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Russian Sign Language (RSL) is the sign language used by the Deaf community in Russia and possibly Ukraine, Belarus and Tajikistan. It belongs to the French Sign Language family.
RSL is a natural language with a grammar that differs from spoken or written Russian language. Signed Russian is an artificial form of communication used in schools and differs from RSL in strictly following Russian grammar.
Although RSL is legally recognized in Russia, it does not enjoy state support and there is a lack of skilled RSL interpreters in the country.
Russian fairytale "The Wolf and the Fox" in Russian Sign Language.
In 1806, the first Russian deaf school was founded near St. Petersburg. It is believed that RSL belongs to the French sign language family due to the fact that the first two sign language teachers were from France and Austria.[2] Researchers do not know for sure if RSL is used outside of Russia; it may also be used in Ukraine, Belarus or Tajikistan.[3]
Much of the early research on RSL was done by Galina Lazarevna Zaitseva,[3] who wrote her 1969 PhD thesis on spatial relationships in Russian Sign Language, and in 1992 devised the now standard term for Russian Sign Language "Russkii Zhestovyi Yazyk" (Russian: Русский Жестовый Язык).
Sociolinguistic status
Most deaf people in Russia are born to hearing families and therefore are not provided the opportunity to acquire a native-like command over RSL. Bilingualism between RSL and written or spoken Russian is very common.[4]
Signed Russian differs from RSL in that it is an artificial form of communication which closely follows Russian word order and adds Russian grammatical features not found in RSL. Sign Russian has a higher social status than RSL because of its association with literacy and higher education. This higher status is due educational policies, such the near-exclusive use of Signed Russian at deaf schools by teachers.[4] Many Deaf RSL users see their language as a jargon without grammar.[3] These social factors have caused RSL to be significantly influenced by Russian in its vocabulary and some syntactic structures as well.[4]
There appears to be a relatively significant amount of regional variation in RSL comparable to regional variants of Polish Sign Language or Estonian Sign Language. One study reported lexical similarity between two Russian signers at around 70–80%.[5]
Grammar
Syntax
The basic word orders in RSL appears to be SVO and SOV. A 2012 study found that that subject came before the predicate 95% of the time. Additionally, the object was placed before the verb 74-81% of the time. In situations where the subject and object can switch places, SVO word order is preferred; the same can be said for sentences with animate objects. Topicalization, marked by either by lowered eyebrows and a head nod or just raised eyebrows, introduces previously mentioned information.[6] Although RSL lacks determiners, pointing signs can act like demonstratives to mark definiteness.[4] Lexical signs may also be doubled in the sentence to add emphasis or to foreground something (see below).[4]
MEET
IX
POSS
FRIEND
MEET
MEET IX POSS FRIEND MEET
He met his friend.
Verbs may either take one, two or no arguments at all in RSL. There are also several alternations that change the argument structure in predictable ways. Examples of this include impersonal, reciprocal and causative constructions. In this respect RSL is typologically similar to other languages.[7]
Classifier predicates are highly iconic verbal signs in which the handshape represents an object and the movement expresses how the object moves.[8] RSL classifier predicates use SOV word order[2] and are do not seem to be intrinsically associated with particular argument structures.[8]
Adjectives and temporal adverbials along with negative, tense markers all come after the base of the sign. Question words tend to come at the end of the sentence. The plural may be marked either by doubling the sign or by signing MNOGO 'many' or RAZNYJ 'various' after the base sign. A dual meaning of the noun can be expressed by signing the predicate with both hands.[9] Naturally masculine signs are signed at the upper part of the face whereas feminine ones are signed on the lower part of the face.[9][2]
Phonology
Similar to other sign languages, RSL makes extensive use of facial expressions for grammatical purposes and signs are either performed with one or both hands. An example of the former include a headshake, furrowed eyebrows and wrinkled nose for negation. This form of negation must include the manual sign NOT, but the facial element may spread to other parts of the sentence.[4]
A 2019 study identified 116 handshapes in a corpus of more than 5000 images, 23 of which were phonologically distinct.[2]
The Russian Federation provides services for sign language for rehabilitation measures.
The current status of Russian Sign Language is extremely low. According to article 14 of the Russian Federal Law, entitled "Social protection of the disabled in the Russian Federation", sign language is recognized as a means of interpersonal communication. Although it is recognized, there is no state support, despite Articles 3, 5, 14, and 19 of the Russian Federal Law, which claim to provide necessary services to the deaf.[10]
There are several problems concerning the study and application of sign language in Russia, which Valery Nikitich Rukhledev, President of the All-Russian Society of the Deaf[11] cited:
The instruction of sign language interpreters is an old, long-established program, and they study some gestures, which have long fallen into disuse or have changed in meaning or form. Because of this, interpreters have difficulty understanding the deaf, who try to use their services.
Until 1990, the sign language interpreter trade unions had 5,500 translators, of whom 1,000 worked in the system of our organization. Now, thanks to the federal target program "Social Support of Disabled," we manage to keep translators at 800. But the shortage of interpreters remains at about 5,000 people.
Today[when?], the Russian Federation only trains sign language interpreters with the issuance of state diplomas from the inter-regional center for the medical rehabilitation of persons with hearing disabilities center in St. Petersburg. Eliminating the existing deficit of sign language interpreters in a country like Russia is impossible with only one training center. It is necessary to train more specialists and to have them in distant regions of the country.
However, there is hope that the situation can change. On April 4, 2009, at the Russian Council on The Disabled, President Dmitry Medvedev discussed the issue of the status of sign language in Russia. In his closing remarks, the President of the Russian Federation expressed his opinion:[11]
"There is indeed, a distinct lack of sign language translators. This level of need necessitates changes. There are considerations and proposals for implementation to resolve the need of training sign language interpreters to provide translation services. But I agree with what has been said: it is necessary to reconsider the preparation of the interpreters at the Ministry of Education Institutions and universities. These teachers should be prepared in virtually every federal district, because we have a huge country and it is impossible to imagine having all sign language interpreters trained in Moscow, for example, and this is the only way we can solve this problem. I am glad that the State Duma supported the initiatives of the President, so we will continue to work in the same unity, in which we have previously worked to resolve this issue."
^ abcdeKagirov, Ildar. "Russian Sign Language: History, Grammar and Sociolinguistic Situation in Brief" (PDF).
^ abcBauer, Anastasia. "How words meet signs: A corpus-based study on variation of mouthing in Russian Sign Language" (PDF).
^ abcdefKimmelman, Vadim (2017), Paperno, Denis; Keenan, Edward L. (eds.), "Quantifiers in Russian Sign Language", Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language: Volume II, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, vol. 97, pp. 803–855, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44330-0_16, ISBN978-3-319-44328-7, retrieved 2022-07-26
^Bickford, J. Albert. The signed languages of Eastern Europe. Dallas, TX: SIL International, 2005.
^Kimmelman, Vadim (2012). "Word Order in Russian Sign Language". Sign Language Studies. 12 (3): 414–445. doi:10.1353/sls.2012.0001. ISSN 1533-6263. S2CID 145385303.
^Kimmelman, Vadim (2018-10-29). "Basic argument structure in Russian Sign Language". Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics. 3 (1). doi:10.5334/gjgl.494. ISSN 2397-1835. S2CID 150069994.
^ abKimmelman, Vadim; Pfau, Roland; Aboh, Enoch O. (2020-05-01). "Argument structure of classifier predicates in Russian Sign Language". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. 38 (2): 539–579. doi:10.1007/s11049-019-09448-9. ISSN 1573-0859. S2CID 85440278.
^Valentin Lebedev. In search of a common language (Russian)
^ abtext/appears/2009/04/214924.shtml verbatim record of the meeting of the Council for the Disabled
Further reading
Kimmelman, Vadim. 2009. Parts of speech in Russian Sign Language: The role of iconicity and economy. Sign Language & Linguistics 12.2:161-186.
Kimmelman, Vadim. 2014. Information Structure in Russian Sign Language and Sign Language of the Netherlands. Web access
External links
Russian Sign Language Project at Stanford University. – Online Video Glossary
MBDSA website of the charity that supports the Moscow Bilingual School for the Deaf
SIL report: The Signed Languages of Eastern Europe
January 29, 2023
russian, sign, language, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, russian, february, 2010, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, russian, article, machine, translation, like. This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian February 2010 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Russian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 2 715 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru Russkij zhestovyj yazyk see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ru Russkij zhestovyj yazyk to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Russian Sign Language RSL is the sign language used by the Deaf community in Russia and possibly Ukraine Belarus and Tajikistan It belongs to the French Sign Language family Russian Sign LanguageRusskij Zhestovyj YazykRusskiy Zhestovyi YazykNative toRussia Tajikistan Moldova Georgia citation needed Signers120 000 in Russia 2010 census 1 Language familyFrench Sign Austro Hungarian Sign citation needed Russian Sign LanguageDialectsKazakh Sign Language Uzbek Sign Language Moldovan Sign LanguageLanguage codesISO 639 3Either a href https iso639 3 sil org code rsl class extiw title iso639 3 rsl rsl a Russian Sign Language a href https iso639 3 sil org code vsi class extiw title iso639 3 vsi vsi a Moldovan Sign Language citation needed Glottologruss1270RSL is a natural language with a grammar that differs from spoken or written Russian language Signed Russian is an artificial form of communication used in schools and differs from RSL in strictly following Russian grammar Although RSL is legally recognized in Russia it does not enjoy state support and there is a lack of skilled RSL interpreters in the country Contents 1 History 2 Sociolinguistic status 3 Grammar 3 1 Syntax 3 2 Morphology 3 3 Phonology 4 Legal status 5 Use in films 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory Edit source source source source source source source source Russian fairytale The Wolf and the Fox in Russian Sign Language In 1806 the first Russian deaf school was founded near St Petersburg It is believed that RSL belongs to the French sign language family due to the fact that the first two sign language teachers were from France and Austria 2 Researchers do not know for sure if RSL is used outside of Russia it may also be used in Ukraine Belarus or Tajikistan 3 Much of the early research on RSL was done by Galina Lazarevna Zaitseva 3 who wrote her 1969 PhD thesis on spatial relationships in Russian Sign Language and in 1992 devised the now standard term for Russian Sign Language Russkii Zhestovyi Yazyk Russian Russkij Zhestovyj Yazyk Sociolinguistic status EditMost deaf people in Russia are born to hearing families and therefore are not provided the opportunity to acquire a native like command over RSL Bilingualism between RSL and written or spoken Russian is very common 4 Signed Russian differs from RSL in that it is an artificial form of communication which closely follows Russian word order and adds Russian grammatical features not found in RSL Sign Russian has a higher social status than RSL because of its association with literacy and higher education This higher status is due educational policies such the near exclusive use of Signed Russian at deaf schools by teachers 4 Many Deaf RSL users see their language as a jargon without grammar 3 These social factors have caused RSL to be significantly influenced by Russian in its vocabulary and some syntactic structures as well 4 There appears to be a relatively significant amount of regional variation in RSL comparable to regional variants of Polish Sign Language or Estonian Sign Language One study reported lexical similarity between two Russian signers at around 70 80 5 Grammar EditSyntax EditThe basic word orders in RSL appears to be SVO and SOV A 2012 study found that that subject came before the predicate 95 of the time Additionally the object was placed before the verb 74 81 of the time In situations where the subject and object can switch places SVO word order is preferred the same can be said for sentences with animate objects Topicalization marked by either by lowered eyebrows and a head nod or just raised eyebrows introduces previously mentioned information 6 Although RSL lacks determiners pointing signs can act like demonstratives to mark definiteness 4 Lexical signs may also be doubled in the sentence to add emphasis or to foreground something see below 4 MEETIXPOSSFRIENDMEETMEET IX POSS FRIEND MEETHe met his friend Verbs may either take one two or no arguments at all in RSL There are also several alternations that change the argument structure in predictable ways Examples of this include impersonal reciprocal and causative constructions In this respect RSL is typologically similar to other languages 7 Classifier predicates are highly iconic verbal signs in which the handshape represents an object and the movement expresses how the object moves 8 RSL classifier predicates use SOV word order 2 and are do not seem to be intrinsically associated with particular argument structures 8 Morphology Edit Whereas tense is marked analytically or lexically 9 aspectual distinctions are marked morphologically Examples of the latter include repeated the sign to indicate habituality slow movement for durativity and a single quick movement for completivity 2 Adjectives and temporal adverbials along with negative tense markers all come after the base of the sign Question words tend to come at the end of the sentence The plural may be marked either by doubling the sign or by signing MNOGO many or RAZNYJ various after the base sign A dual meaning of the noun can be expressed by signing the predicate with both hands 9 Naturally masculine signs are signed at the upper part of the face whereas feminine ones are signed on the lower part of the face 9 2 Phonology Edit Similar to other sign languages RSL makes extensive use of facial expressions for grammatical purposes and signs are either performed with one or both hands An example of the former include a headshake furrowed eyebrows and wrinkled nose for negation This form of negation must include the manual sign NOT but the facial element may spread to other parts of the sentence 4 A 2019 study identified 116 handshapes in a corpus of more than 5000 images 23 of which were phonologically distinct 2 Legal status EditSee also Legal recognition of sign languages Sign language status by state The current legal status of RSL is as follows The Russian Federation provides services for sign language for rehabilitation measures The current status of Russian Sign Language is extremely low According to article 14 of the Russian Federal Law entitled Social protection of the disabled in the Russian Federation sign language is recognized as a means of interpersonal communication Although it is recognized there is no state support despite Articles 3 5 14 and 19 of the Russian Federal Law which claim to provide necessary services to the deaf 10 There are several problems concerning the study and application of sign language in Russia which Valery Nikitich Rukhledev President of the All Russian Society of the Deaf 11 cited The instruction of sign language interpreters is an old long established program and they study some gestures which have long fallen into disuse or have changed in meaning or form Because of this interpreters have difficulty understanding the deaf who try to use their services Until 1990 the sign language interpreter trade unions had 5 500 translators of whom 1 000 worked in the system of our organization Now thanks to the federal target program Social Support of Disabled we manage to keep translators at 800 But the shortage of interpreters remains at about 5 000 people Today when the Russian Federation only trains sign language interpreters with the issuance of state diplomas from the inter regional center for the medical rehabilitation of persons with hearing disabilities center in St Petersburg Eliminating the existing deficit of sign language interpreters in a country like Russia is impossible with only one training center It is necessary to train more specialists and to have them in distant regions of the country However there is hope that the situation can change On April 4 2009 at the Russian Council on The Disabled President Dmitry Medvedev discussed the issue of the status of sign language in Russia In his closing remarks the President of the Russian Federation expressed his opinion 11 There is indeed a distinct lack of sign language translators This level of need necessitates changes There are considerations and proposals for implementation to resolve the need of training sign language interpreters to provide translation services But I agree with what has been said it is necessary to reconsider the preparation of the interpreters at the Ministry of Education Institutions and universities These teachers should be prepared in virtually every federal district because we have a huge country and it is impossible to imagine having all sign language interpreters trained in Moscow for example and this is the only way we can solve this problem I am glad that the State Duma supported the initiatives of the President so we will continue to work in the same unity in which we have previously worked to resolve this issue Use in films EditStrana gluhih Country of the Deaf 1998 Svadba tishiny Wedding of Silence 2004 Pyl Dust 2005 See also EditRussian Manual AlphabetReferences Edit Russian Census 2010 a b c d e Kagirov Ildar Russian Sign Language History Grammar and Sociolinguistic Situation in Brief PDF a b c Bauer Anastasia How words meet signs A corpus based study on variation of mouthing in Russian Sign Language PDF a b c d e f Kimmelman Vadim 2017 Paperno Denis Keenan Edward L eds Quantifiers in Russian Sign Language Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language Volume II Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy Cham Springer International Publishing vol 97 pp 803 855 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 44330 0 16 ISBN 978 3 319 44328 7 retrieved 2022 07 26 Bickford J Albert The signed languages of Eastern Europe Dallas TX SIL International 2005 Kimmelman Vadim 2012 Word Order in Russian Sign Language Sign Language Studies 12 3 414 445 doi 10 1353 sls 2012 0001 ISSN 1533 6263 S2CID 145385303 Kimmelman Vadim 2018 10 29 Basic argument structure in Russian Sign Language Glossa A Journal of General Linguistics 3 1 doi 10 5334 gjgl 494 ISSN 2397 1835 S2CID 150069994 a b Kimmelman Vadim Pfau Roland Aboh Enoch O 2020 05 01 Argument structure of classifier predicates in Russian Sign Language Natural Language amp Linguistic Theory 38 2 539 579 doi 10 1007 s11049 019 09448 9 ISSN 1573 0859 S2CID 85440278 a b c Grenoble Lenore 1992 An Overview of Russian Sign Language Sign Language Studies 1077 1 321 338 doi 10 1353 sls 1992 0027 ISSN 1533 6263 S2CID 143657517 Valentin Lebedev In search of a common language Russian a b text appears 2009 04 214924 shtml verbatim record of the meeting of the Council for the DisabledFurther reading EditKimmelman Vadim 2009 Parts of speech in Russian Sign Language The role of iconicity and economy Sign Language amp Linguistics 12 2 161 186 Kimmelman Vadim 2014 Information Structure in Russian Sign Language and Sign Language of the Netherlands Web accessExternal links EditRussian Sign Language Project at Stanford University Online Video Glossary MBDSA website of the charity that supports the Moscow Bilingual School for the Deaf SIL report The Signed Languages of Eastern Europe Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Russian Sign Language amp oldid 1136194269, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
