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Renewable energy in the Philippines

January 19, 2023

In 2013, renewable energy provided 26.44% of the total electricity in the Philippines and 19,903 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electrical energy out of a total demand of 75,266 gigawatt-hours.[1] The Philippines is a net importer of fossil fuels. For the sake of energy security, there is momentum to develop renewable energy sources. The types available include hydropower, geothermal power, wind power, solar power and biomass power. The government of the Philippines has legislated a number of policies in order to increase the use of renewable energy by the country.

The government has committed to raising to 50% the contribution of renewables of its total electricity generating capacity,[2] with 15.3 gigawatts (GW) by 2030.[3] The move would help the country in its commitment to reduce its carbon emissions by 70% by 2030.[3]

Background

There is momentum to decrease reliance on fossil fuels due to the negative effects such as pollution, climate change and financial uncertainty because of fluctuating fuel prices.[4][5] Legislation passed by the Congress of the Philippines to support the use of renewable energy include the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001);[6] the Biofuels Act (2006), which encourages the use of biomass fuels;[7] the Renewable Energy Act (2008);[8][9] and the Climate Change Act (2009), which provides a legal basis for addressing climate change through sustainable development.[10]

Renewable energy implementation is important to the Philippines for several reasons.[11] The geographic characteristics of the country make it vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Rising sea levels are a threat because the Philippines is an archipelago with many cities located in coastal areas. As the coastline recedes due to rising seas, coastal cities become vulnerable to flooding. Climate change has also been linked to changing weather patterns and extreme weather events.[12]

Reliance on fossil fuels is detrimental to the energy security of the Philippines.[13] The Philippines is a net importer of fossil fuels. In 2012, the Philippines imported 20 million tons of coal. Eight million tons were produced domestically.[14] In 2010, the Philippines imported 54 million barrels of oil and produced 33,000 barrels.[15] Given this dependence on imported coal and oil, the Philippines is vulnerable to price fluctuations and supply constraints.[5]

The Philippine Department of Energy wrote:

“The harnessing and utilization of renewable energy comprises a critical component of the government's strategy to provide energy supply for the country. This is evident in the power sector where increased generation from geothermal and hydro resources has lessened the country's dependency on imported and polluting fuels. In the government's rural electrification efforts, on the other hand, renewable energy sources such as solar, micro-hydro, wind and biomass resources are seeing wide-scale use.”[16]

Sources

The Philippines utilizes renewable energy sources including hydropower, geothermal and solar energy, wind power and biomass resources.[citation needed] In 2013, these sources contributed 19,903 GWh of electrical energy, representing 26.44 percent of the country's electricity needs.[1] Among the renewable energy sources available in the country, geothermal shows to be the cheapest and most (economically) attractive energy source followed by wind, hydropower, and lastly, solar PV.[17]

Renewable electricity production (GWh) by source[1][18]
Year Geothermal Hydropower Biomass Solar Wind Total

renewables

Total

electricity

Renewables % of

electricity production

2003 9,822 7,870 0 0 0 17,692 52,941 33.42%
2004 10,282 8,593 0 0 0 18,875 55,957 33.73%
2005 9,902 8,387 0 2 17 18,308 56,568 32.36%
2006 10,465 9,939 0 1 53 20,459 56,784 36.03%
2007 10,215 8,563 0 1 58 18,836 59,612 31.60%
2008 10,723 9,834 0 1 61 20,620 60,821 33.90%
2009 10,324 9,834 14 1 64 20,237 61,934 32.68%
2010 9,929 9,788 27 1 62 19,807 67,743 29.24%
2011 9,942 7,803 115 1 88 17,950 69,176 25.95%
2012 10,250 10,252 183 1 75 20,761 72,922 28.47%
2013 9,605 10,019 212 1 66 19,903 75,266 26.44%
2014 10,308 9,137 196 17 152 19,809 77,261 25.64%
2015 11,044 8,665 367 139 748 20,963 82,413 25.44%
2016 11,070 8,111 726 1,097 975 21,979 90,798 24.21%
2017 10,270 9,611 1,013 1,201 1,094 23,189 94,370 24.57%
2018 10,435 9,384 1,105 1,249 1,153 23,326 99,765 23.38%

Hydroelectric plants

 
Angat Dam, a major hydropower facility in the Philippines

Hydropower is one of the main sources of renewable energy in the Philippines. There are hydroelectric plants of both the conventional dam and run-of-the-river types in the country. Of twenty-nine hydroelectric plants, fourteen are conventional dam and fifteen are run-of-the-river systems.[19][20][21] Hydropower accounts for 11.8% of the energy generation and 17-18% of installed capacity in the Philippines.[22][23][24]

Many areas of the Philippines are suitable for hydroelectricity production.[25] However, hydroelectricity production in the Philippines can cause upstream and downstream flooding during monsoonal weather and when excess water is released from dams.[25][26] Hydropower integration also has the potential to disturb pre-existing natural ecosystems and cultures as well as cause land dispossession and community resettlement.[23][27] The methods of using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) to determine suitable sites for constructing hydroelectric plants do not tend to incorporate social or environmental considerations.[28] In response to the construction of large scale hydroelectric infrastructure, opposition movements have arisen. Anti-dam organizations and protests may advocate for indigenous peoples, environmental conservation, anti-capitalism, or anti-imperialism.[24] Vocal environmental human rights defenders have been red-tagged by the government or extra-judicially killed by the military or police.[24][27][29] The rights, concerns, and political agency of indigenous peoples trying to protect their villages and sacred sites from being submerged have often been disregarded due to urban-centric economic development.[24][27]

Incorporating small scale plants, especially micro-hydroelectric plants that have a capacity of less than 0.1 MW (100 kW), may mitigate adverse side effects and be a cost-effective way to bring electricity to rural and off-the-grid communities.[23]Isolated mountain communities have seen improvements in education, community engagement, and economy due to improved lighting provided by micro-hydropower.[30]

Hydropower output of the Philippines[1][18]
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Hydropower Output (GWh) 8,593 8,387 9,939 8,563 9,834 9,788 7,803 9,698 10,252 10,019 9,137 8,665
Percentage Change (2.40%) 18.50% (13.84%) 14.84% (0.47%) (20.28%) 24.29% 5.71% (2,27%) (8.80%) (5.45%)
Major hydropower sites
Facility Name[31][32][33] Type Installed Capacity (MW) Location Owner Year Commissioned
San Roque Dam 411.0 Pangasinan San Roque Power Corporation 2003
HEDCOR Run-of-River 33.8 Benguet HEDCOR 1993
Kalayaan PSPP Dam 739.2 Laguna CBK Power Company Ltd. 1998/2004
Magat Run-of-River 360.0 Isabela Aboitiz Power 1983
Caliraya Dam 35.0 Laguna CBK Power Company Ltd. 1942/1947/1950
Botocan Run-of-River 22.8 Laguna CBK Power Company Ltd. 1967/1986
Angat Dam 246.0 Bulacan PSALM 1967/1986
Pantabangan-Masiway Dam 132.0 Nueva Ecija First Gen Hydro Power Corp. 1977/1981
Ambuklao Dam 105.0 Benguet Aboitiz Power 1957
Binga Dam 132.0 Benguet Aboitiz Power 1960
Bakun Run-of-River 70.0 Ilocos Sur Luzon Hydro Corp. 2000/2001
Casecnan Dam 165.0 Nueva Ecija CE Casecnan Water & Energy Co. 2002
Sabangan Run-of-River 13.2 Mt. Province HEDCOR 2015
NIA-Baligtan Run-of-River 6.0 Isabela NIA 1987
JANOPOL Run-of-River 5.2 Bohol BOHECO I 1992
AGUS 1 Dam 80.0 Lanao del Sur PSALM 1992
AGUS 2 Dam 180.0 Lanao del Sur PSALM 1992
AGUS 4 Dam 55.0 Lanao del Norte PSALM 1985
AGUS 5 Dam 200.0 Lanao del Norte PSALM 1985
AGUS 6 Dam 54.0 Lanao del Norte PSALM 1953/1971
AGUS 7 Dam 255.0 Lanao del Norte PSALM 1983
Pulangi IV Run-of-River 232.0 Bukidnon PSALM 1985/1986
Sibulan HEP Run-of-River 42.6 Davao del Sur HEDCOR 2010
Agusan Run-of-River 1.6 Bukidnon FG Bukidnon Power Corp. 1957
Bubunawan Run-of-River 7.0 Bukidnon BPC Inc. 2001
Cabulig HEP Run-of-River 9.2 Misamis Oriental Mindanao Energy Systems 2012
Talomo HEP Run-of-River 4.5 Davao del Sur HEDCOR 1998
Tudaya 1 Run-of-River 6.6 Davao del Sur HEDCOR 2014
Tudaya 2 Run-of-River 7.0 Davao del Sur HEDCOR 2014

Geothermal power

Main article: Geothermal power in the Philippines

In the Philippines, geothermal energy is used to generate electricity. Two types of technologies are used in the Philippines. These are firstly, the higher temperature flash steam method and secondly, the lower temperature binary cycle method.[34] In the Philippines, the first is the more common. The second is used only at the MAKBAN plant. Geothermal plants are suitable for areas with low winds, such as Mindanao, and areas that have rainy weather, such as Batanes. Geothermal energy production can result in the release of toxic substances such as mercury, hydrogen sulfide, arsenic and selenium.[35] In 2014, at a geothermal plant in Biliran, eight plant workers were hospitalized with hydrogen sulphide poisoning.[36]

Geothermal energy output[1][18]
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Geothermal Power Output (GWh) 10,282 9,902 10,465 10,215 10,723 10,324 9,929 9,942 10,250 9,605 10,308 11,044
Percentage Change (3.70%) 5.69% 2.39% 4.97% (3.72%) (3.83%) (0.13%) 3.10% (6.29%) 7.32% 7.14%
Major geothermal sites
Facility Name[31][32][33] Type Installed Capacity (MW) Location Owner Year Commissioned
MAKBAN Flash/Binary 442.8 Laguna AP Renewable Inc. 1979
BACMAN Flash 130.0 Sorsogon Bac-Man Geothermal Inc. 1993
Tiwi Flash 234.0 Albay AP Renewable Inc. 1979
MANITO-Lowland Flash 1.5 Albay Bac-Man Geothermal Inc. No date
MAIBARARA Flash 20.0 Batangas Maibarara Geothermal Inc. 2014
Palinpinon GPP Flash 192.5 Negros Oriental Green Core Energy 1983
Leyte Flash 112.5 Leyte Green Core Energy 1983
Unified Leyte Flash 610.2 Leyte Energy Development Corp. 1996/1997
Nasulo GPP Flash 50.0 Negros Occidental Energy Development Corp. 2014
Mt. Apo Flash 103.0 North Cotabato Energy Development Corp. 1996

Solar power

 
Photovoltaic solar cell

In 2015, three solar farms were constructed in the Philippines. The Philippines receives over 7kWh per square meter per day during its peak month of April and lowest at 3kWH per square meter per day during its off-peak month of December as observed by Schadow1 Expeditions in 33 cities of the country.[37] Given the country's high solar potential, the solar energy's contribution to the energy mix is expected to increase from the current (2019) 1.2% of 23GW to at least 3.5% of the 43GW total capacity by 2040.[38]

Major solar power sites
Facility Name[31][32][33] Type Installed Capacity (MW) Location Owner Year Commissioned
Tarlac-2 Photovoltaic 20 Tarlac, Tarlac PetroSolar Corp. 2019
Tarlac-1 Photovoltaic 50 Tarlac, Tarlac PetroSolar Corp. 2016
Majestic Photovoltaic 41.3 Cavite Majestic Power Corp. 2015
Pampanga Solar Photovoltaic 10.0 Pampanga Raslag Corp. 2015
Burgos Solar Photovoltaic 4.0 Ilocos Norte Solar Philippines 2015
CEPALCO Solar PV Photovoltaic 1.0 Cagayan de Oro CEPALCO 2004
Solar, wind, and biomass energy output[1][18]
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Solar, wind, and biomass output (GWh) 19 55 59 63 79 90 205 259 279 364 1,254
Percentage change 189.47% 7.27% 6.78% 25.40% 13.92% 127.78% 26.34% 7.72% 30.66% 244.50%

Wind power

 
Pililla wind farm

All wind power sites in the Philippines are on-shore facilities. Some, such as Ilocos Norte, Pililla Wind Farm in Rizal and Bangui Wind Farm are tourist destinations.[39][40]

Major wind power sites
Facility Name[31][32][33] Type Installed Capacity (MW) Location Owner Year Commissioned
Bangui Wind Farm Power Phase 1 and 2 On-Shore 33.0 Ilocos Norte North Wind Power Development Corp. 2005
Bangui Wind Farm Power Phase 3 On-Shore 18.9 Ilocos Norte North Wind Power Development Corp. 2014
Burgos Wind Farm On-Shore 150.0 Ilocos Norte EDC 2014
Carispisan Wind On-Shore 81.0 Ilocos Norte North UPC 2014
Pililla Wind Farm On-Shore 54.0 Rizal Alternegy Philippine Holdings Corp. 2015
TAREC On-Shore 54.0 Guimaras TAREC 2014
NABAS Wind Phase 1 On-Shore 36.0 Aklan PWEI 2015

Biomass power

 
Bagasse, a kind of biomass fuel
 
Rice husks

Biomass energy refers to energy derived from plant and animal sources.[41] Biomass resources are abundant in the Philippines due to its large agricultural industry. Bagasse, rice husks, and coconut husks are used to generate power.[42] The Philippines also uses Biogas from landfill as a biomass energy source. The availability of biomass can be affected by events such as drought.[43]|

Major biomass power sites
Facility Name[31][32][33] Type Installed Capacity (MW) Location Owner Year Commissioned
Green Future Bagasse 19.8 Isabela Green Future Innovation Inc. 2014
5JC Power Rice Husk 12.0 Nueva Ecija I Power Corp. 2015
Montalban LFG Landfill Gas 9.3 Rizal Montalban Methane Power Corp. 2009
Laguna LFG Landfill Gas 4.2 Laguna Bacavalley Energy Inc. 2011
Lucky PPH Bagasse 4.0 Isabela Lucky PPH International Inc. 2008
Pangea Landfill Gas 1.2 Metro Manila Pangea Green Energy Phil Inc. 2013

Legislation

The Philippine government has passed four laws that seek to improve the state of renewable energy. These are the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (RA 9136); the Biofuel Act of 2006 (RA 9367); the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RA 9513); and the Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729).

The Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) (EPIRA) promotes the use of renewable energy particularly through private sector investment.[6] However, after a decade of EPIRA's enactment, advocacy groups and lawmakers said the law only strengthened monopolies and caused electricity rates to double.[44][45][46][47]

The Biofuels Act (2006) documents state policy to reduce the Philippines' dependence on imported fossil fuels. It encourages investment in biofuels through incentives including reduced tax on local or imported biofuels; and bank loans for Filipino citizens engaged in biofuel production. The law resulted in the formation of the National Biofuel Board (NBB).[7]

The Renewable Energy Act (2008) legislates state policy to accelerate the development and use of renewable energy resources.[9] Under this act (section 6), mandated a minimum percentage of generation of electricity from renewable sources (a renewable portfolio standard (RPS)). Also under this act (section 7), a feed-In tariff system was implemented for electricity produced from renewable sources, giving producers the security of long term fixed prices.[48] Electricity utilities make net metering agreements with qualified end-users of renewable energy systems. A minimum percentage of electricity from renewable sources for the off-grid missionary electrification system was also mandated.

Under the Renewable Energy Act (2008) incentives are available to developers of renewable energy. These incentives include an income tax holiday for the first seven years of the entity's commercial operations; duty-free importation and special realty tax rates on renewable energy machinery, equipment and materials within the first ten years; net operating loss carry-over; zero percent Value-Added Tax (VAT) rate for the sale of fuel or power generated from renewable sources of energy; and Tax Credit on domestic capital equipment and services.

The Climate Change Act (2009) legislated state policy to incorporate a gender-sensitive, pro-children and pro-poor perspective in all climate change and renewable energy efforts.[10]

Feed-in tariff program statistics

FIT Monitoring Board summary[49]
Resource For Nomination / Conversion With Certificate of Confirmation of Commerciality With Certificate of Endorsement to ERC
No. of Projects Capacity (MW) No. of Projects Capacity (MW) No. of Projects Capacity (MW)
Hydro – – 66 610.93 4 26.60
Wind 7 1,023.55 5 431.00 6 393.90
Solar 18 681.30 30 892.54 6 131.90
Biomass – – 4 24.37 11 94.25
TOTAL 25 1704.85 105 1,958.84 27 646.65
FiT degression[48]
RE Technology Proposed FiT ($/kWh)* Approved FiT ($/kwh)* Degression Rate
Solar 0.407 0.220 6% after 1 year from effectivity of FiT
Wind 0.235 0.193 0.5% after 2 years from effectivity of FiT
Biomass 0.159 0.150 0.5% after 2 years from effectivity of FiT
Run-of-River Hydro 0.139 0.134 0.5% after 2 years from effectivity of FiT
*Based on US$1.00 : PHP 44.00

Private sector involvement

The Renewable Energy Act (2008) encourages the involvement of the private sector in renewable energy production through fiscal and non-fiscal incentives.[50]

Fiscal incentives include tax reductions, as well as funding assistance from both government and third parties. A number of international organizations have expressed willingness to aid Philippine businesses in developing local renewable energy infrastructure including German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Asian Development Bank (ADB), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).[51] Impediments to private sector investment include high transaction costs; social engineering costs; lack of suitable local technology; and caps on electricity prices made by the Energy Regulatory Commission.[52][50]

An itemized partial list of required permits, licenses and certificates for RE project application:[52]
Required Documents issued by the National Government Required Documents issued by the Local Government Units
  1. SEC Registration
  2. DOE Certificate/Endorsement
  3. DOE Accreditation
  4. BOI Registration
  5. CSR Approval — Anti-poverty Commission
  6. DENR EPC Certificate
  7. DENR Environmental Certificate (ECC)
  8. DENR Permit to Operate
  9. Development Permit (endorsed to LGU)
  10. Transfer Certificate of Title (LRB, HLURB)
  11. BIR Certified Tax Declaration
  12. ERC Certificate of Compliance
  13. NTC Permit to Purchase
  14. NTC License to operate
  15. ERC Compliance to Grid Code
  16. ERC Compliance to Distribution Code
  17. WESM Registration
  18. Right of Way permit
  19. Power Purchase Agreements
  20. Certificate of Registration as Importer
  1. LGU Endorsements (Governor, Mayor, Councils)
  2. Realty Tax
  3. Barangay Clearance to operate
  4. Business and Operations Tax
  5. Building permit
  6. Real Estate Tax Receipt
  7. Sanitary Permit
  8. Barangay Clearance for Construction
  9. Right of Way permits
  10. Water Rights
Renewable energy Technology[50] Issued FIT rate (per kWh) Proposed rate (per kWh)
Solar Php 9.68 Php 17.95
Wind Php 8.53 Php 10.37
Biomass Php 6.63 Php 7.00
Hydropower Php 5.90 Php 6.15

Public-private partnership

Up until June 2015, the Department of Energy (DOE) had awarded 646 service contracts as Public-private partnerships to private sector entities under the Renewable Energy Law with installed capacity of 2,760.52 MW.[53]

Resources Awarded Projects Installed Capacity Potential Capacity
Geothermal 42 1,896.19 750.00
Hydro 407 136.73 7,884.54
Wind 51 426.90 1,168.00
Solar 93 108.90 2,206.51
Biomass 45 191.80 357.00
Ocean energy 8 – 31.00
TOTAL 646 2,760.52 12,397.05

Instances of private sector projects include:

Island Group Resource Project Name Project Proponent
Luzon[54] Hydropower Kapangan Cordillera Hydro Electric Power Corporation
Bulanao DPJ Engineers and Consultants
Prismc PNOC-Renewables Corporation
Magat A Isabela Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Magat B Isabela Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Tubao Tubao Mini-Hydro Electric Corporation
Catuiran* Sta. Clara Power Corp.
Inabasan* Ormin Power, Inc.
Solar San Rafael Solar Power Plant SPARC Solar Powered AgriRural Communities Corporation
Morong Solar Power Plant SPARC Solar Powered AgriRural Communities Corporation
Cabanatuan Solar Power Project First Cabanatuan Renewable Ventures, Inc.
Palauig Solar Power Plant SPARC Solar Powered AgriRural Communities Corporation
Currimao Solar Photovoltaic Power Project Mirae Asia energy Corporation
Macabud Solar Photovoltaic Power Project ATN Philippines Solar energy Group, Inc.
Sta. Rita Solar Power Project Jobin-Sqm Inc.
YH Green YH Green
Tarlac Solar Power Project PetroSolar Corporation
Calatagan Solar Power Project Phase I Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation
Geothermal Bacman 3 (Tanawon) Geothermal Project energy Development Corporation
Maibarara 2 Geothermal Project Maibarara Geothermal Inc.
Biomass 2 MW ACNPC WTE Biomass Power Plant Project Asian Carbon Neutral Power Corporation
12 MW Biomass Power Plant Project Green Innovations for Tomorrow Corporation
5 MW Bicol Biomass energy Corporation Bicol Biomass energy Corporation
8.8 MW Biogas Power Plant Project AseaGas Corporation
24 MW SJCiPower Rice Husk-Fired Biomass power Plant Project (Phase 1 – 12MW Phase 2 – 12 MW) San Jose City I Power Corporation
70 kW Biomass Gasification Power Plant Project* PowerSource Philippines, Inc.
Visayas[55] Geothermal Biliran Geothermal Plant Project Biliran Geothermal Incorporated
Hydropower Villasiga HEP Sunwest Water & Electric Co., Inc.
Igbulo (Bais) Hydroelectric Power Project Century Peak energy Corporation
Cantakoy Quadriver energy Corp.
Amlan HEPP Natural Power Sources Integration, Inc.
Solar Miag-ao Solar Power Project COSMO Solar energy, Inc.
La Carlota Solar Power Project Phase A (SACASOL II-A) San Carlos Solar energy Inc.
Cadiz Solar Power Project Phil.Power Exploration & Development Corporation
Wind Nabas Wind Power Project Phase I – 34 Phase II-16 PetroWind energy Corporation
Biomass 12 MW Multi-Feedstock Biomass Power Plant Project Megawatt Clean energy, Inc.
2.5 MW Rice Husk-Fired Biomass Power Plant Project Megawatt Clean energy, Inc.
Mindanao[56] Hydropower Lake Mainit Agusan Power Corporation
Puyo Hydroelectric Power Project First Gen Mindanao Hydropower Corp.
Asiga Asiga Green energy Corp.
Manolo Fortich I Hedcor Bukidnon, Inc.
Manolo Fortich 2 Hedcor Bukidnon, Inc.
Solar Kibawe Solar Power Project Asiga Green energy Corp.
Digos Solar Power Project Phase I Enfinity Philippines Renewable Resources, Inc.
Digos Solar Power Project Phase II Enfinity Philippines Renewable Resources, Inc.
Biomass 3 MW Biomass Cogeneration Facility Philippine Trade Center, Inc.
15 MW LPC Biomass Power Plant Project Lamsan Power Corporation
3.5 MW Biomass Cogeneration System Green Earth Enersource Corporation
10MW Malay-balay Bioenergy Corporation Multi Feedstock Generating Facility Malaybalay Bio-energy Corporation
23.5 MW EPC Woody Biomass Power Plant Project Eastern Petroleum Corporation
12 MW Napier Grass-Fired Biomass Power Plant Project Manolo Fortich Biomass energy Corporation

*—off grid project

See also

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January 19, 2023
renewable, energy, philippines, 2013, renewable, energy, provided, total, electricity, philippines, gigawatt, hours, electrical, energy, total, demand, gigawatt, hours, philippines, importer, fossil, fuels, sake, energy, security, there, momentum, develop, ren. In 2013 renewable energy provided 26 44 of the total electricity in the Philippines and 19 903 gigawatt hours GWh of electrical energy out of a total demand of 75 266 gigawatt hours 1 The Philippines is a net importer of fossil fuels For the sake of energy security there is momentum to develop renewable energy sources The types available include hydropower geothermal power wind power solar power and biomass power The government of the Philippines has legislated a number of policies in order to increase the use of renewable energy by the country The government has committed to raising to 50 the contribution of renewables of its total electricity generating capacity 2 with 15 3 gigawatts GW by 2030 3 The move would help the country in its commitment to reduce its carbon emissions by 70 by 2030 3 Contents 1 Background 2 Sources 2 1 Hydroelectric plants 2 2 Geothermal power 2 3 Solar power 2 4 Wind power 2 5 Biomass power 3 Legislation 4 Feed in tariff program statistics 5 Private sector involvement 5 1 Public private partnership 6 See also 7 ReferencesBackground EditThere is momentum to decrease reliance on fossil fuels due to the negative effects such as pollution climate change and financial uncertainty because of fluctuating fuel prices 4 5 Legislation passed by the Congress of the Philippines to support the use of renewable energy include the Electric Power Industry Reform Act 2001 6 the Biofuels Act 2006 which encourages the use of biomass fuels 7 the Renewable Energy Act 2008 8 9 and the Climate Change Act 2009 which provides a legal basis for addressing climate change through sustainable development 10 Renewable energy implementation is important to the Philippines for several reasons 11 The geographic characteristics of the country make it vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change Rising sea levels are a threat because the Philippines is an archipelago with many cities located in coastal areas As the coastline recedes due to rising seas coastal cities become vulnerable to flooding Climate change has also been linked to changing weather patterns and extreme weather events 12 Reliance on fossil fuels is detrimental to the energy security of the Philippines 13 The Philippines is a net importer of fossil fuels In 2012 the Philippines imported 20 million tons of coal Eight million tons were produced domestically 14 In 2010 the Philippines imported 54 million barrels of oil and produced 33 000 barrels 15 Given this dependence on imported coal and oil the Philippines is vulnerable to price fluctuations and supply constraints 5 The Philippine Department of Energy wrote The harnessing and utilization of renewable energy comprises a critical component of the government s strategy to provide energy supply for the country This is evident in the power sector where increased generation from geothermal and hydro resources has lessened the country s dependency on imported and polluting fuels In the government s rural electrification efforts on the other hand renewable energy sources such as solar micro hydro wind and biomass resources are seeing wide scale use 16 Sources EditThe Philippines utilizes renewable energy sources including hydropower geothermal and solar energy wind power and biomass resources citation needed In 2013 these sources contributed 19 903 GWh of electrical energy representing 26 44 percent of the country s electricity needs 1 Among the renewable energy sources available in the country geothermal shows to be the cheapest and most economically attractive energy source followed by wind hydropower and lastly solar PV 17 Renewable electricity production GWh by source 1 18 Year Geothermal Hydropower Biomass Solar Wind Total renewables Total electricity Renewables of electricity production2003 9 822 7 870 0 0 0 17 692 52 941 33 42 2004 10 282 8 593 0 0 0 18 875 55 957 33 73 2005 9 902 8 387 0 2 17 18 308 56 568 32 36 2006 10 465 9 939 0 1 53 20 459 56 784 36 03 2007 10 215 8 563 0 1 58 18 836 59 612 31 60 2008 10 723 9 834 0 1 61 20 620 60 821 33 90 2009 10 324 9 834 14 1 64 20 237 61 934 32 68 2010 9 929 9 788 27 1 62 19 807 67 743 29 24 2011 9 942 7 803 115 1 88 17 950 69 176 25 95 2012 10 250 10 252 183 1 75 20 761 72 922 28 47 2013 9 605 10 019 212 1 66 19 903 75 266 26 44 2014 10 308 9 137 196 17 152 19 809 77 261 25 64 2015 11 044 8 665 367 139 748 20 963 82 413 25 44 2016 11 070 8 111 726 1 097 975 21 979 90 798 24 21 2017 10 270 9 611 1 013 1 201 1 094 23 189 94 370 24 57 2018 10 435 9 384 1 105 1 249 1 153 23 326 99 765 23 38 Hydroelectric plants Edit Angat Dam a major hydropower facility in the PhilippinesHydropower is one of the main sources of renewable energy in the Philippines There are hydroelectric plants of both the conventional dam and run of the river types in the country Of twenty nine hydroelectric plants fourteen are conventional dam and fifteen are run of the river systems 19 20 21 Hydropower accounts for 11 8 of the energy generation and 17 18 of installed capacity in the Philippines 22 23 24 Many areas of the Philippines are suitable for hydroelectricity production 25 However hydroelectricity production in the Philippines can cause upstream and downstream flooding during monsoonal weather and when excess water is released from dams 25 26 Hydropower integration also has the potential to disturb pre existing natural ecosystems and cultures as well as cause land dispossession and community resettlement 23 27 The methods of using geographic information system GIS and remote sensing RS to determine suitable sites for constructing hydroelectric plants do not tend to incorporate social or environmental considerations 28 In response to the construction of large scale hydroelectric infrastructure opposition movements have arisen Anti dam organizations and protests may advocate for indigenous peoples environmental conservation anti capitalism or anti imperialism 24 Vocal environmental human rights defenders have been red tagged by the government or extra judicially killed by the military or police 24 27 29 The rights concerns and political agency of indigenous peoples trying to protect their villages and sacred sites from being submerged have often been disregarded due to urban centric economic development 24 27 Incorporating small scale plants especially micro hydroelectric plants that have a capacity of less than 0 1 MW 100 kW may mitigate adverse side effects and be a cost effective way to bring electricity to rural and off the grid communities 23 Isolated mountain communities have seen improvements in education community engagement and economy due to improved lighting provided by micro hydropower 30 Hydropower output of the Philippines 1 18 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Hydropower Output GWh 8 593 8 387 9 939 8 563 9 834 9 788 7 803 9 698 10 252 10 019 9 137 8 665Percentage Change 2 40 18 50 13 84 14 84 0 47 20 28 24 29 5 71 2 27 8 80 5 45 Major hydropower sites Facility Name 31 32 33 Type Installed Capacity MW Location Owner Year CommissionedSan Roque Dam 411 0 Pangasinan San Roque Power Corporation 2003HEDCOR Run of River 33 8 Benguet HEDCOR 1993Kalayaan PSPP Dam 739 2 Laguna CBK Power Company Ltd 1998 2004Magat Run of River 360 0 Isabela Aboitiz Power 1983Caliraya Dam 35 0 Laguna CBK Power Company Ltd 1942 1947 1950Botocan Run of River 22 8 Laguna CBK Power Company Ltd 1967 1986Angat Dam 246 0 Bulacan PSALM 1967 1986Pantabangan Masiway Dam 132 0 Nueva Ecija First Gen Hydro Power Corp 1977 1981Ambuklao Dam 105 0 Benguet Aboitiz Power 1957Binga Dam 132 0 Benguet Aboitiz Power 1960Bakun Run of River 70 0 Ilocos Sur Luzon Hydro Corp 2000 2001Casecnan Dam 165 0 Nueva Ecija CE Casecnan Water amp Energy Co 2002Sabangan Run of River 13 2 Mt Province HEDCOR 2015NIA Baligtan Run of River 6 0 Isabela NIA 1987JANOPOL Run of River 5 2 Bohol BOHECO I 1992AGUS 1 Dam 80 0 Lanao del Sur PSALM 1992AGUS 2 Dam 180 0 Lanao del Sur PSALM 1992AGUS 4 Dam 55 0 Lanao del Norte PSALM 1985AGUS 5 Dam 200 0 Lanao del Norte PSALM 1985AGUS 6 Dam 54 0 Lanao del Norte PSALM 1953 1971AGUS 7 Dam 255 0 Lanao del Norte PSALM 1983Pulangi IV Run of River 232 0 Bukidnon PSALM 1985 1986Sibulan HEP Run of River 42 6 Davao del Sur HEDCOR 2010Agusan Run of River 1 6 Bukidnon FG Bukidnon Power Corp 1957Bubunawan Run of River 7 0 Bukidnon BPC Inc 2001Cabulig HEP Run of River 9 2 Misamis Oriental Mindanao Energy Systems 2012Talomo HEP Run of River 4 5 Davao del Sur HEDCOR 1998Tudaya 1 Run of River 6 6 Davao del Sur HEDCOR 2014Tudaya 2 Run of River 7 0 Davao del Sur HEDCOR 2014Geothermal power Edit Main article Geothermal power in the Philippines In the Philippines geothermal energy is used to generate electricity Two types of technologies are used in the Philippines These are firstly the higher temperature flash steam method and secondly the lower temperature binary cycle method 34 In the Philippines the first is the more common The second is used only at the MAKBAN plant Geothermal plants are suitable for areas with low winds such as Mindanao and areas that have rainy weather such as Batanes Geothermal energy production can result in the release of toxic substances such as mercury hydrogen sulfide arsenic and selenium 35 In 2014 at a geothermal plant in Biliran eight plant workers were hospitalized with hydrogen sulphide poisoning 36 Geothermal energy output 1 18 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Geothermal Power Output GWh 10 282 9 902 10 465 10 215 10 723 10 324 9 929 9 942 10 250 9 605 10 308 11 044Percentage Change 3 70 5 69 2 39 4 97 3 72 3 83 0 13 3 10 6 29 7 32 7 14 Major geothermal sites Facility Name 31 32 33 Type Installed Capacity MW Location Owner Year CommissionedMAKBAN Flash Binary 442 8 Laguna AP Renewable Inc 1979BACMAN Flash 130 0 Sorsogon Bac Man Geothermal Inc 1993Tiwi Flash 234 0 Albay AP Renewable Inc 1979MANITO Lowland Flash 1 5 Albay Bac Man Geothermal Inc No dateMAIBARARA Flash 20 0 Batangas Maibarara Geothermal Inc 2014Palinpinon GPP Flash 192 5 Negros Oriental Green Core Energy 1983Leyte Flash 112 5 Leyte Green Core Energy 1983Unified Leyte Flash 610 2 Leyte Energy Development Corp 1996 1997Nasulo GPP Flash 50 0 Negros Occidental Energy Development Corp 2014Mt Apo Flash 103 0 North Cotabato Energy Development Corp 1996Solar power Edit Photovoltaic solar cell In 2015 three solar farms were constructed in the Philippines The Philippines receives over 7kWh per square meter per day during its peak month of April and lowest at 3kWH per square meter per day during its off peak month of December as observed by Schadow1 Expeditions in 33 cities of the country 37 Given the country s high solar potential the solar energy s contribution to the energy mix is expected to increase from the current 2019 1 2 of 23GW to at least 3 5 of the 43GW total capacity by 2040 38 Major solar power sites Facility Name 31 32 33 Type Installed Capacity MW Location Owner Year CommissionedTarlac 2 Photovoltaic 20 Tarlac Tarlac PetroSolar Corp 2019Tarlac 1 Photovoltaic 50 Tarlac Tarlac PetroSolar Corp 2016Majestic Photovoltaic 41 3 Cavite Majestic Power Corp 2015Pampanga Solar Photovoltaic 10 0 Pampanga Raslag Corp 2015Burgos Solar Photovoltaic 4 0 Ilocos Norte Solar Philippines 2015CEPALCO Solar PV Photovoltaic 1 0 Cagayan de Oro CEPALCO 2004Solar wind and biomass energy output 1 18 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Solar wind and biomass output GWh 19 55 59 63 79 90 205 259 279 364 1 254Percentage change 189 47 7 27 6 78 25 40 13 92 127 78 26 34 7 72 30 66 244 50 Wind power Edit Pililla wind farm All wind power sites in the Philippines are on shore facilities Some such as Ilocos Norte Pililla Wind Farm in Rizal and Bangui Wind Farm are tourist destinations 39 40 Major wind power sites Facility Name 31 32 33 Type Installed Capacity MW Location Owner Year CommissionedBangui Wind Farm Power Phase 1 and 2 On Shore 33 0 Ilocos Norte North Wind Power Development Corp 2005Bangui Wind Farm Power Phase 3 On Shore 18 9 Ilocos Norte North Wind Power Development Corp 2014Burgos Wind Farm On Shore 150 0 Ilocos Norte EDC 2014Carispisan Wind On Shore 81 0 Ilocos Norte North UPC 2014Pililla Wind Farm On Shore 54 0 Rizal Alternegy Philippine Holdings Corp 2015TAREC On Shore 54 0 Guimaras TAREC 2014NABAS Wind Phase 1 On Shore 36 0 Aklan PWEI 2015Biomass power Edit Bagasse a kind of biomass fuel Rice husks Biomass energy refers to energy derived from plant and animal sources 41 Biomass resources are abundant in the Philippines due to its large agricultural industry Bagasse rice husks and coconut husks are used to generate power 42 The Philippines also uses Biogas from landfill as a biomass energy source The availability of biomass can be affected by events such as drought 43 Major biomass power sites Facility Name 31 32 33 Type Installed Capacity MW Location Owner Year CommissionedGreen Future Bagasse 19 8 Isabela Green Future Innovation Inc 20145JC Power Rice Husk 12 0 Nueva Ecija I Power Corp 2015Montalban LFG Landfill Gas 9 3 Rizal Montalban Methane Power Corp 2009Laguna LFG Landfill Gas 4 2 Laguna Bacavalley Energy Inc 2011Lucky PPH Bagasse 4 0 Isabela Lucky PPH International Inc 2008Pangea Landfill Gas 1 2 Metro Manila Pangea Green Energy Phil Inc 2013Legislation EditThe Philippine government has passed four laws that seek to improve the state of renewable energy These are the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 RA 9136 the Biofuel Act of 2006 RA 9367 the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 RA 9513 and the Climate Change Act of 2009 RA 9729 The Electric Power Industry Reform Act 2001 EPIRA promotes the use of renewable energy particularly through private sector investment 6 However after a decade of EPIRA s enactment advocacy groups and lawmakers said the law only strengthened monopolies and caused electricity rates to double 44 45 46 47 The Biofuels Act 2006 documents state policy to reduce the Philippines dependence on imported fossil fuels It encourages investment in biofuels through incentives including reduced tax on local or imported biofuels and bank loans for Filipino citizens engaged in biofuel production The law resulted in the formation of the National Biofuel Board NBB 7 The Renewable Energy Act 2008 legislates state policy to accelerate the development and use of renewable energy resources 9 Under this act section 6 mandated a minimum percentage of generation of electricity from renewable sources a renewable portfolio standard RPS Also under this act section 7 a feed In tariff system was implemented for electricity produced from renewable sources giving producers the security of long term fixed prices 48 Electricity utilities make net metering agreements with qualified end users of renewable energy systems A minimum percentage of electricity from renewable sources for the off grid missionary electrification system was also mandated Under the Renewable Energy Act 2008 incentives are available to developers of renewable energy These incentives include an income tax holiday for the first seven years of the entity s commercial operations duty free importation and special realty tax rates on renewable energy machinery equipment and materials within the first ten years net operating loss carry over zero percent Value Added Tax VAT rate for the sale of fuel or power generated from renewable sources of energy and Tax Credit on domestic capital equipment and services The Climate Change Act 2009 legislated state policy to incorporate a gender sensitive pro children and pro poor perspective in all climate change and renewable energy efforts 10 Feed in tariff program statistics EditFIT Monitoring Board summary 49 Resource For Nomination Conversion With Certificate of Confirmation of Commerciality With Certificate of Endorsement to ERCNo of Projects Capacity MW No of Projects Capacity MW No of Projects Capacity MW Hydro 66 610 93 4 26 60Wind 7 1 023 55 5 431 00 6 393 90Solar 18 681 30 30 892 54 6 131 90Biomass 4 24 37 11 94 25TOTAL 25 1704 85 105 1 958 84 27 646 65FiT degression 48 RE Technology Proposed FiT kWh Approved FiT kwh Degression RateSolar 0 407 0 220 6 after 1 year from effectivity of FiTWind 0 235 0 193 0 5 after 2 years from effectivity of FiTBiomass 0 159 0 150 0 5 after 2 years from effectivity of FiTRun of River Hydro 0 139 0 134 0 5 after 2 years from effectivity of FiT Based on US 1 00 PHP 44 00Private sector involvement EditThe Renewable Energy Act 2008 encourages the involvement of the private sector in renewable energy production through fiscal and non fiscal incentives 50 Fiscal incentives include tax reductions as well as funding assistance from both government and third parties A number of international organizations have expressed willingness to aid Philippine businesses in developing local renewable energy infrastructure including German Technical Cooperation GTZ United States Agency for International Development USAID Asian Development Bank ADB United Nations Development Programme UNDP and Japan International Cooperation Agency JICA 51 Impediments to private sector investment include high transaction costs social engineering costs lack of suitable local technology and caps on electricity prices made by the Energy Regulatory Commission 52 50 An itemized partial list of required permits licenses and certificates for RE project application 52 Required Documents issued by the National Government Required Documents issued by the Local Government UnitsSEC Registration DOE Certificate Endorsement DOE Accreditation BOI Registration CSR Approval Anti poverty Commission DENR EPC Certificate DENR Environmental Certificate ECC DENR Permit to Operate Development Permit endorsed to LGU Transfer Certificate of Title LRB HLURB BIR Certified Tax Declaration ERC Certificate of Compliance NTC Permit to Purchase NTC License to operate ERC Compliance to Grid Code ERC Compliance to Distribution Code WESM Registration Right of Way permit Power Purchase Agreements Certificate of Registration as Importer LGU Endorsements Governor Mayor Councils Realty Tax Barangay Clearance to operate Business and Operations Tax Building permit Real Estate Tax Receipt Sanitary Permit Barangay Clearance for Construction Right of Way permits Water RightsRenewable energy Technology 50 Issued FIT rate per kWh Proposed rate per kWh Solar Php 9 68 Php 17 95Wind Php 8 53 Php 10 37Biomass Php 6 63 Php 7 00Hydropower Php 5 90 Php 6 15Public private partnership Edit Up until June 2015 the Department of Energy DOE had awarded 646 service contracts as Public private partnerships to private sector entities under the Renewable Energy Law with installed capacity of 2 760 52 MW 53 Resources Awarded Projects Installed Capacity Potential CapacityGeothermal 42 1 896 19 750 00Hydro 407 136 73 7 884 54Wind 51 426 90 1 168 00Solar 93 108 90 2 206 51Biomass 45 191 80 357 00Ocean energy 8 31 00TOTAL 646 2 760 52 12 397 05Instances of private sector projects include Island Group Resource Project Name Project ProponentLuzon 54 Hydropower Kapangan Cordillera Hydro Electric Power CorporationBulanao DPJ Engineers and ConsultantsPrismc PNOC Renewables CorporationMagat A Isabela Electric Cooperative Inc Magat B Isabela Electric Cooperative Inc Tubao Tubao Mini Hydro Electric CorporationCatuiran Sta Clara Power Corp Inabasan Ormin Power Inc Solar San Rafael Solar Power Plant SPARC Solar Powered AgriRural Communities CorporationMorong Solar Power Plant SPARC Solar Powered AgriRural Communities CorporationCabanatuan Solar Power Project First Cabanatuan Renewable Ventures Inc Palauig Solar Power Plant SPARC Solar Powered AgriRural Communities CorporationCurrimao Solar Photovoltaic Power Project Mirae Asia energy CorporationMacabud Solar Photovoltaic Power Project ATN Philippines Solar energy Group Inc Sta Rita Solar Power Project Jobin Sqm Inc YH Green YH GreenTarlac Solar Power Project PetroSolar CorporationCalatagan Solar Power Project Phase I Solar Philippines Calatagan CorporationGeothermal Bacman 3 Tanawon Geothermal Project energy Development CorporationMaibarara 2 Geothermal Project Maibarara Geothermal Inc Biomass 2 MW ACNPC WTE Biomass Power Plant Project Asian Carbon Neutral Power Corporation12 MW Biomass Power Plant Project Green Innovations for Tomorrow Corporation5 MW Bicol Biomass energy Corporation Bicol Biomass energy Corporation8 8 MW Biogas Power Plant Project AseaGas Corporation24 MW SJCiPower Rice Husk Fired Biomass power Plant Project Phase 1 12MW Phase 2 12 MW San Jose City I Power Corporation70 kW Biomass Gasification Power Plant Project PowerSource Philippines Inc Visayas 55 Geothermal Biliran Geothermal Plant Project Biliran Geothermal IncorporatedHydropower Villasiga HEP Sunwest Water amp Electric Co Inc Igbulo Bais Hydroelectric Power Project Century Peak energy CorporationCantakoy Quadriver energy Corp Amlan HEPP Natural Power Sources Integration Inc Solar Miag ao Solar Power Project COSMO Solar energy Inc La Carlota Solar Power Project Phase A SACASOL II A San Carlos Solar energy Inc Cadiz Solar Power Project Phil Power Exploration amp Development CorporationWind Nabas Wind Power Project Phase I 34 Phase II 16 PetroWind energy CorporationBiomass 12 MW Multi Feedstock Biomass Power Plant Project Megawatt Clean energy Inc 2 5 MW Rice Husk Fired Biomass Power Plant Project Megawatt Clean energy Inc Mindanao 56 Hydropower Lake Mainit Agusan Power CorporationPuyo Hydroelectric Power Project First Gen Mindanao Hydropower Corp Asiga Asiga Green energy Corp Manolo Fortich I Hedcor Bukidnon Inc Manolo Fortich 2 Hedcor Bukidnon Inc Solar Kibawe Solar Power Project Asiga Green energy Corp Digos Solar Power Project Phase I Enfinity Philippines Renewable Resources Inc Digos Solar Power Project Phase II Enfinity Philippines Renewable Resources Inc Biomass 3 MW Biomass Cogeneration Facility Philippine Trade Center Inc 15 MW LPC Biomass Power Plant Project Lamsan Power Corporation3 5 MW Biomass Cogeneration System Green Earth Enersource Corporation10MW Malay balay Bioenergy Corporation Multi Feedstock Generating Facility Malaybalay Bio energy Corporation23 5 MW EPC Woody Biomass Power Plant Project Eastern Petroleum Corporation12 MW Napier Grass Fired Biomass Power Plant Project Manolo Fortich Biomass energy Corporation off grid projectSee also EditElectricity sector in the Philippines Energy in the Philippines Geothermal power in the Philippines Wind power in the PhilippinesReferences Edit a b c d e f Membrere L 2013 Philippine power statistics Archived 10 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 8 April 2016 France Presse Agence Philippines sets 50 renewables target by 2030 Retrieved 31 March 2018 a b Programme Climate Action The Philippines pursues renewable energy expansion www climateactionprogramme org Retrieved 31 March 2018 World Journal See how climate change affects the Philippines TIME Accessed 8 April 2016 a b Brahim S Renewable energy and energy security in the Philippines in Energy Procedia a b Republic Act No 9136 an Act Ordaining Reforms in the Electric Power Industry Amending for the Purpose Certain Laws and for Other Purposes Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 Retrieved 12 April 2016 Republic Act No 9136 department of Energy Accessed 12 April 2016 a b Republic Act No 9367 Department of Energy Accessed 13 April 2016 Renewable Energy Act Reurasia com 13 September 2016 a b Republic Act No 9513 Archived 31 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy a b Republic Act No 9729 Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines 23 October 2009 Accessed 13 April 2016 Latest renewable energies projects Reurasia com 13 September 2016 Verifying greenhouse gas emissions National Research Council Washington DC 2010 p vii 36 ISBN 978 0 309 15211 2 Energy security International Energy Agency Accessed 8 April 2016 Coal statistics Archived 10 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy Accessed 8 April 2016 Philippines crude oil production by year Index Mundi website Accessed 8 April 2016 Membrere L Renewable energy Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy Accessed 8 April 2016 Agaton Casper Boongaling 25 January 2018 Use coal or invest in renewables a real options analysis of energy investments in the Philippines Renewables Wind Water and Solar 5 1 1 doi 10 1186 s40807 018 0047 2 ISSN 2198 994X a b c d Summary of Installed Capacity Dependable Capacity Power Generation and Consumption Philippines Department of Energy List of existing plants Luzon Archived 18 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy List of existing plants Visayas Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy List of existing plants Mindanao Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy Erdiwansyah Mamat R Sani M S M Sudhakar K 20 June 2019 Renewable energy in Southeast Asia Policies and recommendations Science of the Total Environment 670 1095 1102 Bibcode 2019ScTEn 670 1095E doi 10 1016 j scitotenv 2019 03 273 ISSN 0048 9697 PMID 31018425 S2CID 109529680 a b c Guiamel Ismail Adal Lee Han Soo 1 November 2020 Potential hydropower estimation for the Mindanao River Basin in the Philippines based on watershed modelling using the soil and water assessment tool Energy Reports 6 1010 1028 doi 10 1016 j egyr 2020 04 025 ISSN 2352 4847 S2CID 218971298 a b c d Delina Laurence L 1 July 2020 Indigenous environmental defenders and the legacy of Macli ing Dulag Anti dam dissent assassinations and protests in the making of Philippine energyscape Energy Research amp Social Science 65 101463 doi 10 1016 j erss 2020 101463 ISSN 2214 6296 S2CID 213895250 a b Hydropower Archived 30 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy Accessed 8 April 2016 Release of Angat Ipo dam water aggravates Bulacan floods InterAksyon com Accessed 8 April 2016 a b c Talamayan Fernan 1 May 2020 Mapping Anti Dam Movements The Politics of Water Reservoir Construction and Hydropower Development Projects in the Philippines Rochester NY doi 10 2139 ssrn 3748391 S2CID 234896254 SSRN 3748391 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Fesalbon R M A Blanco A C 23 December 2019 Hydropower Dam Site Selection and Visualization Using Gis and Rs Techniques A Case of Marinduque Philippines The International Archives of the Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences Copernicus GmbH XLII 4 W19 207 214 Bibcode 2019ISPAr4219 207F doi 10 5194 isprs archives XLII 4 W19 207 2019 S2CID 210896283 Del Bene Daniela Scheidel Arnim Temper Leah 1 May 2018 More dams more violence A global analysis on resistances and repression around conflictive dams through co produced knowledge Sustainability Science 13 3 617 633 doi 10 1007 s11625 018 0558 1 ISSN 1862 4057 S2CID 158360331 Arnaiz M Cochrane T A Hastie R Bellen C 1 August 2018 Micro hydropower impact on communities livelihood analysed with the capability approach Energy for Sustainable Development 45 206 210 doi 10 1016 j esd 2018 07 003 hdl 10092 15826 ISSN 0973 0826 S2CID 158665491 a b c d e List of existing plants Luzon Archived 18 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy a b c d e List of existing plants Visayas Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy a b c d e List of existing plants Mindanao Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy Geothermal power and electricity production Renewable energy world website Accessed 8 April 2016 Geothermal energy National Geographic Society 20 November 2012 Accessed 8 April 2016 At Biliran geothermal project eight workers hurt in gas poisoning philstar com 22 June 2014 Accessed 8 April 2016 Malicdem Ervin 17 February 2015 Optimal Tilt of Solar Panels in the Philippines Schadow1 Expeditions 6 doi 10 13140 RG 2 2 19886 61764 Retrieved 5 November 2017 Guno Charmaine Samala Agaton Casper Boongaling Villanueva Resy Ordona Villanueva Riza Ordona 1 February 2021 Optimal Investment Strategy for Solar PV Integration in Residential Buildings A Case Study in The Philippines International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10 1 79 89 doi 10 14710 ijred 2021 32657 ISSN 2252 4940 Ilocos N breaks tourists record The Manila Bulletin Accessed 8 April 2016 Wind farm drawing tourists to Rizal The Philippine Star Accessed 8 April 2016 What is biomass Biomass Energy Centre UK Accessed 8 April 2016 Biomass solar wind and ocean Archived 23 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy Accessed 8 April 2016 Advantages and Disadvantages Science 134 website Accessed 8 April 2016 Repeal EPIRA PH power rates double in 15 years IBON IBON Foundation Retrieved 30 March 2018 Arado Jennie P 7 April 2017 Electric consumer group calls for review of Epira SunStar Retrieved 30 March 2018 Drilon Review EPIRA after apparent failure Rappler Retrieved 30 March 2018 Cabacungan Gil Solon pines for pre Epira days in power generation Retrieved 30 March 2018 a b Roxas Fernando Santiago Andrea 2016 Alternative framework for renewable energy planning in the Philippines Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 1396 1404 doi 10 1016 j rser 2016 01 084 FIT Monitoring Board Summary www doe gov ph Archived from the original on 16 March 2016 Retrieved 16 April 2016 a b c Brahim Sahara Piang 2014 Renewable Energy and Energy Security in the Philippines Energy Procedia 52 480 486 doi 10 1016 j egypro 2014 07 101 Marquardt Jens 2015 The politics of energy and development Aid diversification in the Philippines Energy Research amp Social Science 10 259 272 doi 10 1016 j erss 2015 07 013 a b Taguibao Jalton Garces 2011 Renewable energy RE Sector Development in the Philippines Based on the Perspectives and Experiences of Selected Industry Managers Asia Pacific Social Science Review 10 2 doi 10 3860 apssr v10i2 1903 Renewable energy on the rise Philippine analyst July 2015 2016 PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATED POWER PROJECTS IN LUZON COMMITTED PDF Archived from the original PDF on 10 June 2016 2016 PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATED POWER PROJECTS IN VISAYAS COMMITTED PDF Archived from the original PDF on 10 June 2016 2016 PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATED POWER PROJECTS IN MINDANAO COMMITTED PDF Archived from the original PDF on 10 June 2016 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Renewable energy in the Philippines amp oldid 1131462543, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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