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Sacagawea dollar

The Sacagawea dollar (also known as the "golden dollar") is a United States dollar coin introduced in 2000, but subsequently minted only for niche circulation from 2002 onward. The coin generally failed to meet consumer and business demands. It is still generally accepted in circulation.

Sacagawea dollar
United States
Value1.00 United States dollar
Mass8.100 g (0.26 troy oz)
Diameter26.49 mm (1.043 in)
Thickness2.00 mm (0.079 in)
EdgePlain (2000–2008)
Lettered (2009–present)
CompositionCore: 100% Cu
Cladding: 77% Cu, 12% Zn, 7% Mn, 4% Ni
Overall: 88.5% Cu, 6% Zn, 3.5% Mn, 2% Ni[1]
Years of minting2000–2001; 2009-2011 (circulation)
2002–2008; 2012-present (collectors only)
[2]
Mint marksP (Philadelphia)
D (Denver)
S (San Francisco)
W (West Point, special strikings only)
Obverse
DesignProfile of Sacagawea with her child, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau
DesignerGlenna Goodacre
Design date2000
DesignDate and mint mark removed
DesignerGlenna Goodacre
Design date2009
Reverse
DesignSoaring eagle
DesignerThomas D. Rogers
Design date2000
DesignVarious; one design per year
DesignerVarious
Design date2009–present

These coins have a copper core clad by manganese brass, giving them a distinctive golden color. The coin features an obverse by Glenna Goodacre. From 2000 to 2008, the reverse featured an eagle design by Thomas D. Rogers. Since 2009, the reverse of the Sacagawea dollar has been changed yearly, with each design in the series depicting a different aspect of Native American cultures. These coins are marketed as "Native American dollars".

The coin was introduced as a replacement for the Susan B. Anthony dollar, which proved useful for vending machine operators and mass transit systems despite being unpopular with the public. The Statue of Liberty was originally proposed as the design subject, but Sacagawea, the Shoshone guide of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, was eventually chosen.

The new dollar coin was heavily marketed by the Mint in a series of print, radio, and television advertisements, as well as Mint partnerships with Walmart and Cheerios. However, the Sacagawea dollar did not prove popular with the public, and mintage dropped sharply in the second year of production. Production of Sacagawea dollars continued, from 2007 to 2016, in parallel with the U.S. Presidential dollars. In 2012, mintage numbers were reduced by over 90%, in line with a similar reduction for the even less popular Presidential Dollars, because of large stockpiles of unused coins from that series.

The Mint planned to issue the Sacagawea design in 22-karat gold as well, but this idea was quickly abandoned after the Mint's authority to strike the coins was questioned, and the Mint has retained ownership of the few such coins produced. Soon after initial production of the dollar, it was noticed that a few of the dollar coins were erroneously struck with the obverse of a state quarter and the normal reverse.

Background edit

Because of the limited circulation of the cumbersome Eisenhower dollar, it was decided in 1977 that a smaller dollar coin might see improved circulation and prove more useful to the public.[3] On September 26, 1978, Congress approved legislation to provide for a smaller dollar coin to be minted, which would depict Susan B. Anthony, a prominent American suffragette.[3] These new dollars also proved unpopular, due in large part to their similarity in size and metallic composition to the quarter-dollar.[3] Since there was little interest in the coin as a circulating medium, most were placed in United States Mint and Federal Reserve vaults throughout the country, and mintage ceased after 1981.[4]

 
U.S. Senator Rod Grams (R-MN), who introduced legislation in the Senate for a new dollar coin.

Despite their initial lack of popularity, by the mid-1990s the Treasury's supply of Anthony dollars began to dwindle due to their widespread use in vending machines (including more than 9,000 stamp machines situated in post offices across the United States) and increasing usage in mass transit systems throughout the country.[5] Beginning in 1997, several bills were introduced to Congress with the intent of resuming mintage of small-sized dollar coins to keep up with demand.[5] On March 20 of that year, Arizona Republican Representative Jim Kolbe introduced legislation calling for more dollar coins to be minted. Four months later, on July 24, Republican Representative Michael Castle of Delaware, a member of the House Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, also introduced legislation, calling for the Statue of Liberty to be the subject of the design.[5] On October 21, Minnesota Republican Rod Grams introduced a bill in the Senate, also calling for the mintage of a newly designed dollar coin. The final legislation authorizing the design and production of a new dollar coin was based on Grams' bill.[5] Also on October 21, in a hearing before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, Trade, and Technology, Treasury Department officials gave their support for a new dollar coin, recommending that it be gold-colored with a distinctive edge, to make it easily distinguishable from the quarter-dollar. During this hearing, Philip N. Diehl, then Director of the Mint, estimated that it would take thirty months to begin production of the new coin.[5]

The United States Senate approved the necessary legislation on November 9, 1997, and the House of Representatives did the same on November 13.[5] On December 1 President Bill Clinton signed the 50 States Commemorative Coin Program Act, which became Public Law 105–124.[6] Section four of the act, which is entitled "United States $1 Coin Act of 1997", provided for a new dollar coin to be struck, stating in part: "The dollar coin shall be golden in color, have a distinctive edge, have tactile and visual features that make the denomination of the coin readily discernible".[6] The act also gave authority to the Secretary of the Treasury to resume production of the Susan B. Anthony dollar to fill the demand for dollar coins until production could begin on the newly designed golden dollar.[6] In total, more than 41 million Susan B. Anthony dollars were struck bearing the date 1999.[4]

Design history edit

Subject selection edit

 
Delaware Representative Michael Castle, who preferred the more popular Statue of Liberty design to the Sacagawea for the dollar coin.

Though the United States $1 Coin Act of 1997 required a change in composition and edge, it did not dictate what was to appear on the coin.[6] To determine this, Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin appointed a nine-member Dollar Coin Design Advisory Committee. Rubin, who had the authority to select the coin's design as Secretary of the Treasury,[7] specified that the coin should depict a representation of one or more women and could not depict a living person.[8] The committee was chaired by Philip N. Diehl, a role that did not include a vote on the designs.[9] They met in Philadelphia in June 1998, listening to seventeen concepts submitted by members of the public, and reviewing many more suggestions received by telephone, mail and email.[9] On June 9, 1998, the committee recommended Sacagawea, the Shoshone guide of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, for the design of the new coin.[9] Despite the committee's choice of Sacagawea, Castle advocated that the Statue of Liberty be depicted, as per his earlier legislation.[7] In a letter to the House of Representatives, Castle explained his objection, stating that the "goal in creating a new dollar coin is to make it more distinctive with a popular design that would encourage its wider use by the public."[7] Between November 18 and 22, 1998, the General Accounting Office conducted a poll on behalf of Castle.[10] The object of the poll was to determine which design the public would find more desirable.[10] In total, 65 percent preferred the Statue of Liberty, 27 percent preferred Sacagawea, two percent believed that either was acceptable, three percent said neither was acceptable, and an additional three percent had no opinion.[10] Despite Castle's objection, Sacagawea was ultimately chosen as the subject of the coin.

Initial design selection (2000–2008) edit

Invitations were sent to 23 artists with guidelines as to what their designs should depict. The obverse was to depict a representation of Sacagawea, and the reverse an eagle symbolizing peace and freedom.[7] Another guideline requested artists "be sensitive to cultural authenticity, and try to avoid creating a representation of a classical European face in Native American headdress."[7] In November and December 1998, members of the Native American community, teachers, numismatists, historians, members of Congress, various government officials and others were invited by the United States Mint to review the submitted proposed designs.[9] Six obverse and seven reverse designs were originally selected for further consideration.[9]

After the Mint conducted a series of polls and focus groups, three obverse and four reverse designs were selected as finalists.[9] The Mint received approximately 90,000 e-mails in reference to the design selection process.[7] In response to the large amount of feedback generated, Diehl stated that the internet has "allowed us to conduct a public outreach program of unprecedented scope to measure opinions of the designs."[7] All seven of the selected designs were forwarded to the United States Commission of Fine Arts; the Commission chose an obverse design depicting Sacagawea with her infant son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, as designed by sculptor Glenna Goodacre. Goodacre chose Randy'L He-dow Teton to model for Sacagawea, of whom there are no known contemporary portraits, to help the artist capture the features of a young Native American woman.[7] The depiction of Sacagawea's infant son Jean Baptiste Charbonneau was partially modeled after one-year-old Adam Scholz, with assistance from his father, Peter Scholz. The infant is shown on Sacagawea's back in Hidatsa custom.[11] The chosen reverse, designed by Mint sculptor-engraver Thomas D. Rogers, depicted a soaring eagle.[7]

Native American redesign (2009–present) edit

On September 20, 2007, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 110–82 (text) (PDF), known as the Native American $1 Coin Act, was signed by president George W. Bush.[12] The act specified in part that the one dollar coin shall depict "images celebrating the important contributions made by Indian tribes and individual Native Americans to the development of the United States and the history of the United States."[12] The act also called for the removal of the date from the obverse and "E PLURIBUS UNUM" from the reverse of the coin, opting instead to add them to the edge.[12] At this time the mintmark was also moved to the edge.

The program requires that the reverse of the dollar depict a new design every year.[12] In order to determine which design to depict on the coins, officials from the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, the Native American Caucus and the National Congress of American Indians, the consulting organizations for the program, appoint a liaison to the United States Mint.[13] Between twelve and fifteen themes are selected after consultation with the National Museum of the American Indian and the Smithsonian Institution.[13] At this point, the consulting organizations supply the Mint with written comments regarding the themes.[13] The suggestions are then sent to the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee, where a theme is recommended.[13] After reviewing the recommendations and input from the contributing organizations, the selected theme is finalized, at which point designs are produced that represent the theme.[13] Once designs are created, the consulting organizations and the National Museum of the Native American are consulted, and the designs are sent to the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee for approval. Based on all comments and recommendations received, the Mint selects a final design that is recommended to the Secretary of the Treasury for approval.[13]

The first coin in the Native American series, issued in 2009, was designed by Mint sculptor-engraver Norman E. Nemeth, the subject being the spread of Three Sisters Agriculture.[14] It depicts a Native American woman planting seeds in a field populated with corn, beans and squash.[14] Above the woman is the inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", and below is "$1".[14]

The design selected for the 2010 reverse was designed by Artistic Infusion Program artist Thomas Cleveland and depicts the Hiawatha Belt surrounding five stone-tipped arrows, along with the inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "$1", "HAUDENOSAUNEE" and "GREAT LAW OF PEACE".[15] The subject of the design is the "Great Tree of Peace".[15]

The reverse of the 2011 dollar depicts the hands of the Supreme Sachem Ousamequin and Plymouth Colony Governor John Carver holding a ceremonial pipe, along with the inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "$1", and "WAMPANOAG TREATY 1621".[16] The coin was designed by Artistic Infusion Program artist Richard Masters and engraved by Mint sculptor–engraver Joseph Menna.[16] The design subject is treaties with tribal nations.[16]

The theme for the reverse of the 2012 dollar is "Trade Routes of the 17th Century" and the design depicts the profile of a Native American man and a horse in the foreground and a group of galloping horses in the background.[17] This reverse design was created by Thomas Cleveland as part of the Artistic Infusion Program and engraved by Mint sculptor–engraver Phebe Hemphill.

The 2013 dollar commemorates the Treaty with the Lenape in 1778, the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe. The coin depicts a turkey, a howling wolf, and a turtle—symbols of the Lenape.[18] Its design was created by Susan Gamble as part of the Artistic Infusion Program, and engraved by Phebe Hemphill.[19]

The 2014 dollar depicts a Native American man clasping a ceremonial pipe while his wife holds a plate of provisions, including fish, corn, roots and gourds. In the background is the stylized image of the face of William Clark's compass, displaying "NW" for "northwest." It bears the inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" and "$1", as required by law.[20]

The reverse design of the 2015 dollar depicts Mohawk ironworkers. According to the U.S. Mint, the coin commemorates Kahnawake and Akwesasne Mohawk ironworkers who contributed to the building of New York City skyscrapers.[21] The inscriptions on the reverse read "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "$1" and "MOHAWK IRONWORKERS."[21] It was designed by artist Ronald D. Sanders.[22]

The reverse design selected for use on the 2016 coin, according to an August 29, 2014, U.S. Mint press release, commemorates Code talkers from World Wars I and II.[22] Designed by Thomas D. Rogers, it includes the inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, "$1", "WWI" and "WWII" and depicts two helmets used by American fighting forces in the 20th century — the Brodie helmet of World War I, and the M1 helmet of World War II — along with two feathers which combine to form a V, "symbolizing victory, unity, and the important role that these code talkers played."[22]

For 2017, the reverse design, selected on October 7, 2015, by the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee (CCAC), depicts Sequoyah.[23]

For 2018, the reverse design, also selected by the CCAC, depicts Jim Thorpe and was sculpted by Michael Gaudioso.[24]

The 2019 dollar's theme is "American Indians in the space program", depicting Mary G. Ross and John Herrington. It was designed by Emily Damstra and sculpted by Joseph Menna.[25]

The 2020 dollar design commemorates the 75th anniversary of Alaska's Anti-Discrimination Act of 1945 and features the image of Alaskan civil rights advocate and member of the Tlingit Nation Elizabeth Peratrovich. The designer was Phebe Hemphill.[26]

In March 2018, the CCAC recommended design themes through 2024.[27]

The 2021 dollar's theme is American Indians in the U.S. military service from 1775 to the present. Designed by Donna Weaver and sculpted by Joseph Menna, it features two eagle feathers and five stars for the five branches of the U.S. military.[28]

The 2022 dollar's reverse depicts Ely Samuel Parker.[29]

The 2023 dollar's reverse was announced in 2018 as set to honor Charles Alexander Eastman[30] but the actual 2023 coin as issued features the ballerina Maria Tallchief[31]

The 2024 dollar's reverse will commemorate the 100th anniversary of Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 (also known as the Snyder Act).[32] In November 2023, the Mint announced that the 2025 coin would honor Mary Kawena Pukui.[33]

 
Edge lettering, 2009–present
✭ ✭ ✭ E PLURIBUS UNUM ✭ ✭ ✭ ✭ ✭ ✭ ✭ ✭ ✭ ✭ (date) (mint mark)

Production and release edit

After her obverse design was approved, Goodacre visited the Philadelphia Mint engraving department six times in order to finalize the designs.[7] Rogers' reverse design was also modified before production began. In his original proposal, mountainous scenery was depicted beneath the flying eagle; this was removed and the positions of other reverse design features were altered before Rubin gave final approval.[7] The composition selected for the new coin included a cladding of manganese brass (containing about 77% copper, 12% zinc, 7% manganese, and 4% nickel) over a pure copper core.[4] This composition was chosen because it would give the coin a distinctive golden color while being electromagnetically identical to its predecessor, the copper-nickel Susan B. Anthony dollar.[34] The first official striking of the Sacagawea dollar took place on November 18, 1999, during a ceremony in which dignitaries and other invited guests each struck individual examples of the coins.[35] Because the coins were struck before 2000, it was not legal to release them during the first strike ceremonies.[35] Instead, the coins were saved and later sent to the dignitaries who struck them.[35] Full-scale production began shortly after the ceremonial strikings.[35]

For her work creating the obverse of the Sacagawea dollar, Goodacre received a $5,000 commission; she requested that it be paid in dollar coins.[36] The 2000-P dollars paid to Goodacre were struck on specially burnished blanks to give them a finish unique to that striking.[36] Diehl and other Mint dignitaries personally delivered the coins to Goodacre on April 5, 2000.[36] A similar specially burnished finish was used on the 75,000 2000-D dollars included in the Millennium Coin & Currency sets.[37] Soon after release of the new coins, it was discovered that they tarnished quickly once in circulation. In April 2001 the Mint began testing an experimental rinse that would inhibit the tarnishing; however, the rinse was used only in that year.[35]

Marketing edit

The act authorizing the dollar coin also provided for the Secretary of the Treasury to "adopt a program to promote the use of such coins by commercial enterprises, mass transit authorities, and Federal, State, and local government agencies."[6] The Mint's initial advertising campaign, consisting of an estimated 1,600 television, radio and print advertisements and partnerships with the national retail chain Wal-Mart and the General Mills company, cost approximately $41 million.[38] The television ads consisted of the head of George Washington superimposed upon a body, voiced by actor Michael Keaton, discussing the merits of the new dollar coin.[38]

Beginning in January 2000, the Mint began sending dollar coins to Wal-Mart and Sam's Club stores across the United States in order to help promote and circulate the coins.[39] In total, $100 million worth of the dollars were shipped to the stores as part of the promotion.[39] Some store owners criticized the Mint's partnership with Wal-Mart and Sam's Club as being unfair to smaller retailers.[39] In response, Diehl noted that "every retailer and commercial establishment has the right to carry the Golden Dollar. The Mint's agreement with Wal-Mart is designed to encourage all retailers and commercial businesses in the nation to use the new Golden Dollar in everyday transactions."[39]

During this time, the Mint began a partnership with the General Mills company, in which 10,000,000 boxes of Cheerios cereal would contain a 2000-dated Lincoln cent as a prize, one in every 2,000 boxes would contain a new Sacagawea dollar and one in every 4,400 would hold a certificate redeemable for 100 Sacagawea dollars.[40] It was later discovered, and confirmed in 2005,[41] that the dollars included in every 2,000 boxes were in fact early strikes, differing from those ultimately issued for circulation by the number of tail feathers on the eagle.[40] Approximately 5,500 of the coins were included in the boxes of cereal.[40] Far less of these dollars are known, since many may have been spent and entered circulation.[42] Later analysis also showed that an unknown number of them had the normal "Reverse of 2000" rather than what collectors called the enhanced tail feathers "Reverse of 1999". Thus the fact that a coin came from the cereal box does not guarantee that it is the rare variety.[43]

Gold dollars edit

 
The crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia for STS-93, the mission during which twelve gold Sacagawea dollars were sent into space

In 1999, the Mint struck a number of Sacagawea dollars in .9167 fine (22-karat) gold.[44] During the initial production of the coins, they were denominated at five dollars in order to help the public distinguish them from their circulating counterparts.[44] The plan was to sell gold versions of the coins to collectors.[44] On March 20, this plan was halted when some Congressmen questioned the authority of Mint officials to strike the coins in a composition different from what had already been authorized.[44] Full-scale coin production never took place even though the Mint maintained that it did have authority to do so, as the coins would be considered numismatic items and not regular-issue coins.[44] Similar gold coins were also struck, this time bearing the denomination of one dollar and a "W" mint mark of the West Point Mint (although they were actually struck at Philadelphia).[45][46] In total, 39 such coins were struck, twelve of which were found to be of adequate quality, while the rest were eventually destroyed.[44] Unlike those denominated at five dollars, the one dollar pieces were "struck to commemorate the historic flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia in July 1999", according to Former Mint Director Ed Moy.[45] The twelve surviving gold dollars were sent into space aboard Columbia on mission STS-93 in July 1999.[45] Following the return of the shuttle, the coins were placed in storage at Fort Knox, where they remained until 2007, when they were exhibited at the American Numismatic Association World's Fair of Money in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.[45] After the event, the coins were returned to Fort Knox; however, the Mint is currently planning to loan the coins to various museums throughout the country.[44]

Mule error edit

In May 2000, an error coin bearing the George Washington obverse design of a U.S. state quarter and the eagle reverse of a Sacagawea dollar was discovered in a roll of dollar coins purchased from a bank in Mountain Home, Arkansas.[47][48] The undated coin, known as a double-denomination mule, was the first of eleven discovered and authenticated.[48] Mint officials estimate that the coins, which bear the 'P' mint mark for Philadelphia, were struck from late April to early May 2000.[47][48] They were produced on dollar-coin planchets clad with manganese bronze, not quarter planchets with copper-nickel cladding.[48]

Following the initial discovery, a bin containing several thousand of the error coins was impounded at the Philadelphia Mint,[47] and all such coins within it were ordered melted.[48] Some of the coins that had been released were eventually tracked back to a coin-wrapping facility near Philadelphia.[47][48] Employees at the wrapping facility were instructed to watch for any of the coins; those discovered were turned over to the Mint.[47]

A subsequent federal investigation into the incident found that the error coins had been struck accidentally, but two former Mint employees were guilty of selling some of the dollars, resulting in imprisonment and fines for both individuals.[47] In 2002, Mint officials announced that two of the ten coins then reported had entered circulation through legal channels, but the other eight were of dubious origins and might be seized.[47] However, as of 2011, the federal government has not attempted to seize the eight examples considered of dubious origin.[48]

As of August 2011, eight of the eleven error coins, including the one initially discovered in Arkansas, are owned by a New Mexico collector who purchased them between 2000 and 2003, paying as high as $75,000 for a single specimen.[47][49] Of the other three documented mules, one is owned by its discoverer, a Missouri collector,[49] another was purchased by an unnamed collector,[49] and the third, first reported in 2011, was purchased in 2011 by a Chicago dealer from an individual who had owned the coin for about ten years.[48][49] Sale prices as high as $200,000 have been reported.[48] Three different die combinations have been identified among the eleven available error coins.[48]

Reception edit

 
An AirBART ticket machine that accepts only dollar coins and dollar bills

The coin received mixed reviews from the nation's senators. In an interview with Associated Press columnist Suzanne Gamboa, Republican Senator Phil Gramm of Texas described United States currency as "crummy".[50] Gramm, who was one of the senators who voted for the bill containing the legislation that authorized it, praised the design of the Sacagawea dollar as being an improvement over the other coin designs then in production.[50] Despite his praise of the design, Gramm condemned the Mint's approach to marketing the coin, stating that if the United States Mint were the Franklin Mint, they would be "sued for deceptive advertisement."[51] He also noted his belief that the Mint had repeated the earlier mistakes of the Susan B. Anthony dollar by issuing a coin that was tailored to the requests of the vending machine industry rather than the average consumer.[51]

Texas Republican Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison criticized both the Sacagawea design as well the coin's size in relation to the other coins in circulation at the time.[51] Hutchison felt that the new coin lacked the necessary heft to easily distinguish it from the lower denominations, and that the dollar, as well as the other coins and currency then in circulation "looks like play money."[51]

Senators Mike DeWine of Ohio and Byron Dorgan of North Dakota, Republican and Democrat respectively, praised the design and the distinctiveness of the golden color.[51]

The series proved unpopular in everyday commerce.[5] Mintage dropped by 90% the following year.[52] From 2002 through 2008, Sacagawea dollars were only struck for sale to collectors.[5] The Federal Reserve Bank ordered none of the Native American series after their issuance beginning in 2009.[5] In December 2009, it was noted by a Federal Reserve official that there were currently 857,000,000 dollar coins (including Presidential dollars) in government storage vaults, an amount estimated to satisfy the demand for twelve years.[5] In 2009, with the introduction of the Native American reverse designs, the coins were re-introduced to circulation; however, they again proved unpopular in commerce and following the 2011 issue, treasury secretary Timothy F. Geithner announced that all future dollar coin production would be for numismatic (collecting) purposes only.[53]

Despite their unpopularity in the United States, the coins are popular for commerce in El Salvador and Ecuador, nations that use the United States dollar.[34] Coins are more durable in tropical climates, and Sacagawea's portrait resembles that of an Ecuadorian Indian woman.[54]

Mintage figures edit

Year Philadelphia mintage[55] Denver mintage[55] San Francisco mintage[55] Total minted
2000 767,150,500 518,916,000 4,047,904 1,290,114,404
2001 62,468,000 70,939,500 3,183,740 136,591,240
2002 3,865,610 3,732,000 3,211,995 10,809,605
2003 3,080,000 3,080,000 3,298,439 9,458,439
2004 2,660,000 2,660,000 2,965,422 8,285,422
2005 2,520,000 2,520,000 3,344,679 8,384,679
2006 4,900,000 2,800,000 3,054,436 10,754,436
2007 3,640,000 3,920,000 2,259,847 9,819,847
2008 1,820,000 1,820,000 1,998,108 5,638,108
2009[56] 37,380,000 33,880,000 2,179,867 73,439,867
2010[57] 32,060,000 48,720,000 1,689,216 82,469,216
2011[58] 29,400,000 48,160,000 1,673,010 79,233,010
2012[59] 2,800,000 3,080,000 1,189,445 7,069,445
2013[60] 1,820,000 1,820,000 802,460 4,442,460
2014[61] 3,080,000 5,600,000 1,144,190 9,345,100
2015[62] 2,800,000 2,240,000 1,050,166[63] 6,090,166
2016 2,100,000[64] 2,800,000[64] 923,414[63] 5,823,414
2017 3,020,736 2,737,136 878,306[65] 3,848,460
2018 1,400,000[66] 1,400,000[66] 517,081 3,317,081
2019 1,400,000[67] 1,540,000[67] 1,012,931[68] 3,952,931
2020 1,400,000 [69] 1,260,000[69] 464,658[70] 3,124,658
2021 1,260,000 [71] 1,260,000[71] 512,664[72] 3,032,664
2022 980,000 [73] 980,000[73] 399,950[74] 2,359,950

Special finish sets edit

Besides the annual proof and uncirculated sets, Sacagawea dollars with special finishes have also been inserted into several mint packages. These include the following:[75]

Year and Mint Product Mintage
2000-D Millennium Coinage & Currency Set with special Burnished finish 75,000
2014-D Coin and Currency Set with Enhanced Uncirculated finish 50,000
2015-W Coin and Currency Set with Enhanced Uncirculated finish 90,000
2016-S Coin and Currency Set with Enhanced Uncirculated finish 75,000
2017-S Enhanced Uncirculated Mint set 225,000[76]
2019-P Coin and Currency Set with Enhanced Uncirculated finish 50,000

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ . www.usmint.gov. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
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  4. ^ a b c Yeoman, R.S. (2010). A Guide Book of United States Coins (63rd ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: Whitman Publishing. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-7948-2767-0.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Roach, Steve (March 8, 2010). "Wanted: New $1 Coins (As Long As They're Not Anthony Dollars)". Coin World: 22–24.
  6. ^ a b c d e Public Law 105-124—Dec. 1, 1997. United States Mint. Retrieved January 25, 2011
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Roach, Steve (March 8, 2010). "Sacagawea Tops Statue of Liberty, Other Themes, for Design". Coin World: 76–79.
  8. ^ Treasury Establishes Dollar Coin Advisory Committee March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. United States Mint. Retrieved January 25, 2011
  9. ^ a b c d e f The Historic Design Selection Process March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. United States Mint. Retrieved January 25, 2011
  10. ^ a b c New Dollar Coin: Public Prefers Statue of Liberty Over Sacagawea November 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. United States General Accounting Office. Retrieved January 26, 2011
  11. ^ "Sacagawea Golden Dollar Coin | U.S. Mint". www.usmint.gov. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d Public Law 110-82 – September 20, 2007 November 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. United States Mint. Retrieved January 28, 2011
  13. ^ a b c d e f Reverse Candidate Theme and Design Evaluation and Selection Process for the Native American $1 Coin Program March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine United States Mint. Retrieved January 28, 2011
  14. ^ a b c . United States Mint. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  15. ^ a b . United States Mint. Archived from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  16. ^ a b c . United States Mint. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  17. ^ . United States Mint. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
  18. ^ . United States Mint. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  19. ^ Grikes, Paul (November 29, 2012). "Mint reveals design for Native American coin". Coin World. Retrieved August 1, 2013.[permanent dead link]
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  21. ^ a b . United States Mint. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  22. ^ a b c United States Mint (August 29, 2014). "United States Mint Announces Designs for 2015 and 2016 Native American $1 Coins" (Press release). Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  23. ^ "CCAC selects designs for 2017 and 2018 Native American dollars".
  24. ^ "CCAC selects designs for 2017 and 2018 Native American dollars".
  25. ^ "Native American $1 Coin". USMint.gov. United States Mint. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
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External links edit

  • United States Small Size Dollar Coins, 1979–present
Preceded by Dollar coin of the United States
(2000–present)

Concurrent with:

Presidential Dollar Coin Program (2007–2016; 2020)
American Innovation $1 Coin Program (2018-present)

Succeeded by
Incumbent

sacagawea, dollar, golden, dollar, redirects, here, other, gold, colored, dollar, coins, presidential, dollar, coins, american, innovation, dollars, also, known, golden, dollar, united, states, dollar, coin, introduced, 2000, subsequently, minted, only, niche,. Golden dollar redirects here For the other gold colored dollar coins see Presidential dollar coins and American Innovation dollars The Sacagawea dollar also known as the golden dollar is a United States dollar coin introduced in 2000 but subsequently minted only for niche circulation from 2002 onward The coin generally failed to meet consumer and business demands It is still generally accepted in circulation Sacagawea dollarUnited StatesValue1 00 United States dollarMass8 100 g 0 26 troy oz Diameter26 49 mm 1 043 in Thickness2 00 mm 0 079 in EdgePlain 2000 2008 Lettered 2009 present CompositionCore 100 CuCladding 77 Cu 12 Zn 7 Mn 4 NiOverall 88 5 Cu 6 Zn 3 5 Mn 2 Ni 1 Years of minting2000 2001 2009 2011 circulation 2002 2008 2012 present collectors only 2 Mint marksP Philadelphia D Denver S San Francisco W West Point special strikings only ObverseDesignProfile of Sacagawea with her child Jean Baptiste CharbonneauDesignerGlenna GoodacreDesign date2000DesignDate and mint mark removedDesignerGlenna GoodacreDesign date2009ReverseDesignSoaring eagleDesignerThomas D RogersDesign date2000DesignVarious one design per yearDesignerVariousDesign date2009 presentThese coins have a copper core clad by manganese brass giving them a distinctive golden color The coin features an obverse by Glenna Goodacre From 2000 to 2008 the reverse featured an eagle design by Thomas D Rogers Since 2009 the reverse of the Sacagawea dollar has been changed yearly with each design in the series depicting a different aspect of Native American cultures These coins are marketed as Native American dollars The coin was introduced as a replacement for the Susan B Anthony dollar which proved useful for vending machine operators and mass transit systems despite being unpopular with the public The Statue of Liberty was originally proposed as the design subject but Sacagawea the Shoshone guide of the Lewis and Clark Expedition was eventually chosen The new dollar coin was heavily marketed by the Mint in a series of print radio and television advertisements as well as Mint partnerships with Walmart and Cheerios However the Sacagawea dollar did not prove popular with the public and mintage dropped sharply in the second year of production Production of Sacagawea dollars continued from 2007 to 2016 in parallel with the U S Presidential dollars In 2012 mintage numbers were reduced by over 90 in line with a similar reduction for the even less popular Presidential Dollars because of large stockpiles of unused coins from that series The Mint planned to issue the Sacagawea design in 22 karat gold as well but this idea was quickly abandoned after the Mint s authority to strike the coins was questioned and the Mint has retained ownership of the few such coins produced Soon after initial production of the dollar it was noticed that a few of the dollar coins were erroneously struck with the obverse of a state quarter and the normal reverse Contents 1 Background 2 Design history 2 1 Subject selection 2 2 Initial design selection 2000 2008 2 3 Native American redesign 2009 present 3 Production and release 3 1 Marketing 3 2 Gold dollars 3 3 Mule error 4 Reception 5 Mintage figures 6 Special finish sets 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksBackground editBecause of the limited circulation of the cumbersome Eisenhower dollar it was decided in 1977 that a smaller dollar coin might see improved circulation and prove more useful to the public 3 On September 26 1978 Congress approved legislation to provide for a smaller dollar coin to be minted which would depict Susan B Anthony a prominent American suffragette 3 These new dollars also proved unpopular due in large part to their similarity in size and metallic composition to the quarter dollar 3 Since there was little interest in the coin as a circulating medium most were placed in United States Mint and Federal Reserve vaults throughout the country and mintage ceased after 1981 4 nbsp U S Senator Rod Grams R MN who introduced legislation in the Senate for a new dollar coin Despite their initial lack of popularity by the mid 1990s the Treasury s supply of Anthony dollars began to dwindle due to their widespread use in vending machines including more than 9 000 stamp machines situated in post offices across the United States and increasing usage in mass transit systems throughout the country 5 Beginning in 1997 several bills were introduced to Congress with the intent of resuming mintage of small sized dollar coins to keep up with demand 5 On March 20 of that year Arizona Republican Representative Jim Kolbe introduced legislation calling for more dollar coins to be minted Four months later on July 24 Republican Representative Michael Castle of Delaware a member of the House Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy also introduced legislation calling for the Statue of Liberty to be the subject of the design 5 On October 21 Minnesota Republican Rod Grams introduced a bill in the Senate also calling for the mintage of a newly designed dollar coin The final legislation authorizing the design and production of a new dollar coin was based on Grams bill 5 Also on October 21 in a hearing before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy Trade and Technology Treasury Department officials gave their support for a new dollar coin recommending that it be gold colored with a distinctive edge to make it easily distinguishable from the quarter dollar During this hearing Philip N Diehl then Director of the Mint estimated that it would take thirty months to begin production of the new coin 5 The United States Senate approved the necessary legislation on November 9 1997 and the House of Representatives did the same on November 13 5 On December 1 President Bill Clinton signed the 50 States Commemorative Coin Program Act which became Public Law 105 124 6 Section four of the act which is entitled United States 1 Coin Act of 1997 provided for a new dollar coin to be struck stating in part The dollar coin shall be golden in color have a distinctive edge have tactile and visual features that make the denomination of the coin readily discernible 6 The act also gave authority to the Secretary of the Treasury to resume production of the Susan B Anthony dollar to fill the demand for dollar coins until production could begin on the newly designed golden dollar 6 In total more than 41 million Susan B Anthony dollars were struck bearing the date 1999 4 Design history editSubject selection edit nbsp Delaware Representative Michael Castle who preferred the more popular Statue of Liberty design to the Sacagawea for the dollar coin Though the United States 1 Coin Act of 1997 required a change in composition and edge it did not dictate what was to appear on the coin 6 To determine this Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin appointed a nine member Dollar Coin Design Advisory Committee Rubin who had the authority to select the coin s design as Secretary of the Treasury 7 specified that the coin should depict a representation of one or more women and could not depict a living person 8 The committee was chaired by Philip N Diehl a role that did not include a vote on the designs 9 They met in Philadelphia in June 1998 listening to seventeen concepts submitted by members of the public and reviewing many more suggestions received by telephone mail and email 9 On June 9 1998 the committee recommended Sacagawea the Shoshone guide of the Lewis and Clark Expedition for the design of the new coin 9 Despite the committee s choice of Sacagawea Castle advocated that the Statue of Liberty be depicted as per his earlier legislation 7 In a letter to the House of Representatives Castle explained his objection stating that the goal in creating a new dollar coin is to make it more distinctive with a popular design that would encourage its wider use by the public 7 Between November 18 and 22 1998 the General Accounting Office conducted a poll on behalf of Castle 10 The object of the poll was to determine which design the public would find more desirable 10 In total 65 percent preferred the Statue of Liberty 27 percent preferred Sacagawea two percent believed that either was acceptable three percent said neither was acceptable and an additional three percent had no opinion 10 Despite Castle s objection Sacagawea was ultimately chosen as the subject of the coin Initial design selection 2000 2008 edit Invitations were sent to 23 artists with guidelines as to what their designs should depict The obverse was to depict a representation of Sacagawea and the reverse an eagle symbolizing peace and freedom 7 Another guideline requested artists be sensitive to cultural authenticity and try to avoid creating a representation of a classical European face in Native American headdress 7 In November and December 1998 members of the Native American community teachers numismatists historians members of Congress various government officials and others were invited by the United States Mint to review the submitted proposed designs 9 Six obverse and seven reverse designs were originally selected for further consideration 9 After the Mint conducted a series of polls and focus groups three obverse and four reverse designs were selected as finalists 9 The Mint received approximately 90 000 e mails in reference to the design selection process 7 In response to the large amount of feedback generated Diehl stated that the internet has allowed us to conduct a public outreach program of unprecedented scope to measure opinions of the designs 7 All seven of the selected designs were forwarded to the United States Commission of Fine Arts the Commission chose an obverse design depicting Sacagawea with her infant son Jean Baptiste Charbonneau as designed by sculptor Glenna Goodacre Goodacre chose Randy L He dow Teton to model for Sacagawea of whom there are no known contemporary portraits to help the artist capture the features of a young Native American woman 7 The depiction of Sacagawea s infant son Jean Baptiste Charbonneau was partially modeled after one year old Adam Scholz with assistance from his father Peter Scholz The infant is shown on Sacagawea s back in Hidatsa custom 11 The chosen reverse designed by Mint sculptor engraver Thomas D Rogers depicted a soaring eagle 7 Native American redesign 2009 present edit On September 20 2007 Pub L Tooltip Public Law United States 110 82 text PDF known as the Native American 1 Coin Act was signed by president George W Bush 12 The act specified in part that the one dollar coin shall depict images celebrating the important contributions made by Indian tribes and individual Native Americans to the development of the United States and the history of the United States 12 The act also called for the removal of the date from the obverse and E PLURIBUS UNUM from the reverse of the coin opting instead to add them to the edge 12 At this time the mintmark was also moved to the edge The program requires that the reverse of the dollar depict a new design every year 12 In order to determine which design to depict on the coins officials from the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs the Native American Caucus and the National Congress of American Indians the consulting organizations for the program appoint a liaison to the United States Mint 13 Between twelve and fifteen themes are selected after consultation with the National Museum of the American Indian and the Smithsonian Institution 13 At this point the consulting organizations supply the Mint with written comments regarding the themes 13 The suggestions are then sent to the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee where a theme is recommended 13 After reviewing the recommendations and input from the contributing organizations the selected theme is finalized at which point designs are produced that represent the theme 13 Once designs are created the consulting organizations and the National Museum of the Native American are consulted and the designs are sent to the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee for approval Based on all comments and recommendations received the Mint selects a final design that is recommended to the Secretary of the Treasury for approval 13 The first coin in the Native American series issued in 2009 was designed by Mint sculptor engraver Norman E Nemeth the subject being the spread of Three Sisters Agriculture 14 It depicts a Native American woman planting seeds in a field populated with corn beans and squash 14 Above the woman is the inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and below is 1 14 The design selected for the 2010 reverse was designed by Artistic Infusion Program artist Thomas Cleveland and depicts the Hiawatha Belt surrounding five stone tipped arrows along with the inscriptions UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1 HAUDENOSAUNEE and GREAT LAW OF PEACE 15 The subject of the design is the Great Tree of Peace 15 The reverse of the 2011 dollar depicts the hands of the Supreme Sachem Ousamequin and Plymouth Colony Governor John Carver holding a ceremonial pipe along with the inscriptions UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1 and WAMPANOAG TREATY 1621 16 The coin was designed by Artistic Infusion Program artist Richard Masters and engraved by Mint sculptor engraver Joseph Menna 16 The design subject is treaties with tribal nations 16 The theme for the reverse of the 2012 dollar is Trade Routes of the 17th Century and the design depicts the profile of a Native American man and a horse in the foreground and a group of galloping horses in the background 17 This reverse design was created by Thomas Cleveland as part of the Artistic Infusion Program and engraved by Mint sculptor engraver Phebe Hemphill The 2013 dollar commemorates the Treaty with the Lenape in 1778 the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe The coin depicts a turkey a howling wolf and a turtle symbols of the Lenape 18 Its design was created by Susan Gamble as part of the Artistic Infusion Program and engraved by Phebe Hemphill 19 The 2014 dollar depicts a Native American man clasping a ceremonial pipe while his wife holds a plate of provisions including fish corn roots and gourds In the background is the stylized image of the face of William Clark s compass displaying NW for northwest It bears the inscriptions UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and 1 as required by law 20 The reverse design of the 2015 dollar depicts Mohawk ironworkers According to the U S Mint the coin commemorates Kahnawake and Akwesasne Mohawk ironworkers who contributed to the building of New York City skyscrapers 21 The inscriptions on the reverse read UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1 and MOHAWK IRONWORKERS 21 It was designed by artist Ronald D Sanders 22 The reverse design selected for use on the 2016 coin according to an August 29 2014 U S Mint press release commemorates Code talkers from World Wars I and II 22 Designed by Thomas D Rogers it includes the inscriptions UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1 WWI and WWII and depicts two helmets used by American fighting forces in the 20th century the Brodie helmet of World War I and the M1 helmet of World War II along with two feathers which combine to form a V symbolizing victory unity and the important role that these code talkers played 22 For 2017 the reverse design selected on October 7 2015 by the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee CCAC depicts Sequoyah 23 For 2018 the reverse design also selected by the CCAC depicts Jim Thorpe and was sculpted by Michael Gaudioso 24 The 2019 dollar s theme is American Indians in the space program depicting Mary G Ross and John Herrington It was designed by Emily Damstra and sculpted by Joseph Menna 25 The 2020 dollar design commemorates the 75th anniversary of Alaska s Anti Discrimination Act of 1945 and features the image of Alaskan civil rights advocate and member of the Tlingit Nation Elizabeth Peratrovich The designer was Phebe Hemphill 26 In March 2018 the CCAC recommended design themes through 2024 27 The 2021 dollar s theme is American Indians in the U S military service from 1775 to the present Designed by Donna Weaver and sculpted by Joseph Menna it features two eagle feathers and five stars for the five branches of the U S military 28 The 2022 dollar s reverse depicts Ely Samuel Parker 29 The 2023 dollar s reverse was announced in 2018 as set to honor Charles Alexander Eastman 30 but the actual 2023 coin as issued features the ballerina Maria Tallchief 31 The 2024 dollar s reverse will commemorate the 100th anniversary of Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 also known as the Snyder Act 32 In November 2023 the Mint announced that the 2025 coin would honor Mary Kawena Pukui 33 nbsp 2000 2008 reverse by Thomas D Rogers nbsp 2009 reverse by Norman Nemeth honors the spread of Three Sisters Agriculture nbsp 2018 reverse by Michael Gaudioso featuring Jim Thorpe nbsp 2020 reverse designed by Phebe Hemphill featuring Elizabeth Peratrovich nbsp Edge lettering 2009 present E PLURIBUS UNUM date mint mark Production and release editAfter her obverse design was approved Goodacre visited the Philadelphia Mint engraving department six times in order to finalize the designs 7 Rogers reverse design was also modified before production began In his original proposal mountainous scenery was depicted beneath the flying eagle this was removed and the positions of other reverse design features were altered before Rubin gave final approval 7 The composition selected for the new coin included a cladding of manganese brass containing about 77 copper 12 zinc 7 manganese and 4 nickel over a pure copper core 4 This composition was chosen because it would give the coin a distinctive golden color while being electromagnetically identical to its predecessor the copper nickel Susan B Anthony dollar 34 The first official striking of the Sacagawea dollar took place on November 18 1999 during a ceremony in which dignitaries and other invited guests each struck individual examples of the coins 35 Because the coins were struck before 2000 it was not legal to release them during the first strike ceremonies 35 Instead the coins were saved and later sent to the dignitaries who struck them 35 Full scale production began shortly after the ceremonial strikings 35 For her work creating the obverse of the Sacagawea dollar Goodacre received a 5 000 commission she requested that it be paid in dollar coins 36 The 2000 P dollars paid to Goodacre were struck on specially burnished blanks to give them a finish unique to that striking 36 Diehl and other Mint dignitaries personally delivered the coins to Goodacre on April 5 2000 36 A similar specially burnished finish was used on the 75 000 2000 D dollars included in the Millennium Coin amp Currency sets 37 Soon after release of the new coins it was discovered that they tarnished quickly once in circulation In April 2001 the Mint began testing an experimental rinse that would inhibit the tarnishing however the rinse was used only in that year 35 Marketing edit The act authorizing the dollar coin also provided for the Secretary of the Treasury to adopt a program to promote the use of such coins by commercial enterprises mass transit authorities and Federal State and local government agencies 6 The Mint s initial advertising campaign consisting of an estimated 1 600 television radio and print advertisements and partnerships with the national retail chain Wal Mart and the General Mills company cost approximately 41 million 38 The television ads consisted of the head of George Washington superimposed upon a body voiced by actor Michael Keaton discussing the merits of the new dollar coin 38 Beginning in January 2000 the Mint began sending dollar coins to Wal Mart and Sam s Club stores across the United States in order to help promote and circulate the coins 39 In total 100 million worth of the dollars were shipped to the stores as part of the promotion 39 Some store owners criticized the Mint s partnership with Wal Mart and Sam s Club as being unfair to smaller retailers 39 In response Diehl noted that every retailer and commercial establishment has the right to carry the Golden Dollar The Mint s agreement with Wal Mart is designed to encourage all retailers and commercial businesses in the nation to use the new Golden Dollar in everyday transactions 39 During this time the Mint began a partnership with the General Mills company in which 10 000 000 boxes of Cheerios cereal would contain a 2000 dated Lincoln cent as a prize one in every 2 000 boxes would contain a new Sacagawea dollar and one in every 4 400 would hold a certificate redeemable for 100 Sacagawea dollars 40 It was later discovered and confirmed in 2005 41 that the dollars included in every 2 000 boxes were in fact early strikes differing from those ultimately issued for circulation by the number of tail feathers on the eagle 40 Approximately 5 500 of the coins were included in the boxes of cereal 40 Far less of these dollars are known since many may have been spent and entered circulation 42 Later analysis also showed that an unknown number of them had the normal Reverse of 2000 rather than what collectors called the enhanced tail feathers Reverse of 1999 Thus the fact that a coin came from the cereal box does not guarantee that it is the rare variety 43 Gold dollars edit nbsp The crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia for STS 93 the mission during which twelve gold Sacagawea dollars were sent into spaceIn 1999 the Mint struck a number of Sacagawea dollars in 9167 fine 22 karat gold 44 During the initial production of the coins they were denominated at five dollars in order to help the public distinguish them from their circulating counterparts 44 The plan was to sell gold versions of the coins to collectors 44 On March 20 this plan was halted when some Congressmen questioned the authority of Mint officials to strike the coins in a composition different from what had already been authorized 44 Full scale coin production never took place even though the Mint maintained that it did have authority to do so as the coins would be considered numismatic items and not regular issue coins 44 Similar gold coins were also struck this time bearing the denomination of one dollar and a W mint mark of the West Point Mint although they were actually struck at Philadelphia 45 46 In total 39 such coins were struck twelve of which were found to be of adequate quality while the rest were eventually destroyed 44 Unlike those denominated at five dollars the one dollar pieces were struck to commemorate the historic flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia in July 1999 according to Former Mint Director Ed Moy 45 The twelve surviving gold dollars were sent into space aboard Columbia on mission STS 93 in July 1999 45 Following the return of the shuttle the coins were placed in storage at Fort Knox where they remained until 2007 when they were exhibited at the American Numismatic Association World s Fair of Money in Milwaukee Wisconsin 45 After the event the coins were returned to Fort Knox however the Mint is currently planning to loan the coins to various museums throughout the country 44 Mule error edit Main article 2000 Sacagawea dollar Washington quarter mule In May 2000 an error coin bearing the George Washington obverse design of a U S state quarter and the eagle reverse of a Sacagawea dollar was discovered in a roll of dollar coins purchased from a bank in Mountain Home Arkansas 47 48 The undated coin known as a double denomination mule was the first of eleven discovered and authenticated 48 Mint officials estimate that the coins which bear the P mint mark for Philadelphia were struck from late April to early May 2000 47 48 They were produced on dollar coin planchets clad with manganese bronze not quarter planchets with copper nickel cladding 48 Following the initial discovery a bin containing several thousand of the error coins was impounded at the Philadelphia Mint 47 and all such coins within it were ordered melted 48 Some of the coins that had been released were eventually tracked back to a coin wrapping facility near Philadelphia 47 48 Employees at the wrapping facility were instructed to watch for any of the coins those discovered were turned over to the Mint 47 A subsequent federal investigation into the incident found that the error coins had been struck accidentally but two former Mint employees were guilty of selling some of the dollars resulting in imprisonment and fines for both individuals 47 In 2002 Mint officials announced that two of the ten coins then reported had entered circulation through legal channels but the other eight were of dubious origins and might be seized 47 However as of 2011 the federal government has not attempted to seize the eight examples considered of dubious origin 48 As of August 2011 eight of the eleven error coins including the one initially discovered in Arkansas are owned by a New Mexico collector who purchased them between 2000 and 2003 paying as high as 75 000 for a single specimen 47 49 Of the other three documented mules one is owned by its discoverer a Missouri collector 49 another was purchased by an unnamed collector 49 and the third first reported in 2011 was purchased in 2011 by a Chicago dealer from an individual who had owned the coin for about ten years 48 49 Sale prices as high as 200 000 have been reported 48 Three different die combinations have been identified among the eleven available error coins 48 Reception edit nbsp An AirBART ticket machine that accepts only dollar coins and dollar billsThe coin received mixed reviews from the nation s senators In an interview with Associated Press columnist Suzanne Gamboa Republican Senator Phil Gramm of Texas described United States currency as crummy 50 Gramm who was one of the senators who voted for the bill containing the legislation that authorized it praised the design of the Sacagawea dollar as being an improvement over the other coin designs then in production 50 Despite his praise of the design Gramm condemned the Mint s approach to marketing the coin stating that if the United States Mint were the Franklin Mint they would be sued for deceptive advertisement 51 He also noted his belief that the Mint had repeated the earlier mistakes of the Susan B Anthony dollar by issuing a coin that was tailored to the requests of the vending machine industry rather than the average consumer 51 Texas Republican Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison criticized both the Sacagawea design as well the coin s size in relation to the other coins in circulation at the time 51 Hutchison felt that the new coin lacked the necessary heft to easily distinguish it from the lower denominations and that the dollar as well as the other coins and currency then in circulation looks like play money 51 Senators Mike DeWine of Ohio and Byron Dorgan of North Dakota Republican and Democrat respectively praised the design and the distinctiveness of the golden color 51 The series proved unpopular in everyday commerce 5 Mintage dropped by 90 the following year 52 From 2002 through 2008 Sacagawea dollars were only struck for sale to collectors 5 The Federal Reserve Bank ordered none of the Native American series after their issuance beginning in 2009 5 In December 2009 it was noted by a Federal Reserve official that there were currently 857 000 000 dollar coins including Presidential dollars in government storage vaults an amount estimated to satisfy the demand for twelve years 5 In 2009 with the introduction of the Native American reverse designs the coins were re introduced to circulation however they again proved unpopular in commerce and following the 2011 issue treasury secretary Timothy F Geithner announced that all future dollar coin production would be for numismatic collecting purposes only 53 Despite their unpopularity in the United States the coins are popular for commerce in El Salvador and Ecuador nations that use the United States dollar 34 Coins are more durable in tropical climates and Sacagawea s portrait resembles that of an Ecuadorian Indian woman 54 Mintage figures editYear Philadelphia mintage 55 Denver mintage 55 San Francisco mintage 55 Total minted2000 767 150 500 518 916 000 4 047 904 1 290 114 4042001 62 468 000 70 939 500 3 183 740 136 591 2402002 3 865 610 3 732 000 3 211 995 10 809 6052003 3 080 000 3 080 000 3 298 439 9 458 4392004 2 660 000 2 660 000 2 965 422 8 285 4222005 2 520 000 2 520 000 3 344 679 8 384 6792006 4 900 000 2 800 000 3 054 436 10 754 4362007 3 640 000 3 920 000 2 259 847 9 819 8472008 1 820 000 1 820 000 1 998 108 5 638 1082009 56 37 380 000 33 880 000 2 179 867 73 439 8672010 57 32 060 000 48 720 000 1 689 216 82 469 2162011 58 29 400 000 48 160 000 1 673 010 79 233 0102012 59 2 800 000 3 080 000 1 189 445 7 069 4452013 60 1 820 000 1 820 000 802 460 4 442 4602014 61 3 080 000 5 600 000 1 144 190 9 345 1002015 62 2 800 000 2 240 000 1 050 166 63 6 090 1662016 2 100 000 64 2 800 000 64 923 414 63 5 823 4142017 3 020 736 2 737 136 878 306 65 3 848 4602018 1 400 000 66 1 400 000 66 517 081 3 317 0812019 1 400 000 67 1 540 000 67 1 012 931 68 3 952 9312020 1 400 000 69 1 260 000 69 464 658 70 3 124 6582021 1 260 000 71 1 260 000 71 512 664 72 3 032 6642022 980 000 73 980 000 73 399 950 74 2 359 950Special finish sets editBesides the annual proof and uncirculated sets Sacagawea dollars with special finishes have also been inserted into several mint packages These include the following 75 Year and Mint Product Mintage2000 D Millennium Coinage amp Currency Set with special Burnished finish 75 0002014 D Coin and Currency Set with Enhanced Uncirculated finish 50 0002015 W Coin and Currency Set with Enhanced Uncirculated finish 90 0002016 S Coin and Currency Set with Enhanced Uncirculated finish 75 0002017 S Enhanced Uncirculated Mint set 225 000 76 2019 P Coin and Currency Set with Enhanced Uncirculated finish 50 000See also edit nbsp Money portal nbsp Numismatics portal nbsp United States portal50 State quarters America the Beautiful silver bullion coins District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters America the Beautiful quarters Presidential dollar coins Westward Journey nickel series United States Bicentennial coinageReferences edit United States Mint Golden Dollar Coin Design Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved February 16 2015 Circulating Coins U S Mint www usmint gov Archived from the original on April 15 2016 Retrieved April 7 2016 a b c Martin Erik June 2010 Anthony Dollar Hits Wrong Chord With Collectors Public Coin World 224 26 a b c Yeoman R S 2010 A Guide Book of United States Coins 63rd ed Atlanta Georgia Whitman Publishing p 226 ISBN 978 0 7948 2767 0 a b c d e f g h i j Roach Steve March 8 2010 Wanted New 1 Coins As Long As They re Not Anthony Dollars Coin World 22 24 a b c d e Public Law 105 124 Dec 1 1997 United States Mint Retrieved January 25 2011 a b c d e f g h i j k Roach Steve March 8 2010 Sacagawea Tops Statue of Liberty Other Themes for Design Coin World 76 79 Treasury Establishes Dollar Coin Advisory Committee Archived March 4 2016 at the Wayback Machine United States Mint Retrieved January 25 2011 a b c d e f The Historic Design Selection Process Archived March 4 2016 at the Wayback Machine United States Mint Retrieved January 25 2011 a b c New Dollar Coin Public Prefers Statue of Liberty Over Sacagawea Archived November 23 2011 at the Wayback Machine United States General Accounting Office Retrieved January 26 2011 Sacagawea Golden Dollar Coin U S Mint www usmint gov Retrieved October 6 2022 a b c d Public Law 110 82 September 20 2007 Archived November 23 2015 at the Wayback Machine United States Mint Retrieved January 28 2011 a b c d e f Reverse Candidate Theme and Design Evaluation and Selection Process for the Native American 1 Coin Program Archived March 4 2016 at the Wayback Machine United States Mint Retrieved January 28 2011 a b c 2009 Native American 1 Coin United States Mint Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved January 28 2011 a b 2010 Native American 1 Coin United States Mint Archived from the original on November 23 2015 Retrieved January 28 2011 a b c 2011 Native American 1 Coin United States Mint Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved January 28 2011 2012 Native American 1 Coin United States Mint Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved May 24 2012 2013 Native American 1 Coin United States Mint Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved August 1 2013 Grikes Paul November 29 2012 Mint reveals design for Native American coin Coin World Retrieved August 1 2013 permanent dead link 2014 Native American 1 Coin United States Mint Archived from the original on April 9 2016 Retrieved February 9 2014 a b 2015 Native American 1 Coin United States Mint Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved January 7 2015 a b c United States Mint August 29 2014 United States Mint Announces Designs for 2015 and 2016 Native American 1 Coins Press release Retrieved February 16 2015 CCAC selects designs for 2017 and 2018 Native American dollars CCAC selects designs for 2017 and 2018 Native American dollars Native American 1 Coin USMint gov United States Mint Retrieved March 5 2019 United States Mint United States Mint Unveils 2020 Native American 1 Coin Reverse Design United States Mint Retrieved October 7 2019 Unser Mike March 22 2018 Native American 1 Coin Design Themes for 2021 2024 coinnews net CoinNews Media Group LLC Retrieved March 10 2020 Unser Mike March 22 2018 Native American 1 Coin Design Themes for 2021 2024 coinnews net CoinNews Media Group LLC Retrieved March 10 2020 Unser Mike March 22 2018 Native American 1 Coin Design Themes for 2021 2024 coinnews net CoinNews Media Group LLC Retrieved March 10 2020 Unser Mike March 22 2018 Native American 1 Coin Design Themes for 2021 2024 coinnews net CoinNews Media Group LLC Retrieved March 10 2020 Native American 1 Coin 2023 Rolls Bags and Boxes United States Mint Archived from the original on February 17 2023 Unser Mike March 22 2018 Native American 1 Coin Design Themes for 2021 2024 coinnews net CoinNews Media Group LLC Retrieved March 10 2020 Gilkes Paul Mary Kawena Pukui subject of Native American dollar coinworld com Amos Media Company Retrieved January 7 2024 a b Sanders Mitch March 2006 Modern Dollar Coins The Numismatist 114 115 Archived from the original on March 14 2009 a b c d e Gilkes Paul March 8 2010 Experimental Washes Special Strikings Challenge to Collect Coin World 126 128 179 a b c Gilkes Paul March 8 2010 Goodacre Receives Special Sac Dollars Coin World 130 131 The 2000 D Burnished Sacagawea Dollar www smalldollars com a b Martin Erik March 8 2010 Circulation Promotion for Sacagawea 1 Takes Unusual Paths Coin World 119 224 a b c d Mirabella Lorraine February 8 2000 Sacagawea Dollar a Hit at Wal Mart The Baltimore Sun a b c Gilkes Paul March 8 2010 Cereal Promotion Offers Collectors Welcome 1 Surprise Coin World 120 121 Sacagawea Dollar Pattern Cheerios Dollar www smalldollars com Retrieved September 26 2022 Headley Susan September 21 2021 Cheerios Dollar Why Is This Sacajawea Dollar Worth Thousands of Dollars The Spruce Crafts Hernandez Jaime May 27 2008 Cheerios Sacagawea Dollar Found Without Enhanced Tail Feathers Design PCGS a b c d e f g Gilkes Paul March 8 2010 Special 2000 W Sacagawea Dollars Travel on Space Shuttle Coin World 122 a b c d United States Mint Displays Never Before Seen Gold Space Coins in Milwaukee United States Mint Retrieved February 4 2019 2000 W Gold Proof Sacagawea Dollar www smalldollars com Retrieved September 2 2019 a b c d e f g h Gilkes Paul March 8 2010 Double Denomination Mule Features Sacagawea 1 Reverse Coin World 132 133 177 a b c d e f g h i j Gikes Paul 11th quarter dollar dollar mule surfaces Chicago dealer acquires NGC certified coin Coin World 11 August 2011 Coin World Archived from the original on December 21 2013 Retrieved September 6 2011 a b c d Fred Weinberg amp Co 2000 P Mule Sacagawea Dollar Reverse w States Quarter Obverse Fred Weinberg amp Co Archived from the original on November 12 2011 Retrieved September 6 2011 a b Gamboa Suzanne September 12 2000 Sen Gramm Says Currency Crummy Wants New Designs The Spartanburg Herald Journal a b c d e Lawmakers Blast New Gold Dollar as Confusing The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Scripps Howard News Service February 24 2000 Archived from the original on November 23 2015 Yeoman R S 2010 A Guide Book of United States Coins 63rd ed Atlanta Georgia Whitman Publishing LLC p 227 ISBN 978 0 7948 2767 0 Gilkes Paul Treasury reveals 2014 Native American dollar coinworld com Amos Media Company Retrieved March 4 2020 Spurrier Lianna April 17 2019 The Golden Dollar Story of the Sacagaweas CoinWeek a b c Yeoman R S 2016 A Guide Book of United States Coins 69th ed Atlanta GA Whitman Publishing LLC pp 236 237 ISBN 978 0 7948 4305 2 2009 Circulating Coin Production United States Mint Retrieved February 24 2011 2010 Circulating Coin Production United States Mint Retrieved February 24 2011 2011 Circulating Coin Production United States Mint Archived from the original on October 10 2012 Retrieved January 1 2014 2012 Circulating Coin Production United States Mint Archived from the original on October 11 2012 Retrieved January 1 2014 2013 Circulating Coin Production United States Mint Retrieved January 1 2014 permanent dead link 2014 Circulating Coin Production United States Mint Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved January 7 2015 2015 Circulating Coin Production United States Mint Archived from the original on May 2 2016 Retrieved January 31 2016 a b Cumulative Sales Figures U S Mint www usmint gov permanent dead link a b Circulating Coins Production U S Mint www usmint gov permanent dead link Cumulative Sales Figures U S Mint www usmint gov permanent dead link a b Circulating Coins Production U S Mint www usmint gov a b Circulating Coins Production U S Mint www usmint gov Cumulative Sales Figures usmint gov United States Mint Retrieved March 27 2022 a b Circulating Coins Production U S Mint www usmint gov Cumulative Sales Figures usmint gov United States Mint Retrieved June 24 2022 a b Circulating Coins Production U S Mint www usmint gov Retrieved September 27 2023 Cumulative Sales Figures usmint gov United States Mint Retrieved September 27 2023 a b Circulating Coins Production U S Mint www usmint gov Retrieved September 27 2023 Cumulative Sales Figures usmint gov United States Mint Retrieved September 27 2023 Sacagawea Dollars Complete Coin Guide sacagaweadollarguide com 2017 Enhanced Uncirculated Coin Set U S Mint www usmint gov External links editUnited States Small Size Dollar Coins 1979 present Sebastien Lotz and Guillaume Rocheteau The Fate of One Dollar Coins in the U S 2004 Preceded bySusan B Anthony dollar Dollar coin of the United States 2000 present Concurrent with Presidential Dollar Coin Program 2007 2016 2020 American Innovation 1 Coin Program 2018 present Succeeded byIncumbent Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sacagawea dollar amp oldid 1202093419, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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