarawak Malay In Sarawak Malay the initial consonant in a syllable coda of the conjugated form of the word e g the initial middle m in memberi in Standard Malay is the initial consonant in Sarawak Malay For example Standard Malay mencari meɲ t ʃa ri is nyari ɲ a ɣi in Sarawak Malay because the n in mencari is a ɲ This is also found in how memberi mem be ri is meri me ɣi in Sarawak Malay because of the middle m in memberi In the dialects of Kuching and Sibu open ended final a is an a like in Baku Standard Malay but in the dialect of Saribas it is instead an o so ada ada is a da in the Kuching and SIbu dialects and in Baku Standard Malay but is pronounced as a do in the Saribas dialect In Sarawak Malay r is a uvular or velar fricative ʁ and ɣ respectively unlike in Standard Malay where it varies between an alveolar trill r an alveolar tap ɾ and a postalveolar approximant ɹ Vocabulary editSarawak Malay has a rich vocabulary of which many words while also found in Standard Malay have completely different meanings 3 Difference in meaning Word Meaning in Sarawak Malay Meaning in Standard Malayagak to meet to guess kelakar to talk funny tangga to look stairs tikam to throw to stab tetak to laugh to cut marak to waste to refract The numbers of Sarawak Malay differ a bit from their Standard Malay counterparts 4 Numbers Sarawak Malay Standard Malay English translationsatu satu one duak dua two tiga tiga three empat empat four limak lima five nam enam six tujoh tujuh seven lapan lapan eight semilan sembilan nine sepuloh sepuluh ten The pronouns too differ quite significantly 5 with 1st and 2nd personal pronouns both singular and plural are both derived from 1st person plural pronouns kami and kita in Standard Malay Personal pronouns Sarawak Malay Standard Malay English translationkamek saya aku I me kamek empun saya aku punya my mine kamek orang kita kami we kitak kau kamu awak you informal singular kitak empun kau kamu awak punya your yours kitak orang kamu awak semua you plural nya dia he she it nya empun dia punya his her hers sidak nya empun mereka punya theirs sidak nya kedirik mereka sendiri themselves Below is a non exhaustive list of lexical differences between Standard Malay and Sarawak Malay citation needed Standard Malay Sarawak Malay English translationbaring gurin to lie down bodoh paloi stupid berlari berekot to run garang gaok angry hijau gadong ijo green colour kapal terbang belon aeroplane kecil kecik salus small juga juak also sombong lawa arrogant kenapa kenak why kenyang kedak full eating mahu maok to want merah jambu kalas pink sekarang kini kinek now singgah berambeh to go to tembikai semangka watermelon tak tidak si sik negative marker tipu bulak to lie ya haah aok yes lihat tengok tangga to see berkira cokot picky Many of the words used in Sarawak Malay nowadays were borrowed from many languages such as English Some English words that have been borrowed and have undergone significant pronunciation changes are as follows English loanword Original English formeksen action bol ball kaler colour kapet carpet pancet punctured henpon handphone moto motor prempan frying pan uren orange raun round Word formation editThe word formation rules of Sarawak Malay are very different from those of the standard Malay language Without prior exposure most West Malaysians have trouble following Sarawakian conversations Sabahan is also different from Sarawak Malay however they do share some lexicon such as the word Bah which is used to stress a sentence E g Don t do like that Iboh polah kedak ya bah It is similar in use to lah in Singlish and in West Malaysia E g Don t do like that lah Some words in Sarawakian Malay have a similar pronunciation of ai as ei as in some districts of Perak serai gt serei kedai gt kedei Some Sarawakian Malay verbs have a final glottal stop after a vowel or in place of final r kena gt kenak air gt aik beri gt berik like in the Aboriginal Malay languages of West Malaysia Many words in Sarawak Malay have diverged from their original pronunciations and some are totally different Some examples include English Standard Malay Sarawak Malay 6 sweeping menyapu nyapucoconut kelapa nyiur nyior 7 more lagi lagik agik gikroad jalan raya jerayaclever pandai pandeiteach mengajar ngajayes ya aokcat kucing pusakdog anjing asu less used asukchicken ayam manuk archaic manokknife pisau ladin Malay Melanau dandin pisokColloquial and contemporary usage editContemporary usage of Sarawak Malay includes contemporary Malay words or incorporated from other languages spoken by the urban speech community which may not be familiar to the older generation E g SMS language E g English Sarawak Malay SMS Textyou kitak ktkme kamek kmkno sik xmessage mesej msgnothing sikda xdawhy kenak knkMedia editTVS a regional television broadcaster serving Sarawak from the state government owned Sarawak Media Group has programming tailored in the language 8 References edit Sarawak a land of many tongues theborneopost com Borneo Post 23 December 2010 Retrieved 14 January 2020 a b Nabilah Bolhassan 2019 Dialek Melayu Sarawak dan Bahasa Melayui Baku Satu Kajian Perbandingan Malaysian Journal of Social Science in Malay 4 12 14 via KUIM Nabilah Bolhasan 2019 Dialek Melayu Sarawak dan Bahasa Melayu Baku Satu Kajian Perbandingan Malaysian Journal of Social Science in Malay 4 14 18 via KUIM The Sound of the Sarawak Malay language dialect UDHR Numbers Greetings Words amp Sample Text archived from the original on 2021 12 21 retrieved 2021 07 31 Personal Pronouns in Melayu Sarawak Borneo Dictionary Retrieved 2021 07 31 Daftar kata dialek Melayu Sarawak dialek Melayu Sarawak bahasa Malaysia bahasa Malaysia dialek Melayu in Malay 2 ed Kuala Lumpur Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 1998 ISBN 9836263241 In Indonesian Language Kelapa means coconut Niyur means coconut tree Collin Jerome Ting Su Hie Ahmad Junaidi Ahmad Hadzmy Humaira Raslie Mar 13 2023 Accessing News in the Digital Era The Case of Sarawak Malaysia 5th Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Education Economics and Technology Kuala Lumpur p 23 4 External links editKaipuleohone has an archived notes on Sarawak Malay Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sarawak Malay amp oldid 1187133886, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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