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Sailor Moon

October 29, 2023

This article is about the media franchise. For the title character, see Sailor Moon (character). For other uses, see Sailor Moon (disambiguation).
"Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon" redirects here. For the 2003 TV series, see Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon (2003 TV series).

Sailor Moon (Japanese: 美少女戦士セーラームーン, Hepburn: Bishōjo Senshi Sērā Mūn, originally translated as Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon[1] and later as Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon[2][3]) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Naoko Takeuchi. It was originally serialized in Kodansha's shōjo manga magazine Nakayoshi from 1991 to 1997; the 52 individual chapters were published in 18 volumes. The series follows the adventures of a schoolgirl named Usagi Tsukino as she transforms into the eponymous character to search for a magical artifact, the "Legendary Silver Crystal" (「幻の銀水晶」, Maboroshi no Ginsuishō, lit. "Phantom Silver Crystal"). She leads a group of comrades, the Sailor Soldiers, called Sailor Guardians in later editions, as they battle against villains to prevent the theft of the Silver Crystal and the destruction of the Solar System.

Sailor Moon
Cover of the first volume of Sailor Moon, featuring the titular character
美少女戦士セーラームーン
(Bishōjo Senshi Sērāmūn)
GenreMagical girl
Manga
Written byNaoko Takeuchi
Published byKodansha
English publisher
MagazineNakayoshi
English magazine
DemographicShōjo
Original runDecember 28, 1991 – February 3, 1997
Volumes
  • 18 (first edition)
  • 12 (second edition)
  • 10 (third edition)
(List of volumes)
Anime television series
Other media
 Anime and manga portal

The manga was adapted into an anime series produced by Toei Animation and broadcast in Japan from 1992 to 1997.[4][5] Toei also developed three animated feature films, a television special, and three short films based on the anime. A live-action television adaptation, Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon, aired from 2003 to 2004, and a second anime series, Sailor Moon Crystal, began simulcasting in 2014. The manga series was licensed for an English language release by Kodansha Comics in North America, and in Australia and New Zealand by Random House Australia. The entire anime series has been licensed by Viz Media for an English language release in North America and by Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand.

Since its release, Sailor Moon has received universal acclaim, with praise for its art, characterization, and humor. The manga has sold over 46 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling manga series, as well as one of the best-selling shōjo manga series of all time.[6] The franchise has also generated $2.5 billion in worldwide merchandise sales.

Plot edit

See also: List of Sailor Moon characters

One day in Juban, Tokyo, a middle-school student named Usagi Tsukino befriends Luna, a talking black cat who gives her a magical brooch enabling her to transform into Sailor Moon: a guardian destined to save Earth from the forces of evil. Luna and Usagi assemble a team of fellow Sailor Guardians to find their princess and the Silver Crystal. They encounter the studious Ami Mizuno, who awakens as Sailor Mercury; Rei Hino, a local Shinto shrine maiden who awakens as Sailor Mars; Makoto Kino, a tall and strong transfer student who awakens as Sailor Jupiter; and Minako Aino, a young aspiring idol who had awakened as Sailor Venus a few months prior, accompanied by her talking feline companion Artemis. Additionally, they befriend Mamoru Chiba, a high school student who assists them on occasion as Tuxedo Mask.

In the first arc, the group battles the Dark Kingdom, whose members attempt to find the Silver Crystal and free an imprisoned, evil entity called Queen Metaria. Usagi and her team discover that in their previous lives, they were members of the ancient Moon Kingdom in a period of time called the Silver Millennium. The Dark Kingdom waged war against them, destroying the Moon Kingdom. Its ruler Queen Serenity sent her daughter Princess Serenity, reincarnated as Usagi, along with her protectors the Sailor Guardians, their feline advisers Luna and Artemis, and the princess's true love Prince Endymion, who in turn was reborn as Mamoru.

At the beginning of the second arc, the Sailor Guardians meet Usagi and Mamoru's future daughter Chibiusa, who arrives from a 30th-century version of Tokyo known as "Crystal Tokyo", which is ruled by Neo Queen Serenity, Usagi of the future and has been attacked by the group of villains known as the Black Moon Clan. During their journey, Sailor Moon and her friends meet Sailor Pluto, Guardian of the Time-Space Door. During the climactic battle of the arc, Sailor Pluto dies trying to save the sailor soldiers and Chibiusa was brainwashed by the enemy and turned into the Black Lady, but was eventually reformed and awakens as a Guardian herself—Sailor Chibi Moon.

The third arc introduces car-racer Haruka Tenoh and violinist Michiru Kaioh, who appear as Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune, whose duty is to guard the Solar System against external threats. Physics student Setsuna Meioh, Sailor Pluto's reincarnation, joins Uranus and Neptune in their mission to kill a mysterious girl named Hotaru Tomoe, whom they identify as the Guardian of Destruction Sailor Saturn. However, when Saturn awakens she joins the final fight against the main antagonists of the arc, the Death Busters, sacrificing her life in the process. With her newly obtained powers as Super Sailor Moon, Usagi restores the Earth and Hotaru is reincarnated as a baby.

The fourth arc explores the Sailor Guardians' dreams and nightmares when the villainous group Dead Moon Circus exploits the Guardians' deepest fears, invades Elysion (which hosts the Earth's Golden Kingdom), and captures its high priest Helios, who turned into a Pegasus and tried to ask Guardians for help. This storyline also addresses Mamoru's relevance as protector of the Earth and owner of the Golden Crystal, the sacred stone of the Golden Kingdom. Mamoru and all ten of the reunited Guardians combine their powers, enabling Usagi to transform into Eternal Sailor Moon and defeat Dead Moon's leader, Queen Nehelenia.

In the final arc the Sailor Starlights from the Planet Kinmoku, their ruler Princess Kakyuu, and the mysterious little girl Chibi-Chibi join Usagi in her fight against Shadow Galactica, a group of both corrupted and false Sailor Guardians and led by Sailor Galaxia, who have been rampaging across the galaxy and killing other Sailor Guardians to steal their Star Seeds, Sailor Crystals—the essence of their lives. After Mamoru and all of the main Solar System Guardians are killed by Shadow Galactica, Usagi travels to the Galaxy Cauldron, the birthplace of all Star Seeds of the Milky Way, in an attempt to revive her loved ones and to confront Chaos, the source of all strife in the galaxy.

Production edit

Creation of Sailor Moon edit

Naoko Takeuchi redeveloped Sailor Moon from her 1991 manga serial Codename: Sailor V, which was first published on August 20, 1991, and featured Sailor Venus as the main protagonist.[7] Takeuchi wanted to create a story with a theme about girls in outer space. While discussing with her editor Fumio Osano, he suggested the addition of Sailor fuku.[8] When Codename: Sailor V was proposed for adaptation into an anime by Toei Animation, Takeuchi redeveloped the concept so Sailor Venus became a member of a team.[9][10] The resulting manga series became a fusion of the popular magical girl genre and the Super Sentai series, of which Takeuchi was a fan.[11] Recurring motifs include astronomy,[8] astrology, gemology, Greco-Roman mythology,[12] Japanese elemental themes,[13]: 286  teen fashions,[12][14] and schoolgirl antics.[14]

Takeuchi said discussions with Kodansha originally envisaged a single story arc;[15] the storyline was developed in meetings a year before serialization began.[16]: 93  After completing the arc, Toei and Kodansha asked Takeuchi to continue the series. She wrote four more story arcs,[15] which were often published simultaneously with the five corresponding seasons of the anime adaptation. The anime ran one or two months behind the manga.[16]: 93  As a result, the anime follows the storyline of the manga fairly closely, although there are deviations.[17] Takeuchi later said because Toei's production staff were mostly male, she feels the anime has "a slight male perspective."[17]

Takeuchi later said she planned to kill off the protagonists, but Osano rejected the notion and said, "[Sailor Moon] is a shōjo manga!" When the anime adaptation was produced, the protagonists were killed in the final battle with the Dark Kingdom, although they were revived. Takeuchi resented that she was unable to do that in her version.[18] Takeuchi also intended for the Sailor Moon anime adaptation to last for one season, but due to the immense popularity, Toei asked Takeuchi to continue the series. At first, she struggled to develop another storyline to extend the series. While discussing with Osano, he suggested the inclusion of Usagi's daughter from the future, Chibiusa.[18]

Westernization edit

After the Sailor Moon anime was released in North America and dubbed in English, fans and academics alike noted that the dub had westernized Sailor Moon from how it had been released in Japan. In the 1990s English version of Sailor Moon, the westernization of the characters is seen in how a majority of the character names are changed from Japanese to English names.[19] Sailor Moon's civilian name, Usagi Tsukino, is turned into Serena.[19] The love interest of Sailor Moon, Mamoru Chiba, is turned into Darien Shields.[20] Other examples of westernization referenced by Sailor Moon's audience were things like flipping scenes of traffic to have cars drive on the right side of the road along with the English dub changing any conversations between characters that contained lesser-known (in the United States at the time) Japanese cultural references.[21] According to Bandai America, the company in charge of Sailor Moon merchandise in the western hemisphere, the approach to advertising Sailor Moon was to make the show and super-heroine "'culturally appropriate' for the American market".[22]

Media edit

Manga edit

Main article: List of Sailor Moon chapters

Written and illustrated by Naoko Takeuchi, Sailor Moon was serialized in the monthly manga anthology Nakayoshi from December 28, 1991, to February 3, 1997.[7] The side-stories were serialized simultaneously in RunRun—another of Kodansha's manga magazines.[7] The 52 individual chapters were published in 18 tankōbon volumes by Kodansha from July 6, 1992, to April 4, 1997.[23][24] In 2003, the chapters were re-released in a collection of 12 shinzōban volumes to coincide with the release of the live-action series.[25] The manga was retitled Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon and included new cover art,[26] and revised dialogue and illustrations. The ten individual short stories were also released in two volumes.[27][28] In 2013, the chapters were once again re-released in 10 kanzenban volumes to commemorate the manga's 20th anniversary, which includes digitally remastered artwork, new covers and color artwork from its Nakayoshi run.[29] The books have been enlarged from the typical Japanese manga size to A5.[30][31] The short stories were republished in two volumes, with the order of the stories shuffled. Codename: Sailor V was also included in the third edition.[31]

The Sailor Moon manga was initially licensed for an English release by Mixx (later Tokyopop) in North America. The manga was first published as a serial in MixxZine beginning in 1997, but was later removed from the magazine and made into a separate, low print monthly comic to finish the first, second and third arcs. At the same time, the fourth and fifth arcs were printed in a secondary magazine called Smile.[32] Pages from the Tokyopop version of the manga ran daily in the Japanimation Station, a service accessible to users of America Online.[33] The series was later collected into a three-part graphic novel series spanning eighteen volumes, which were published from December 1, 1998, to September 18, 2001.[34][35] In May 2005, Tokyopop's license to the Sailor Moon manga expired, and its edition went out of print.[36]

In 2011, Kodansha Comics announced they had acquired the license for the Sailor Moon manga and its lead-in series Codename: Sailor V in English.[37] They published the twelve volumes of Sailor Moon simultaneously with the two-volume edition of Codename Sailor V from September 2011 to July 2013.[38][39][40] The first of the two related short story volumes was published on September 10, 2013;[41] the second was published on November 26, 2013.[42] At Anime Expo 2017, Kodansha Comics announced plans to re-release Sailor Moon in an "Eternal Edition", featuring a new English translation, new cover artwork by Takeuchi, and color pages from the manga's original run, printed on extra-large premium paper.[43][44] The first Eternal Edition volume was published on September 11, 2018;[45] the tenth and final volume was published on October 20, 2020.[46] On July 1, 2019, Kondasha Comics began releasing the Eternal Editions digitally,[47] following an announcement the day before about the series being released digitally in ten different languages.[48] In November 2020, Kodansha Comics announced plans to re-release the Sailor Moon manga again as part of their "Naoko Takeuchi Collection".[49] The company described the new edition as a "more affordable, portable" version of the Eternal Edition. The first volume was published on April 5, 2022.[50]

Sailor Moon has also been licensed in other English-speaking countries. In the United Kingdom, the volumes are distributed by Turnaround Publisher Services.[51] In Australia, the manga is distributed by Penguin Books Australia.[52]

The manga has been licensed in Russia and CIS for distribution by XL Media publishing company. The first volume was released in 2018.[53]

Anime series edit

Overview edit

No. Title Episodes Originally aired / Release date Director
First aired Last aired
Sailor Moon
1 Sailor Moon 46 March 7, 1992 February 27, 1993 Junichi Sato
2 Sailor Moon R 43 March 6, 1993 March 12, 1994 Kunihiko Ikuhara, Junichi Sato (#1−13)
Movie Sailor Moon R: The Movie December 5, 1993 Kunihiko Ikuhara
3 Sailor Moon S 38 March 19, 1994 February 25, 1995
Movie Sailor Moon S: The Movie December 4, 1994 Hiroki Shibata
4 Sailor Moon SuperS 39 March 4, 1995 March 2, 1996 Kunihiko Ikuhara
Movie Sailor Moon SuperS: The Movie December 23, 1995 Hiroki Shibata
5 Sailor Moon Sailor Stars 34 March 9, 1996 February 8, 1997 Takuya Igarashi
Sailor Moon Crystal
6 Season I: Dark Kingdom 14 July 5, 2014 January 17, 2015 Munehisa Sakai
7 Season II: Black Moon 12 February 7, 2015 July 18, 2015
8 Season III: Death Busters 13 April 4, 2016 June 27, 2016 Chiaki Kon
Movie Sailor Moon Eternal -Part 1- January 8, 2021
Movie Sailor Moon Eternal -Part 2- February 11, 2021
Movie Sailor Moon Cosmos -Part 1- June 9, 2023 Tomoya Takahashi
Movie Sailor Moon Cosmos -Part 2- June 30, 2023
Total 239 + 7 March 7, 1992 June 30, 2023 -

Sailor Moon edit

Main article: Sailor Moon (TV series)

Toei Animation produced an anime television series based on the 52 manga chapters, also titled Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon.[4][5] Junichi Sato directed the first season, Kunihiko Ikuhara took over second through fourth season, and Takuya Igarashi directed the fifth and final season.[54] The series premiered in Japan on TV Asahi on March 7, 1992, and ran for 200 episodes until its conclusion on February 8, 1997. Upon its release, the show quickly rose to be Toei Animation's highest ranked TV series.[55] Most of the international versions, including the English adaptations, are titled Sailor Moon.

Sailor Moon Crystal edit

Main article: Sailor Moon Crystal

On July 6, 2012, Kodansha and Toei Animation announced that it would commence production of a new anime adaptation of Sailor Moon, called Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal, for a simultaneous worldwide release in 2013 as part of the series's 20th anniversary celebrations,[56][57][58] and stated that it would be a closer adaptation of the manga than the first anime.[59] Crystal premiered on July 5, 2014, and new episodes would air on the first and third Saturdays of each month.[60] New cast were announced, along with Kotono Mitsuishi reprising her role as Sailor Moon.[61] The first two seasons were released together, covering their corresponding arcs of the manga (Dark Kingdom and Black Moon). A third season based on the Infinity arc on the manga premiered on Japanese television on April 4, 2016, known as Death Busters arc in this adaptation.[62] Munehisa Sakai directed the first and second season, while Chiaki Kon directed the third season.

Films and television specials edit

Three animated theatrical feature films based on the original Sailor Moon series have been released in Japan: Sailor Moon R: The Movie in 1993, followed by Sailor Moon S: The Movie in 1994, and Sailor Moon SuperS: The Movie in 1995. The films are side-stories that do not correlate with the timeline of the original series. A one-hour television special was aired on TV Asahi in Japan on April 8, 1995.[63] Kunihiko Ikuhara directed the first film, while the latter two were directed by Hiroki Shibata.

In 1997, an article in Variety stated that The Walt Disney Company was interested in originally acquiring the rights to Sailor Moon as a live action film to be directed by Stanley Tong & Geena Davis set to star as Queen Beryl, along with Winona Ryder & Elisabeth Shue planning to star in the film.[64] After Disney put the project on turnaround, Universal Pictures acquired the film rights.[65]

In 2017, it was revealed that Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal anime's fourth season would be produced as a two-part theatrical anime film project, adapting the Dream arc from the manga.[66] On June 30, 2019, it was announced that the title of the films will be Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Eternal The Movie.[67][68] The first film was originally to be released on September 11, 2020,[69] but was postponed and released on January 8, 2021, and the second film was released on February 11, 2021.[70] Chiaki Kon returned from Crystal's third season to direct the two films.[66]

In 2022, it was announced that a sequel to Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Eternal The Movie, covering the Stars arc of the manga would also be produced as a two-part theatrical anime film project, titled Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Cosmos The Movie. The two films are directed by Tomoya Takahashi, and was released on June 9 and 30, 2023.[71][72]

Companion books edit

There have been numerous companion books to Sailor Moon. Kodansha released some of these books for each of the five story arcs, collectively called the Original Picture Collection. The books contain cover art, promotional material and other work by Takeuchi. Many of the drawings are accompanied by comments on the way she developed her ideas, created each picture and commentary on the anime interpretation of her story.[1][73][74][75][76] Another picture collection, Volume Infinity, was released as a self-published, limited-edition artbook after the end of the series in 1997. This art book includes drawings by Takeuchi and her friends, her staff, and many of the voice actors who worked on the anime. In 1999, Kodansha published the Materials Collection; this contained development sketches and notes for nearly every character in the manga, and for some characters that never appeared. Each drawing includes notes by Takeuchi about costume pieces, the mentality of the characters and her feelings about them. It also includes timelines for the story arcs and for the real-life release of products and materials relating to the anime and manga. A short story, Parallel Sailor Moon is also featured, celebrating the year of the rabbit.[15]

Novels edit

Sailor Moon was also adapted for publication as novels and released in 1998. The first book was written by Stuart J. Levy. The following novels were written by Lianne Sentar.[77]

Stage musicals edit

Main article: Sailor Moon musicals

In mid-1993, the first musical theater production based on Sailor Moon premiered, starring Anza Ohyama as Sailor Moon. Thirty such musicals in all have been produced, with one in pre-production. The shows' stories include anime-inspired plotlines and original material. Music from the series has been released on about 20 memorial albums.[78] The popularity of the musicals has been cited as a reason behind the production of the live-action television series, Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon.[79]

During the original run musicals ran in the winter and summer of each year, with summer musicals staged at the Sunshine Theater in the Ikebukuro area of Tokyo. In the winter, musicals toured to other large cities in Japan, including Osaka, Fukuoka,[80] Nagoya, Shizuoka, Kanazawa, Sendai,[81] Saga, Oita, Yamagata and Fukushima.[82] The final incarnation of the first run, New Legend of Kaguya Island (Revised Edition) (新・かぐや島伝説 <改訂版>, Shin Kaguyashima Densetsu (Kaiteban)), went on stage in January 2005, following which, Bandai officially put the series on a hiatus.[83] On June 2, 2013, Fumio Osano announced on his Twitter page that the Sailor Moon musicals would begin again in September 2013.[84] The 20th anniversary show La Reconquista ran from September 13 to 23 at Shibuya's AiiA Theater Tokyo, with Satomi Ōkubo as Sailor Moon. Satomi Ōkubo reprised the role in the 2014 production Petite Étrangère which ran from August 21 to September 7, 2014, again at AiiA Theater Tokyo.

Live-action film & series edit

Cancelled Disney film adaptation edit

Sailor Moon
Directed byStanley Tong
Based onSailor Moon
by Naoko Takeuchi
Starring
Production
companies
Distributed byBuena Vista Pictures Distribution
Release date
Cancelled
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish

During the 1990s, Disney was going to adapt Sailor Moon into a film under the Walt Disney Pictures banner but it was cancelled immediately.[85][86][87][88][89][90][91]

Unrealized American adaptation edit

Main article: Sailor Moon (1994 TV pilot)

In 1993, Renaissance-Atlantic Entertainment, Bandai and Toon Makers, Inc. conceptualized their own version of Sailor Moon, which was half live-action and half Western-style animation.[92][93] Toon Makers produced a 17-minute proof of concept pilot and a two-minute music video, both of which were directed by Rocky Solotoff, who also worked on the pilot's script.[94] Renaissance-Atlantic presented the concept to Toei, but it was turned down as their concept would have cost significantly more than simply exporting and dubbing the anime adaptation.[95] The companies' work is believed by Solotoff to have been handed over to Raymond Iacovacci, one of the producers on the project, who stored the pilot script and animation cels in a storage facility.[96] The logo created for the pilot was kept for the English dub, and Bandai released a "Moon Cycle" as part of its merchandise for the show, based on vehicles designed for the pilot.[95]

The project was rediscovered in 1998 when the music video was screened at the Anime Expo convention in Los Angeles,[97] where it was met with laughter by onlookers.[98][99] A congoer recorded the music video and the audience response, which would later resurface on video sites such as YouTube.[100] The pilot and the music video would go on to be discussed at conventions such as the 2011 Gen Con and 2012 Anime Expo.[101][102] It was given the monikers of "Toon Makers' Sailor Moon" and "Saban Moon" despite having no connection with Saban Entertainment save for Renaissance-Atlantic Entertainment, which worked with the company on Power Rangers.[103][104] The proof of concept video was widely considered to be lost media and director Solotoff reported that he was frequently contacted by people searching for the pilot.[96][105] In 2012 multiple animation cels from the pilot, along with the script, surfaced on the internet after a storage locker, believed to be the one owned by Iacovacci, was sold.[96]

In 1998, Frank Ward, along with his company Renaissance-Atlantic Entertainment, tried to revive the idea of doing a live-action series based on Sailor Moon, this time called Team Angel, without the involvement of Toon Makers. A 2-minute reel was produced and sent to Bandai America, but was also rejected.[96]

In August 2022, the proof of concept was showcased for the first time on YouTube in a documentary by Ray Mona. Ray Mona obtained both the pilot and its music video, as well and its related materials, from the Library of Congress.[106]

Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon edit

Main article: Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon (2003 TV series)

In 2003, Toei Company produced a Japanese live-action Sailor Moon television series using the new translated English title of Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon. Its 49 episodes were broadcast on Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting from October 4, 2003, to September 25, 2004.[107][108] Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon featured Miyuu Sawai as Usagi Tsukino, Rika Izumi (credited as Chisaki Hama) as Ami Mizuno, Keiko Kitagawa as Rei Hino, Mew Azama as Makoto Kino, Ayaka Komatsu as Minako Aino, Jouji Shibue as Mamoru Chiba, Keiko Han reprising her voice role as Luna from the original anime and Kappei Yamaguchi voicing Artemis. The series was an alternate retelling of the Dark Kingdom arc, adding a storyline different from that in the manga and first anime series, with original characters and new plot developments.[79][109] In addition to the main episodes, two direct-to-video releases appeared after the show ended its television broadcast. "Special Act" is set four years after the main storyline ends, and shows the wedding of the two main characters. "Act Zero" is a prequel showing the origins of Sailor V and Tuxedo Mask.[110]

Video games edit

See also: List of Sailor Moon video games

The Sailor Moon franchise has spawned several video games across various genres and platforms. Most were made by Bandai and its subsidy Angel; others were produced by Banpresto. The early games were side-scrolling fighters; later ones were unique puzzle games, or versus fighting games. Another Story was a turn-based role-playing video game.[111] The only Sailor Moon game produced outside Japan, 3VR New Media's The 3D Adventures of Sailor Moon, went on sale in North America in 1997, They were developed in association with DIC Entertainment, which held the rights to the game and the TV series.[112] A video game called Sailor Moon: La Luna Splende (Sailor Moon: The Moon Shines) was released on March 16, 2011, for the Nintendo DS.[113]

Tabletop games edit

The Dyskami Publishing Company released Sailor Moon Crystal Dice Challenge, created by James Ernest of Cheapass Games and based on the Button Men tabletop game in 2017, and Sailor Moon Crystal Truth or Bluff in 2018.[114][115][116]

Theme park attractions edit

A Sailor Moon attraction, Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: The Miracle 4-D, was announced for Universal Studios Japan.[117] It featured Sailor Moon and the Inner Guardians arriving at the theme park, only to discover and stop the Youma's plan from stealing people's energies. The attraction ran from March 16 through July 24, 2018.

The sequel attraction, Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: The Miracle 4-D: Moon Palace arc, ran from May 31, 2019, to August 25, 2019. It featured all 10 Sailor Guardians and Super Sailor Moon.[118]

In January 2022, a new attraction was announced titled Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: The Miracle 4-D ~Moon Palace arc~ Deluxe. The attraction will feature the same storyline as the last and feature the Sailor Guardians in their princess forms. It will run from March 4, 2022, to August 28, 2022.[119]

Ice skating show edit

An ice skating show of Sailor Moon was announced on June 30, 2019, starring Evgenia Medvedeva as the lead.[120] The name for the ice-skating show was announced as Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: Prism on Ice, as well as the additional casts, with Anza from the first Sailor Moon musicals to play Queen Serenity, and the main voice actresses of the Sailor Moon Crystal anime series to voice their individual characters. Takuya Hiramatsu from the musicals was to write the screenplay, Yuka Sato and Benji Schwimmer were to be in charge of choreography, and Akiko Kosaka & Gesshoku Kaigi were to write the music for the show.[121] The show was set to debut in early June 2020, but was first postponed to June 2021, and later to June 2022, due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[122][123][124] and finally cancelled on February 23, 2023, due to an "unstable world situation".[125]

Idol group edit

An idol pop group named SG5, short for Sailor Guardians 5, was announced in June 2022. Early plans to form the group began in 2020, with the official lineup and overall concept finalized in 2022. As part of the process, the group had to seek the approval of Naoko Takeuchi by performing in front of her and giving a presentation. Four of the group members, Sayaka, Ruri, Miyuu, and Kaede, had previously performed together as part of the idol group Happiness. The group will officially debut in July 2022 at Anime Expo and is co-managed by LDH Japan Inc. and Three Six Zero.[126][127][128] On March 1, 2023, SG5 released their debut single "Firetruck" on streaming platforms alongside a music video with references to the manga.[129]

Reception edit

Sailor Moon is one of the most popular manga series of all time and continues to enjoy high readership worldwide. More than one million copies of its tankōbon volumes had been sold in Japan by the end of 1995.[16]: 95  It has been described as iconic.[130] By the series's 20th anniversary in 2012, the manga had sold over 35 million copies in over fifty countries,[131] and the franchise has generated $2.5 billion in worldwide merchandise sales as of 1996.[132] By 1995, Sailor Moon toys used to bring in more than $250 million per year in Japan.[133] The manga won the Kodansha Manga Award in 1993 for shōjo.[134] The English adaptations of both the manga and the anime series became the first successful shōjo title in the United States.[135] The character of Sailor Moon is recognized as one of the most important and popular female superheroes of all time.[136][137][138][139]

Sailor Moon has also become popular internationally. Sailor Moon was broadcast in Spain and France beginning in December 1993; these became the first countries outside Japan to broadcast the series.[140] It was later aired in Russia, South Korea, the Philippines, China, Italy, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia and Hong Kong, before North America picked up the franchise for adaptation. In the Philippines, Sailor Moon was one of its carrier network's main draws, helping it to become the third-biggest network in the country.[13]: 10–11  In 2001, the Sailor Moon manga was Tokyopop's best selling property, outselling the next-best selling titles by at least a factor of 1.5.[141] In Diamond Comic Distributors's May 1999 "Graphic Novel and Trade Paperback" category, Sailor Moon Volume 3 was the best-selling comic book in the United States.[142]

Academic Timothy J. Craig attributes Sailor Moon's international success to three things. First was the show's magical girl transformation of ordinary characters into superheroes. Second was the ability of marketers to establish the international audience's connection to characters despite their culture being Japanese. The third was that the main superhero was female, something which was still rare in pop culture in countries like the United States during the 1990s.[143]

In his 2007 book Manga: The Complete Guide, Jason Thompson gave the manga series three stars out of four. He enjoyed the blending of shōnen and shōjo styles and said the combat scenes seemed heavily influenced by Saint Seiya, but shorter and less bloody. He also said the manga itself appeared similar to Super Sentai television shows. Thompson found the series fun and entertaining, but said the repetitive plot lines were a detriment to the title, which the increasing quality of art could not make up for; even so, he called the series "sweet, effective entertainment."[135] Thompson said although the audience for Sailor Moon is both male and female, Takeuchi does not use excessive fanservice for males, which would run the risk of alienating her female audience. Thompson said fight scenes are not physical and "boil down to their purest form of a clash of wills", which he says "makes thematic sense" for the manga.[144]

Comparing the manga and anime, Sylvain Durand said the manga artwork is "gorgeous", but its storytelling is more compressed and erratic and the anime has more character development. Durand said "the sense of tragedy is greater" in the manga's telling of the "fall of the Silver Millennium," giving more detail about the origins of the Four Kings of Heaven and on Usagi's final battle against Queen Beryl and Metaria. Durand said the anime omits information that makes the story easy to understand, but judges the anime as more "coherent" with a better balance of comedy and tragedy, whereas the manga is "more tragic" and focused on Usagi and Mamoru's romance.[145]

For the week of September 11, 2011, to September 17, 2011, the first volume of the re-released Sailor Moon manga was the best-selling manga on The New York Times Manga Best Sellers list, with the first volume of Codename: Sailor V in second place.[146][147] The first print run of the first volume sold out after four weeks.[148]

In English-speaking countries, Sailor Moon developed a cult following among anime fans and male university students.[12] Patrick Drazen says the Internet was a new medium that fans used to communicate and played a role in the popularity of Sailor Moon.[13]: 281  Fans could use the Internet to communicate about the series, organize campaigns to return Sailor Moon to U.S. broadcast, to share information about episodes that had not yet aired, or to write fan fiction.[149][150] Gemma Cox of Neo magazine said part of the series's allure was that fans communicated via the Internet about the differences between the dub and the original version.[151]

Cultural impact and legacy edit

With their dynamic heroines and action-oriented plots, many credit Sailor Moon for reinvigorating the magical girl genre. After its success, many similar magical girl series, including Magic Knight Rayearth, Wedding Peach, Nurse Angel Ririka SOS, Saint Tail, Cyber Team in Akihabara, Corrector Yui and Pretty Cure, emerged.[135]: 199 [152] Sailor Moon has been called "the biggest breakthrough" in English-dubbed anime until 1995, when it premiered on YTV,[13]: 10–11  and "the pinnacle of little kid shōjo anime".[153] Cultural anthropologist Rachel Thorn said that soon after Sailor Moon, shōjo manga started appearing in book shops instead of fandom-dominated comic shops.[154] The series are credited as beginning a wider movement of girls taking up shōjo manga.[135][155] Canadian librarian Gilles Poitras defines a generation of anime fans as those who were introduced to anime by Sailor Moon in the 1990s, saying they were both much younger than other fans and were also mostly female.[152]

Historian Fred Patten credits Takeuchi with popularizing the concept of a Super Sentai-like team of magical girls,[156][157] and Paul Gravett credits the series with revitalizing the magical girl genre itself.[158] A reviewer for THEM Anime Reviews also credited the anime series with changing the genre—its heroine must use her powers to fight evil, not simply have fun as previous magical girls had done.[159] The series has also been compared to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers,[12][160] Buffy the Vampire Slayer,[13]: 281 [161][162] and Sabrina the Teenage Witch.[163] Sailor Moon also influenced the development of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir, W.I.T.C.H., Winx Club, LoliRock, Star vs. the Forces of Evil, and Totally Spies!.[164]

In western culture, Sailor Moon is sometimes associated with the feminist and Girl Power movements and with empowering its viewers,[165] especially regarding the "credible, charismatic and independent" characterizations of the Sailor Guardians.[166] Although Sailor Moon is regarded as empowering to women and feminism in concept, through the aggressive nature and strong personalities of the Sailor Guardians,[167] it is a specific type of feminist concept where "traditional feminine ideals [are] incorporated into characters that act in traditionally male capacities".[167] While the Sailor Guardians are strong, independent fighters who thwart evil—which is generally a masculine stereotype—they are also ideally feminized in the transformation of the Sailor Guardians from teenage girls into magical girls.[12]

The most notable hyper-feminine features of the Sailor Guardians—and most other females in Japanese girls' comics—are the girls' thin bodies, long legs, and, in particular, round, orb-like eyes.[12] Eyes are commonly known as the primal source within characters where emotion is evoked—sensitive characters have larger eyes than insensitive ones.[167] The stereotypical role of women in Japanese culture is to undertake romantic and loving feelings;[12] therefore, the prevalence of hyper-feminine qualities like the openness of the female eye in Japanese girls' comics is clearly exhibited in Sailor Moon. Thus, Sailor Moon emphasizes a type of feminist model by combining traditional masculine action with traditional female affection and sexuality through the Sailor Guardians.[167]

Merchandise edit

Since the early 2000s, Toei Animation has collaborated with various different brands to create merchandise outside of children's demographic.[168] On February 20, 2020, ColourPop released a Sailor Moon inspired makeup collection.[169] Celebrating the 25th anniversary of Sailor Moon in the U.S., streetwear brand KITH released clothing like hoodies and t-shirts with Sailor Moon graphics on them.[170] In honor of Sailor Moon's 30th anniversary, brands like Sanrio, Uniqlo, and Maison de FLEUR announced a collaboration in January 2022.[171][172][173]

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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sailor Moon.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Sailor Moon.
  • Official Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon 25th anniversary project website (in Japanese)
  • Sailor Moon (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
  • Sailor Moon at Curlie
  • Bishōjo Senshi Sailor Moon at IMDb
  • Sailor Moon at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017.

October 29, 2023
sailor, moon, this, article, about, media, franchise, title, character, character, other, uses, disambiguation, pretty, guardian, redirects, here, 2003, series, pretty, guardian, 2003, series, japanese, 美少女戦士セーラームーン, hepburn, bishōjo, senshi, sērā, mūn, origin. This article is about the media franchise For the title character see Sailor Moon character For other uses see Sailor Moon disambiguation Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon redirects here For the 2003 TV series see Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon 2003 TV series Sailor Moon Japanese 美少女戦士セーラームーン Hepburn Bishōjo Senshi Sera Mun originally translated as Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon 1 and later as Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon 2 3 is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Naoko Takeuchi It was originally serialized in Kodansha s shōjo manga magazine Nakayoshi from 1991 to 1997 the 52 individual chapters were published in 18 volumes The series follows the adventures of a schoolgirl named Usagi Tsukino as she transforms into the eponymous character to search for a magical artifact the Legendary Silver Crystal 幻の銀水晶 Maboroshi no Ginsuishō lit Phantom Silver Crystal She leads a group of comrades the Sailor Soldiers called Sailor Guardians in later editions as they battle against villains to prevent the theft of the Silver Crystal and the destruction of the Solar System Sailor MoonCover of the first volume of Sailor Moon featuring the titular character美少女戦士セーラームーン Bishōjo Senshi Seramun GenreMagical girlMangaWritten byNaoko TakeuchiPublished byKodanshaEnglish publisherAUS Penguin Books AustraliaNA Tokyopop former Kodansha ComicsUK Turnaround Publisher ServicesMagazineNakayoshiEnglish magazineNA Mixxzine SmileDemographicShōjoOriginal runDecember 28 1991 February 3 1997Volumes18 first edition 12 second edition 10 third edition List of volumes Anime television seriesSailor Moon 1992 1997 Sailor Moon Crystal 2014 2016 Other mediaCodename Sailor V 1991 1997 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon live action 2003 Films Sailor Moon R The Movie 1993 Sailor Moon S The Movie 1994 Sailor Moon SuperS The Movie 1995 Sailor Moon Eternal 2021 Sailor Moon Cosmos 2023 Collectible Card Game Musicals Soundtracks Video games Anime and manga portalThe manga was adapted into an anime series produced by Toei Animation and broadcast in Japan from 1992 to 1997 4 5 Toei also developed three animated feature films a television special and three short films based on the anime A live action television adaptation Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon aired from 2003 to 2004 and a second anime series Sailor Moon Crystal began simulcasting in 2014 The manga series was licensed for an English language release by Kodansha Comics in North America and in Australia and New Zealand by Random House Australia The entire anime series has been licensed by Viz Media for an English language release in North America and by Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand Since its release Sailor Moon has received universal acclaim with praise for its art characterization and humor The manga has sold over 46 million copies worldwide making it one of the best selling manga series as well as one of the best selling shōjo manga series of all time 6 The franchise has also generated 2 5 billion in worldwide merchandise sales Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 2 1 Creation of Sailor Moon 2 2 Westernization 3 Media 3 1 Manga 3 2 Anime series 3 2 1 Overview 3 2 2 Sailor Moon 3 2 3 Sailor Moon Crystal 3 2 4 Films and television specials 3 3 Companion books 3 4 Novels 3 5 Stage musicals 3 6 Live action film amp series 3 6 1 Cancelled Disney film adaptation 3 6 2 Unrealized American adaptation 3 6 3 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon 3 7 Video games 3 8 Tabletop games 3 9 Theme park attractions 3 10 Ice skating show 3 11 Idol group 4 Reception 5 Cultural impact and legacy 6 Merchandise 7 References 8 External linksPlot editSee also List of Sailor Moon characters One day in Juban Tokyo a middle school student named Usagi Tsukino befriends Luna a talking black cat who gives her a magical brooch enabling her to transform into Sailor Moon a guardian destined to save Earth from the forces of evil Luna and Usagi assemble a team of fellow Sailor Guardians to find their princess and the Silver Crystal They encounter the studious Ami Mizuno who awakens as Sailor Mercury Rei Hino a local Shinto shrine maiden who awakens as Sailor Mars Makoto Kino a tall and strong transfer student who awakens as Sailor Jupiter and Minako Aino a young aspiring idol who had awakened as Sailor Venus a few months prior accompanied by her talking feline companion Artemis Additionally they befriend Mamoru Chiba a high school student who assists them on occasion as Tuxedo Mask In the first arc the group battles the Dark Kingdom whose members attempt to find the Silver Crystal and free an imprisoned evil entity called Queen Metaria Usagi and her team discover that in their previous lives they were members of the ancient Moon Kingdom in a period of time called the Silver Millennium The Dark Kingdom waged war against them destroying the Moon Kingdom Its ruler Queen Serenity sent her daughter Princess Serenity reincarnated as Usagi along with her protectors the Sailor Guardians their feline advisers Luna and Artemis and the princess s true love Prince Endymion who in turn was reborn as Mamoru At the beginning of the second arc the Sailor Guardians meet Usagi and Mamoru s future daughter Chibiusa who arrives from a 30th century version of Tokyo known as Crystal Tokyo which is ruled by Neo Queen Serenity Usagi of the future and has been attacked by the group of villains known as the Black Moon Clan During their journey Sailor Moon and her friends meet Sailor Pluto Guardian of the Time Space Door During the climactic battle of the arc Sailor Pluto dies trying to save the sailor soldiers and Chibiusa was brainwashed by the enemy and turned into the Black Lady but was eventually reformed and awakens as a Guardian herself Sailor Chibi Moon The third arc introduces car racer Haruka Tenoh and violinist Michiru Kaioh who appear as Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune whose duty is to guard the Solar System against external threats Physics student Setsuna Meioh Sailor Pluto s reincarnation joins Uranus and Neptune in their mission to kill a mysterious girl named Hotaru Tomoe whom they identify as the Guardian of Destruction Sailor Saturn However when Saturn awakens she joins the final fight against the main antagonists of the arc the Death Busters sacrificing her life in the process With her newly obtained powers as Super Sailor Moon Usagi restores the Earth and Hotaru is reincarnated as a baby The fourth arc explores the Sailor Guardians dreams and nightmares when the villainous group Dead Moon Circus exploits the Guardians deepest fears invades Elysion which hosts the Earth s Golden Kingdom and captures its high priest Helios who turned into a Pegasus and tried to ask Guardians for help This storyline also addresses Mamoru s relevance as protector of the Earth and owner of the Golden Crystal the sacred stone of the Golden Kingdom Mamoru and all ten of the reunited Guardians combine their powers enabling Usagi to transform into Eternal Sailor Moon and defeat Dead Moon s leader Queen Nehelenia In the final arc the Sailor Starlights from the Planet Kinmoku their ruler Princess Kakyuu and the mysterious little girl Chibi Chibi join Usagi in her fight against Shadow Galactica a group of both corrupted and false Sailor Guardians and led by Sailor Galaxia who have been rampaging across the galaxy and killing other Sailor Guardians to steal their Star Seeds Sailor Crystals the essence of their lives After Mamoru and all of the main Solar System Guardians are killed by Shadow Galactica Usagi travels to the Galaxy Cauldron the birthplace of all Star Seeds of the Milky Way in an attempt to revive her loved ones and to confront Chaos the source of all strife in the galaxy Production editCreation of Sailor Moon edit Naoko Takeuchi redeveloped Sailor Moon from her 1991 manga serial Codename Sailor V which was first published on August 20 1991 and featured Sailor Venus as the main protagonist 7 Takeuchi wanted to create a story with a theme about girls in outer space While discussing with her editor Fumio Osano he suggested the addition of Sailor fuku 8 When Codename Sailor V was proposed for adaptation into an anime by Toei Animation Takeuchi redeveloped the concept so Sailor Venus became a member of a team 9 10 The resulting manga series became a fusion of the popular magical girl genre and the Super Sentai series of which Takeuchi was a fan 11 Recurring motifs include astronomy 8 astrology gemology Greco Roman mythology 12 Japanese elemental themes 13 286 teen fashions 12 14 and schoolgirl antics 14 Takeuchi said discussions with Kodansha originally envisaged a single story arc 15 the storyline was developed in meetings a year before serialization began 16 93 After completing the arc Toei and Kodansha asked Takeuchi to continue the series She wrote four more story arcs 15 which were often published simultaneously with the five corresponding seasons of the anime adaptation The anime ran one or two months behind the manga 16 93 As a result the anime follows the storyline of the manga fairly closely although there are deviations 17 Takeuchi later said because Toei s production staff were mostly male she feels the anime has a slight male perspective 17 Takeuchi later said she planned to kill off the protagonists but Osano rejected the notion and said Sailor Moon is a shōjo manga When the anime adaptation was produced the protagonists were killed in the final battle with the Dark Kingdom although they were revived Takeuchi resented that she was unable to do that in her version 18 Takeuchi also intended for the Sailor Moon anime adaptation to last for one season but due to the immense popularity Toei asked Takeuchi to continue the series At first she struggled to develop another storyline to extend the series While discussing with Osano he suggested the inclusion of Usagi s daughter from the future Chibiusa 18 Westernization edit After the Sailor Moon anime was released in North America and dubbed in English fans and academics alike noted that the dub had westernized Sailor Moon from how it had been released in Japan In the 1990s English version of Sailor Moon the westernization of the characters is seen in how a majority of the character names are changed from Japanese to English names 19 Sailor Moon s civilian name Usagi Tsukino is turned into Serena 19 The love interest of Sailor Moon Mamoru Chiba is turned into Darien Shields 20 Other examples of westernization referenced by Sailor Moon s audience were things like flipping scenes of traffic to have cars drive on the right side of the road along with the English dub changing any conversations between characters that contained lesser known in the United States at the time Japanese cultural references 21 According to Bandai America the company in charge of Sailor Moon merchandise in the western hemisphere the approach to advertising Sailor Moon was to make the show and super heroine culturally appropriate for the American market 22 Media editManga edit Main article List of Sailor Moon chapters Written and illustrated by Naoko Takeuchi Sailor Moon was serialized in the monthly manga anthology Nakayoshi from December 28 1991 to February 3 1997 7 The side stories were serialized simultaneously in RunRun another of Kodansha s manga magazines 7 The 52 individual chapters were published in 18 tankōbon volumes by Kodansha from July 6 1992 to April 4 1997 23 24 In 2003 the chapters were re released in a collection of 12 shinzōban volumes to coincide with the release of the live action series 25 The manga was retitled Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon and included new cover art 26 and revised dialogue and illustrations The ten individual short stories were also released in two volumes 27 28 In 2013 the chapters were once again re released in 10 kanzenban volumes to commemorate the manga s 20th anniversary which includes digitally remastered artwork new covers and color artwork from its Nakayoshi run 29 The books have been enlarged from the typical Japanese manga size to A5 30 31 The short stories were republished in two volumes with the order of the stories shuffled Codename Sailor V was also included in the third edition 31 The Sailor Moon manga was initially licensed for an English release by Mixx later Tokyopop in North America The manga was first published as a serial in MixxZine beginning in 1997 but was later removed from the magazine and made into a separate low print monthly comic to finish the first second and third arcs At the same time the fourth and fifth arcs were printed in a secondary magazine called Smile 32 Pages from the Tokyopop version of the manga ran daily in the Japanimation Station a service accessible to users of America Online 33 The series was later collected into a three part graphic novel series spanning eighteen volumes which were published from December 1 1998 to September 18 2001 34 35 In May 2005 Tokyopop s license to the Sailor Moon manga expired and its edition went out of print 36 In 2011 Kodansha Comics announced they had acquired the license for the Sailor Moon manga and its lead in series Codename Sailor V in English 37 They published the twelve volumes of Sailor Moon simultaneously with the two volume edition of Codename Sailor V from September 2011 to July 2013 38 39 40 The first of the two related short story volumes was published on September 10 2013 41 the second was published on November 26 2013 42 At Anime Expo 2017 Kodansha Comics announced plans to re release Sailor Moon in an Eternal Edition featuring a new English translation new cover artwork by Takeuchi and color pages from the manga s original run printed on extra large premium paper 43 44 The first Eternal Edition volume was published on September 11 2018 45 the tenth and final volume was published on October 20 2020 46 On July 1 2019 Kondasha Comics began releasing the Eternal Editions digitally 47 following an announcement the day before about the series being released digitally in ten different languages 48 In November 2020 Kodansha Comics announced plans to re release the Sailor Moon manga again as part of their Naoko Takeuchi Collection 49 The company described the new edition as a more affordable portable version of the Eternal Edition The first volume was published on April 5 2022 50 Sailor Moon has also been licensed in other English speaking countries In the United Kingdom the volumes are distributed by Turnaround Publisher Services 51 In Australia the manga is distributed by Penguin Books Australia 52 The manga has been licensed in Russia and CIS for distribution by XL Media publishing company The first volume was released in 2018 53 Anime series edit Overview edit No Title Episodes Originally aired Release date DirectorFirst aired Last airedSailor Moon1 Sailor Moon 46 March 7 1992 February 27 1993 Junichi Sato2 Sailor Moon R 43 March 6 1993 March 12 1994 Kunihiko Ikuhara Junichi Sato 1 13 Movie Sailor Moon R The Movie December 5 1993 Kunihiko Ikuhara3 Sailor Moon S 38 March 19 1994 February 25 1995Movie Sailor Moon S The Movie December 4 1994 Hiroki Shibata4 Sailor Moon SuperS 39 March 4 1995 March 2 1996 Kunihiko IkuharaMovie Sailor Moon SuperS The Movie December 23 1995 Hiroki Shibata5 Sailor Moon Sailor Stars 34 March 9 1996 February 8 1997 Takuya IgarashiSailor Moon Crystal6 Season I Dark Kingdom 14 July 5 2014 January 17 2015 Munehisa Sakai7 Season II Black Moon 12 February 7 2015 July 18 20158 Season III Death Busters 13 April 4 2016 June 27 2016 Chiaki KonMovie Sailor Moon Eternal Part 1 January 8 2021Movie Sailor Moon Eternal Part 2 February 11 2021Movie Sailor Moon Cosmos Part 1 June 9 2023 Tomoya TakahashiMovie Sailor Moon Cosmos Part 2 June 30 2023Total 239 7 March 7 1992 June 30 2023 Sailor Moon edit Main article Sailor Moon TV series Toei Animation produced an anime television series based on the 52 manga chapters also titled Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon 4 5 Junichi Sato directed the first season Kunihiko Ikuhara took over second through fourth season and Takuya Igarashi directed the fifth and final season 54 The series premiered in Japan on TV Asahi on March 7 1992 and ran for 200 episodes until its conclusion on February 8 1997 Upon its release the show quickly rose to be Toei Animation s highest ranked TV series 55 Most of the international versions including the English adaptations are titled Sailor Moon Sailor Moon Crystal edit Main article Sailor Moon Crystal On July 6 2012 Kodansha and Toei Animation announced that it would commence production of a new anime adaptation of Sailor Moon called Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal for a simultaneous worldwide release in 2013 as part of the series s 20th anniversary celebrations 56 57 58 and stated that it would be a closer adaptation of the manga than the first anime 59 Crystal premiered on July 5 2014 and new episodes would air on the first and third Saturdays of each month 60 New cast were announced along with Kotono Mitsuishi reprising her role as Sailor Moon 61 The first two seasons were released together covering their corresponding arcs of the manga Dark Kingdom and Black Moon A third season based on the Infinity arc on the manga premiered on Japanese television on April 4 2016 known as Death Busters arc in this adaptation 62 Munehisa Sakai directed the first and second season while Chiaki Kon directed the third season Films and television specials edit Three animated theatrical feature films based on the original Sailor Moon series have been released in Japan Sailor Moon R The Movie in 1993 followed by Sailor Moon S The Movie in 1994 and Sailor Moon SuperS The Movie in 1995 The films are side stories that do not correlate with the timeline of the original series A one hour television special was aired on TV Asahi in Japan on April 8 1995 63 Kunihiko Ikuhara directed the first film while the latter two were directed by Hiroki Shibata In 1997 an article in Variety stated that The Walt Disney Company was interested in originally acquiring the rights to Sailor Moon as a live action film to be directed by Stanley Tong amp Geena Davis set to star as Queen Beryl along with Winona Ryder amp Elisabeth Shue planning to star in the film 64 After Disney put the project on turnaround Universal Pictures acquired the film rights 65 In 2017 it was revealed that Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal anime s fourth season would be produced as a two part theatrical anime film project adapting the Dream arc from the manga 66 On June 30 2019 it was announced that the title of the films will be Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Eternal The Movie 67 68 The first film was originally to be released on September 11 2020 69 but was postponed and released on January 8 2021 and the second film was released on February 11 2021 70 Chiaki Kon returned from Crystal s third season to direct the two films 66 In 2022 it was announced that a sequel to Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Eternal The Movie covering the Stars arc of the manga would also be produced as a two part theatrical anime film project titled Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Cosmos The Movie The two films are directed by Tomoya Takahashi and was released on June 9 and 30 2023 71 72 Companion books edit There have been numerous companion books to Sailor Moon Kodansha released some of these books for each of the five story arcs collectively called the Original Picture Collection The books contain cover art promotional material and other work by Takeuchi Many of the drawings are accompanied by comments on the way she developed her ideas created each picture and commentary on the anime interpretation of her story 1 73 74 75 76 Another picture collection Volume Infinity was released as a self published limited edition artbook after the end of the series in 1997 This art book includes drawings by Takeuchi and her friends her staff and many of the voice actors who worked on the anime In 1999 Kodansha published the Materials Collection this contained development sketches and notes for nearly every character in the manga and for some characters that never appeared Each drawing includes notes by Takeuchi about costume pieces the mentality of the characters and her feelings about them It also includes timelines for the story arcs and for the real life release of products and materials relating to the anime and manga A short story Parallel Sailor Moon is also featured celebrating the year of the rabbit 15 Novels edit Sailor Moon was also adapted for publication as novels and released in 1998 The first book was written by Stuart J Levy The following novels were written by Lianne Sentar 77 Stage musicals edit Main article Sailor Moon musicals In mid 1993 the first musical theater production based on Sailor Moon premiered starring Anza Ohyama as Sailor Moon Thirty such musicals in all have been produced with one in pre production The shows stories include anime inspired plotlines and original material Music from the series has been released on about 20 memorial albums 78 The popularity of the musicals has been cited as a reason behind the production of the live action television series Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon 79 During the original run musicals ran in the winter and summer of each year with summer musicals staged at the Sunshine Theater in the Ikebukuro area of Tokyo In the winter musicals toured to other large cities in Japan including Osaka Fukuoka 80 Nagoya Shizuoka Kanazawa Sendai 81 Saga Oita Yamagata and Fukushima 82 The final incarnation of the first run New Legend of Kaguya Island Revised Edition 新 かぐや島伝説 lt 改訂版 gt Shin Kaguyashima Densetsu Kaiteban went on stage in January 2005 following which Bandai officially put the series on a hiatus 83 On June 2 2013 Fumio Osano announced on his Twitter page that the Sailor Moon musicals would begin again in September 2013 84 The 20th anniversary show La Reconquista ran from September 13 to 23 at Shibuya s AiiA Theater Tokyo with Satomi Ōkubo as Sailor Moon Satomi Ōkubo reprised the role in the 2014 production Petite Etrangere which ran from August 21 to September 7 2014 again at AiiA Theater Tokyo Live action film amp series edit Cancelled Disney film adaptation edit Sailor MoonDirected byStanley TongBased onSailor Moonby Naoko TakeuchiStarringGeena Davis Winona Ryder Elisabeth ShueProductioncompaniesWalt Disney Pictures DIC Entertainment Toei CompanyDistributed byBuena Vista Pictures DistributionRelease dateCancelledCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishDuring the 1990s Disney was going to adapt Sailor Moon into a film under the Walt Disney Pictures banner but it was cancelled immediately 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 Unrealized American adaptation edit Main article Sailor Moon 1994 TV pilot In 1993 Renaissance Atlantic Entertainment Bandai and Toon Makers Inc conceptualized their own version of Sailor Moon which was half live action and half Western style animation 92 93 Toon Makers produced a 17 minute proof of concept pilot and a two minute music video both of which were directed by Rocky Solotoff who also worked on the pilot s script 94 Renaissance Atlantic presented the concept to Toei but it was turned down as their concept would have cost significantly more than simply exporting and dubbing the anime adaptation 95 The companies work is believed by Solotoff to have been handed over to Raymond Iacovacci one of the producers on the project who stored the pilot script and animation cels in a storage facility 96 The logo created for the pilot was kept for the English dub and Bandai released a Moon Cycle as part of its merchandise for the show based on vehicles designed for the pilot 95 The project was rediscovered in 1998 when the music video was screened at the Anime Expo convention in Los Angeles 97 where it was met with laughter by onlookers 98 99 A congoer recorded the music video and the audience response which would later resurface on video sites such as YouTube 100 The pilot and the music video would go on to be discussed at conventions such as the 2011 Gen Con and 2012 Anime Expo 101 102 It was given the monikers of Toon Makers Sailor Moon and Saban Moon despite having no connection with Saban Entertainment save for Renaissance Atlantic Entertainment which worked with the company on Power Rangers 103 104 The proof of concept video was widely considered to be lost media and director Solotoff reported that he was frequently contacted by people searching for the pilot 96 105 In 2012 multiple animation cels from the pilot along with the script surfaced on the internet after a storage locker believed to be the one owned by Iacovacci was sold 96 In 1998 Frank Ward along with his company Renaissance Atlantic Entertainment tried to revive the idea of doing a live action series based on Sailor Moon this time called Team Angel without the involvement of Toon Makers A 2 minute reel was produced and sent to Bandai America but was also rejected 96 In August 2022 the proof of concept was showcased for the first time on YouTube in a documentary by Ray Mona Ray Mona obtained both the pilot and its music video as well and its related materials from the Library of Congress 106 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon edit Main article Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon 2003 TV series In 2003 Toei Company produced a Japanese live action Sailor Moon television series using the new translated English title of Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Its 49 episodes were broadcast on Chubu Nippon Broadcasting from October 4 2003 to September 25 2004 107 108 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon featured Miyuu Sawai as Usagi Tsukino Rika Izumi credited as Chisaki Hama as Ami Mizuno Keiko Kitagawa as Rei Hino Mew Azama as Makoto Kino Ayaka Komatsu as Minako Aino Jouji Shibue as Mamoru Chiba Keiko Han reprising her voice role as Luna from the original anime and Kappei Yamaguchi voicing Artemis The series was an alternate retelling of the Dark Kingdom arc adding a storyline different from that in the manga and first anime series with original characters and new plot developments 79 109 In addition to the main episodes two direct to video releases appeared after the show ended its television broadcast Special Act is set four years after the main storyline ends and shows the wedding of the two main characters Act Zero is a prequel showing the origins of Sailor V and Tuxedo Mask 110 Video games edit See also List of Sailor Moon video games The Sailor Moon franchise has spawned several video games across various genres and platforms Most were made by Bandai and its subsidy Angel others were produced by Banpresto The early games were side scrolling fighters later ones were unique puzzle games or versus fighting games Another Story was a turn based role playing video game 111 The only Sailor Moon game produced outside Japan 3VR New Media s The 3D Adventures of Sailor Moon went on sale in North America in 1997 They were developed in association with DIC Entertainment which held the rights to the game and the TV series 112 A video game called Sailor Moon La Luna Splende Sailor Moon The Moon Shines was released on March 16 2011 for the Nintendo DS 113 Tabletop games edit The Dyskami Publishing Company released Sailor Moon Crystal Dice Challenge created by James Ernest of Cheapass Games and based on the Button Men tabletop game in 2017 and Sailor Moon Crystal Truth or Bluff in 2018 114 115 116 Theme park attractions edit A Sailor Moon attraction Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon The Miracle 4 D was announced for Universal Studios Japan 117 It featured Sailor Moon and the Inner Guardians arriving at the theme park only to discover and stop the Youma s plan from stealing people s energies The attraction ran from March 16 through July 24 2018 The sequel attraction Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon The Miracle 4 D Moon Palace arc ran from May 31 2019 to August 25 2019 It featured all 10 Sailor Guardians and Super Sailor Moon 118 In January 2022 a new attraction was announced titled Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon The Miracle 4 D Moon Palace arc Deluxe The attraction will feature the same storyline as the last and feature the Sailor Guardians in their princess forms It will run from March 4 2022 to August 28 2022 119 Ice skating show edit An ice skating show of Sailor Moon was announced on June 30 2019 starring Evgenia Medvedeva as the lead 120 The name for the ice skating show was announced as Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Prism on Ice as well as the additional casts with Anza from the first Sailor Moon musicals to play Queen Serenity and the main voice actresses of the Sailor Moon Crystal anime series to voice their individual characters Takuya Hiramatsu from the musicals was to write the screenplay Yuka Sato and Benji Schwimmer were to be in charge of choreography and Akiko Kosaka amp Gesshoku Kaigi were to write the music for the show 121 The show was set to debut in early June 2020 but was first postponed to June 2021 and later to June 2022 due to the COVID 19 pandemic 122 123 124 and finally cancelled on February 23 2023 due to an unstable world situation 125 Idol group edit An idol pop group named SG5 short for Sailor Guardians 5 was announced in June 2022 Early plans to form the group began in 2020 with the official lineup and overall concept finalized in 2022 As part of the process the group had to seek the approval of Naoko Takeuchi by performing in front of her and giving a presentation Four of the group members Sayaka Ruri Miyuu and Kaede had previously performed together as part of the idol group Happiness The group will officially debut in July 2022 at Anime Expo and is co managed by LDH Japan Inc and Three Six Zero 126 127 128 On March 1 2023 SG5 released their debut single Firetruck on streaming platforms alongside a music video with references to the manga 129 Reception editSailor Moon is one of the most popular manga series of all time and continues to enjoy high readership worldwide More than one million copies of its tankōbon volumes had been sold in Japan by the end of 1995 16 95 It has been described as iconic 130 By the series s 20th anniversary in 2012 the manga had sold over 35 million copies in over fifty countries 131 and the franchise has generated 2 5 billion in worldwide merchandise sales as of 1996 132 By 1995 Sailor Moon toys used to bring in more than 250 million per year in Japan 133 The manga won the Kodansha Manga Award in 1993 for shōjo 134 The English adaptations of both the manga and the anime series became the first successful shōjo title in the United States 135 The character of Sailor Moon is recognized as one of the most important and popular female superheroes of all time 136 137 138 139 Sailor Moon has also become popular internationally Sailor Moon was broadcast in Spain and France beginning in December 1993 these became the first countries outside Japan to broadcast the series 140 It was later aired in Russia South Korea the Philippines China Italy Taiwan Thailand Indonesia and Hong Kong before North America picked up the franchise for adaptation In the Philippines Sailor Moon was one of its carrier network s main draws helping it to become the third biggest network in the country 13 10 11 In 2001 the Sailor Moon manga was Tokyopop s best selling property outselling the next best selling titles by at least a factor of 1 5 141 In Diamond Comic Distributors s May 1999 Graphic Novel and Trade Paperback category Sailor Moon Volume 3 was the best selling comic book in the United States 142 Academic Timothy J Craig attributes Sailor Moon s international success to three things First was the show s magical girl transformation of ordinary characters into superheroes Second was the ability of marketers to establish the international audience s connection to characters despite their culture being Japanese The third was that the main superhero was female something which was still rare in pop culture in countries like the United States during the 1990s 143 In his 2007 book Manga The Complete Guide Jason Thompson gave the manga series three stars out of four He enjoyed the blending of shōnen and shōjo styles and said the combat scenes seemed heavily influenced by Saint Seiya but shorter and less bloody He also said the manga itself appeared similar to Super Sentai television shows Thompson found the series fun and entertaining but said the repetitive plot lines were a detriment to the title which the increasing quality of art could not make up for even so he called the series sweet effective entertainment 135 Thompson said although the audience for Sailor Moon is both male and female Takeuchi does not use excessive fanservice for males which would run the risk of alienating her female audience Thompson said fight scenes are not physical and boil down to their purest form of a clash of wills which he says makes thematic sense for the manga 144 Comparing the manga and anime Sylvain Durand said the manga artwork is gorgeous but its storytelling is more compressed and erratic and the anime has more character development Durand said the sense of tragedy is greater in the manga s telling of the fall of the Silver Millennium giving more detail about the origins of the Four Kings of Heaven and on Usagi s final battle against Queen Beryl and Metaria Durand said the anime omits information that makes the story easy to understand but judges the anime as more coherent with a better balance of comedy and tragedy whereas the manga is more tragic and focused on Usagi and Mamoru s romance 145 For the week of September 11 2011 to September 17 2011 the first volume of the re released Sailor Moon manga was the best selling manga on The New York Times Manga Best Sellers list with the first volume of Codename Sailor V in second place 146 147 The first print run of the first volume sold out after four weeks 148 In English speaking countries Sailor Moon developed a cult following among anime fans and male university students 12 Patrick Drazen says the Internet was a new medium that fans used to communicate and played a role in the popularity of Sailor Moon 13 281 Fans could use the Internet to communicate about the series organize campaigns to return Sailor Moon to U S broadcast to share information about episodes that had not yet aired or to write fan fiction 149 150 Gemma Cox of Neo magazine said part of the series s allure was that fans communicated via the Internet about the differences between the dub and the original version 151 Cultural impact and legacy editWith their dynamic heroines and action oriented plots many credit Sailor Moon for reinvigorating the magical girl genre After its success many similar magical girl series including Magic Knight Rayearth Wedding Peach Nurse Angel Ririka SOS Saint Tail Cyber Team in Akihabara Corrector Yui and Pretty Cure emerged 135 199 152 Sailor Moon has been called the biggest breakthrough in English dubbed anime until 1995 when it premiered on YTV 13 10 11 and the pinnacle of little kid shōjo anime 153 Cultural anthropologist Rachel Thorn said that soon after Sailor Moon shōjo manga started appearing in book shops instead of fandom dominated comic shops 154 The series are credited as beginning a wider movement of girls taking up shōjo manga 135 155 Canadian librarian Gilles Poitras defines a generation of anime fans as those who were introduced to anime by Sailor Moon in the 1990s saying they were both much younger than other fans and were also mostly female 152 Historian Fred Patten credits Takeuchi with popularizing the concept of a Super Sentai like team of magical girls 156 157 and Paul Gravett credits the series with revitalizing the magical girl genre itself 158 A reviewer for THEM Anime Reviews also credited the anime series with changing the genre its heroine must use her powers to fight evil not simply have fun as previous magical girls had done 159 The series has also been compared to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers 12 160 Buffy the Vampire Slayer 13 281 161 162 and Sabrina the Teenage Witch 163 Sailor Moon also influenced the development of Miraculous Tales of Ladybug amp Cat Noir W I T C H Winx Club LoliRock Star vs the Forces of Evil and Totally Spies 164 In western culture Sailor Moon is sometimes associated with the feminist and Girl Power movements and with empowering its viewers 165 especially regarding the credible charismatic and independent characterizations of the Sailor Guardians 166 Although Sailor Moon is regarded as empowering to women and feminism in concept through the aggressive nature and strong personalities of the Sailor Guardians 167 it is a specific type of feminist concept where traditional feminine ideals are incorporated into characters that act in traditionally male capacities 167 While the Sailor Guardians are strong independent fighters who thwart evil which is generally a masculine stereotype they are also ideally feminized in the transformation of the Sailor Guardians from teenage girls into magical girls 12 The most notable hyper feminine features of the Sailor Guardians and most other females in Japanese girls comics are the girls thin bodies long legs and in particular round orb like eyes 12 Eyes are commonly known as the primal source within characters where emotion is evoked sensitive characters have larger eyes than insensitive ones 167 The stereotypical role of women in Japanese culture is to undertake romantic and loving feelings 12 therefore the prevalence of hyper feminine qualities like the openness of the female eye in Japanese girls comics is clearly exhibited in Sailor Moon Thus Sailor Moon emphasizes a type of feminist model by combining traditional masculine action with traditional female affection and sexuality through the Sailor Guardians 167 Merchandise editSince the early 2000s Toei Animation has collaborated with various different brands to create merchandise outside of children s demographic 168 On February 20 2020 ColourPop released a Sailor Moon inspired makeup collection 169 Celebrating the 25th anniversary of Sailor Moon in the U S streetwear brand KITH released clothing like hoodies and t shirts with Sailor Moon graphics on them 170 In honor of Sailor Moon s 30th anniversary brands like Sanrio Uniqlo and Maison de FLEUR announced a collaboration in January 2022 171 172 173 References edit a b Takeuchi Naoko 1994 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon Original Picture Collection vol I 1st ed Japan Kodansha ISBN 4063245071 美少女戦士セーラームーン新装版 １ kc kodansha co jp in Japanese Kodansha Comics Archived from the original on September 3 2016 Retrieved October 20 2016 美少女戦士セーラームーン 完全版 １ kc kodansha co jp in Japanese Kodansha Comics Archived from the original on February 10 2017 Retrieved October 20 2016 a b Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon DVD COLLECTION Vol 1 美少女戦士セーラームーン DVD COLLECTION Vol 1 toei video co jp in Japanese Toei Video Archived from the original on July 14 2014 Retrieved October 20 2016 a b Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon DVD COLLECTION Vol 2 End 美少女戦士セーラームーン DVD COLLECTION Vol 2 完 toei video co jp in Japanese Toei Video Archived from the original on 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Explosion The What Why amp Wow of Japanese Animation Berkeley California Stone Bridge Press ISBN 1880656728 a b Allison Anne August 4 2010 A Challenge to Hollywood Japanese Character Goods Hit the US Japanese Studies 20 1 67 88 doi 10 1080 10371390050009075 S2CID 145517443 a b c Takeuchi Naoko 1999 Prety Soldier Sailor Moon Materials Collection Tokyo Kodansha ISBN 4063245217 a b c Schodt Frederik L 1999 Dreamland Japan Writings on Modern Manga 2nd ed Berkeley California Stone Bridge Press ISBN 9781880656235 a b Alverson Brigid May 27 2011 Sailor Moon 101 Pretty Powerful And Pure of Heart MTV Archived from the original on April 16 2018 Retrieved April 16 2018 a b Takeuchi Naoko 2003 Punch Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Volume 3 Shinsōban ed Tokyo Kodansha ISBN 4063347834 a b Burgos Diana January 1 2021 The Queer Glow up of Hero Sword Legacies in She Ra Korra and Sailor Moon Open Cultural Studies 5 1 248 261 doi 10 1515 culture 2020 0135 ISSN 2451 3474 S2CID 245091754 Craig Timothy J 2000 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launching a Sailor Moon makeup collection and everything costs less than 20 Insider Retrieved February 27 2022 Pauly Alexandra April 17 2020 Take An Exclusive Look At KITH s New Collaboration with Sailor Moon HYPEBAE Retrieved February 22 2022 Sailor Moon Eternal x Sanrio Collab Officially Announced Funimation Blog January 19 2022 Retrieved February 27 2022 UNIQLO UT Sailor Moon Eternal Collection HYPEBEAST Retrieved February 27 2022 Maison de FLEUR セーラー戦士たちをイメージしたリボンがポイントのアイテム全30種 劇場版 美少女戦士セーラームーンEternal とのコラボ プレスリリース ニュースリリース配信シェアNo 1 PR TIMES Retrieved February 27 2022 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sailor Moon nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Sailor Moon Official Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon 25th anniversary project website in Japanese USA Network site via Internet Archive Sailor Moon manga at Anime News Network s encyclopedia Sailor Moon at Curlie Bishōjo Senshi Sailor Moon at IMDb Sailor Moon at Don Markstein s Toonopedia Archived from the original on February 10 2017 Portals nbsp Japan nbsp Anime and manga nbsp Television nbsp Film nbsp 1990s nbsp Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sailor Moon amp oldid 1178879207, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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