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Renato Dulbecco

May 04, 2023

Renato Dulbecco (/dʌlˈbɛkoʊ/ dul-BEK-oh,[4][5] Italian: [reˈnaːto dulˈbɛkko, -ˈbek-]; February 22, 1914 – February 19, 2012)[6] was an Italian–American virologist who won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on oncoviruses, which are viruses that can cause cancer when they infect animal cells.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] He studied at the University of Turin under Giuseppe Levi, along with fellow students Salvador Luria and Rita Levi-Montalcini, who also moved to the U.S. with him and won Nobel prizes. He was drafted into the Italian army in World War II, but later joined the resistance.

Renato Dulbecco
Born(1914-02-22)February 22, 1914
Catanzaro, Italy
DiedFebruary 19, 2012(2012-02-19) (aged 97)
La Jolla, California
NationalityItalian, American[1]
Alma materUniversity of Turin
Known forReverse transcriptase
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsVirologist
Institutions
Doctoral studentsHoward Temin[3]

Early life

Dulbecco was born in Catanzaro (Calabria, Southern Italy), but spent his childhood and grew up in Liguria, in the coastal city Imperia. He graduated from high school at 16, then moved to the University of Turin. Despite a strong interest in mathematics and physics, he decided to study medicine. At only 22, he graduated in morbid anatomy and pathology under the supervision of professor Giuseppe Levi. During these years he met Salvador Luria and Rita Levi-Montalcini, whose friendship and encouragement would later bring him to the United States. In 1936 he was called up for military service as a medical officer, and later (1938) discharged. In 1940 Italy entered World War II and Dulbecco was recalled and sent to the front in France and Russia, where he was wounded. After hospitalization and the collapse of Fascism, he joined the resistance against the German occupation.[13]

Career and research

After the war he resumed his work at Levi's laboratory, but soon he moved, together with Levi-Montalcini, to the U.S., where, at Indiana University, he worked with Salvador Luria on bacteriophages. In the summer of 1949 he moved to Caltech, joining Max Delbrück's group (see Phage group). In the early 1950s, on Delbruck's advice, Dulbecco visited the major centers of animal virus work in the US in order to discover a way to quantitatively assay animal viruses by a plaque technique, similar to the technique that had recently been developed for bacterial viruses. Within less than a year, he worked out such a method for Western equine encephalitis virus,[15] which then opened up animal virology to quantitative work. The technique was then used by Dulbecco and Vogt[16] to study the biological properties of poliovirus. These accomplishments led to Dubecco's appointment first to associate professor, and then to full professor at the California Institute of Technology. There he started his studies about animal oncoviruses, especially of polyoma family.[17] In the late 1950s, he took Howard Temin as a student, with whom, and together with David Baltimore, he would later share the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell." Temin and Baltimore arrived at the discovery of reverse transcriptase simultaneously and independently from each other; although Dulbecco did not take direct part in either of their experiments, he had taught the two methods they used to make the discovery.[18]

Throughout this time he also worked with Marguerite Vogt. In 1962, he moved to the Salk Institute and then in 1972 to The Imperial Cancer Research Fund (now named the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute) where he was first appointed associate professor and then full professor.[19] Like many Italian scientists, Dulbecco did not have a PhD because it did not exist in the Italian higher education system (until it was introduced in 1980[20]). In 1986 he was among the scientists who launched the Human Genome Project.[21][22] From 1993 to 1997 he moved back to Italy, where he was president of the Institute of Biomedical Technologies at C.N.R. (National Council of Research) in Milan. He also retained his position on the faculty of Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Dulbecco was actively involved in research into identification and characterization of mammary gland cancer stem cells until December 2011.[23] His research using a stem cell model system suggested that a single malignant cell with stem cell properties may be sufficient to induce cancer in mice and can generate distinct populations of tumor-initiating cells also with cancer stem cell properties.[24] Dulbecco's examinations into the origin of mammary gland cancer stem cells in solid tumors was a continuation of his early investigations of cancer being a disease of acquired mutations. His interest in cancer stem cells was strongly influenced by evidence that in addition to genomic mutations, epigenetic modification of a cell may contribute to the development or progression of cancer.

Nobel Prize

Dulbecco and his group demonstrated that the infection of normal cells with certain types of viruses (oncoviruses) led to the incorporation of virus-derived genes into the host-cell genome, and that this event lead to the transformation (the acquisition of a tumor phenotype) of those cells. As demonstrated by Temin and Baltimore, who shared the Nobel Prize with Dulbecco, the transfer of viral genes to the cell is mediated by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase (or, more precisely, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), which replicates the viral genome (in this case made of RNA) into DNA, which is later incorporated in the host genome.

Oncoviruses are the cause of some forms of human cancers. Dulbecco's study gave a basis for a precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which they propagate, thus allowing humans to better fight them. Furthermore, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis mediated by oncoviruses closely resemble the process by which normal cells degenerate into cancer cells. Dulbecco's discoveries allowed humans to better understand and fight cancer. In addition, it is well known that in the 1980s and 1990s, an understanding of reverse transcriptase and of the origins, nature, and properties of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, of which there are two well-understood serotypes, HIV-1, and the less-common and less virulent HIV-2), the virus which, if unchecked, ultimately causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), led to the development of the first group of drugs that could be considered successful against the virus, the reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, of which zidovudine is a well-known example. These drugs are still used today as one part of the highly-active antiretroviral therapy drug cocktail that is in contemporary use.

Other awards

In 1965 he received the Marjory Stephenson Prize from the Society for General Microbiology. That same year, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[25] In 1973 he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Theodore Puck and Harry Eagle. Dulbecco was the recipient of the Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology from the National Academy of Sciences in 1974.[26] He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1974.[2] In 1993, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[27]

References

  1. ^ Dulbecco is a naturalized American citizen. See Dulbécco, Renato in www.treccani.it
  2. ^ a b . London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2015-10-15.
  3. ^ Dulbecco, R. (1995). "Howard M. Temin. 10 December 1934-9 February 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 41 (4): 471–80. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0028. PMID 11615362.
  4. ^ "Dulbecco". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  5. ^ "Dulbecco". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  6. ^ Gellene, Denise (February 20, 2012). "Renato Dulbecco, 97, Dies; Won Prize for Cancer Study". New York Times. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  7. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975". Nobelprize.org. 12 Sep 2012
  8. ^ Verma, I. M. (2012). "Renato Dulbecco (1914–2012) Molecular biologist who proved that virus-derived genes can trigger cancer". Nature. 483 (7390): 408. doi:10.1038/483408a. PMID 22437605.
  9. ^ Eckhart, W. (2012). "Renato Dulbecco: Viruses, genes, and cancer". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (13): 4713–4714. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.4713E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1203513109. PMC 3323998.
  10. ^ Raju, T. N. (1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1975: Renato Dulbecco (b 1914), David Baltimore (b 1938), and Howard Martin Temin (1934-94)". Lancet. 354 (9186): 1308. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76086-4. PMID 10520671. S2CID 54316919.
  11. ^ Kevles, D. J. (1993). "Renato Dulbecco and the new animal virology: Medicine, methods, and molecules" (PDF). Journal of the History of Biology. 26 (3): 409–442. doi:10.1007/bf01062056. PMID 11613167. S2CID 36014355.
  12. ^ Baltimore, D. (2012). "Retrospective: Renato Dulbecco (1914-2012)". Science. 335 (6076): 1587. doi:10.1126/science.1221692. PMID 22461601. S2CID 206541174.
  13. ^ a b Nobel autobiography of Dulbecco
  14. ^ Renato Dulbecco telling his story at Web of Stories
  15. ^ Dulbecco, R. (August 1952). "Production of Plaques in Monolayer Tissue Cultures by Single Particles of an Animal Virus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 38 (8): 747–752. Bibcode:1952PNAS...38..747D. doi:10.1073/pnas.38.8.747. PMC 1063645. PMID 16589172.
  16. ^ Dulbecco, R.; Vogt, M. (February 1954). "Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 99 (2): 167–182. doi:10.1084/jem.99.2.167. PMC 2180341. PMID 13130792.
  17. ^ Dulbecco, R (1976). "From the molecular biology of oncogenic DNA viruses to cancer". Science. 192 (4238): 437–40. Bibcode:1976Sci...192..437D. doi:10.1126/science.1257779. PMID 1257779. S2CID 6390065.
  18. ^ Judson, Horace (2003-10-20). "No Nobel Prize for Whining". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  19. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975".
  20. ^ "Dottorato, Enciclopedia Treeccani".
  21. ^ Dulbecco, R (1986). "A turning point in cancer research: Sequencing the human genome". Science. 231 (4742): 1055–6. Bibcode:1986Sci...231.1055D. doi:10.1126/science.3945817. PMID 3945817.
  22. ^ Noll, H. (1986). "Sequencing the Human Genome". Science. 233 (4760): 143. Bibcode:1986Sci...233..143N. doi:10.1126/science.233.4760.143-b. PMID 3726524. S2CID 32655658.
  23. ^ Zucchi, I.; Sanzone, S.; Astigiano, S.; Pelucchi, P.; Scotti, M.; Valsecchi, V.; Barbieri, O.; Bertoli, G.; Albertini, A.; Reinbold, R. A.; Dulbecco, R. (2007). "The properties of a mammary gland cancer stem cell". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (25): 10476–10481. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10410476Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703071104. PMC 1965538. PMID 17566110.
  24. ^ Zucchi, I.; Astigiano, S.; Bertalot, G.; Sanzone, S.; Cocola, C.; Pelucchi, P.; Bertoli, G.; Stehling, M.; Barbieri, O.; Albertini, A.; Scholer, H. R.; Neel, B. G.; Reinbold, R. A.; Dulbecco, R. (2008). "Distinct populations of tumor-initiating cells derived from a tumor generated by rat mammary cancer stem cells" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (44): 16940–16945. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10516940Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808978105. PMC 2575224. PMID 18957543.
  25. ^ "Renato Dulbecco". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
  26. ^ . National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
  27. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-03-16.

External links

  • Renato Dulbecco on Nobelprize.org  

May 04, 2023
renato, dulbecco, italian, reˈnaːto, dulˈbɛkko, ˈbek, february, 1914, february, 2012, italian, american, virologist, 1975, nobel, prize, physiology, medicine, work, oncoviruses, which, viruses, that, cause, cancer, when, they, infect, animal, cells, studied, u. Renato Dulbecco d ʌ l ˈ b ɛ k oʊ dul BEK oh 4 5 Italian reˈnaːto dulˈbɛkko ˈbek February 22 1914 February 19 2012 6 was an Italian American virologist who won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on oncoviruses which are viruses that can cause cancer when they infect animal cells 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 He studied at the University of Turin under Giuseppe Levi along with fellow students Salvador Luria and Rita Levi Montalcini who also moved to the U S with him and won Nobel prizes He was drafted into the Italian army in World War II but later joined the resistance Renato DulbeccoBorn 1914 02 22 February 22 1914Catanzaro ItalyDiedFebruary 19 2012 2012 02 19 aged 97 La Jolla CaliforniaNationalityItalian American 1 Alma materUniversity of TurinKnown forReverse transcriptaseAwardsAlbert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research 1964 Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize 1967 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize 1973 Selman A Waksman Award 1974 ForMemRS 1974 2 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 Scientific careerFieldsVirologistInstitutionsIndiana University Bloomington California Institute of Technology Salk Institute London Research InstituteDoctoral studentsHoward Temin 3 Contents 1 Early life 2 Career and research 2 1 Nobel Prize 2 2 Other awards 3 References 4 External linksEarly life EditDulbecco was born in Catanzaro Calabria Southern Italy but spent his childhood and grew up in Liguria in the coastal city Imperia He graduated from high school at 16 then moved to the University of Turin Despite a strong interest in mathematics and physics he decided to study medicine At only 22 he graduated in morbid anatomy and pathology under the supervision of professor Giuseppe Levi During these years he met Salvador Luria and Rita Levi Montalcini whose friendship and encouragement would later bring him to the United States In 1936 he was called up for military service as a medical officer and later 1938 discharged In 1940 Italy entered World War II and Dulbecco was recalled and sent to the front in France and Russia where he was wounded After hospitalization and the collapse of Fascism he joined the resistance against the German occupation 13 Career and research EditAfter the war he resumed his work at Levi s laboratory but soon he moved together with Levi Montalcini to the U S where at Indiana University he worked with Salvador Luria on bacteriophages In the summer of 1949 he moved to Caltech joining Max Delbruck s group see Phage group In the early 1950s on Delbruck s advice Dulbecco visited the major centers of animal virus work in the US in order to discover a way to quantitatively assay animal viruses by a plaque technique similar to the technique that had recently been developed for bacterial viruses Within less than a year he worked out such a method for Western equine encephalitis virus 15 which then opened up animal virology to quantitative work The technique was then used by Dulbecco and Vogt 16 to study the biological properties of poliovirus These accomplishments led to Dubecco s appointment first to associate professor and then to full professor at the California Institute of Technology There he started his studies about animal oncoviruses especially of polyoma family 17 In the late 1950s he took Howard Temin as a student with whom and together with David Baltimore he would later share the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell Temin and Baltimore arrived at the discovery of reverse transcriptase simultaneously and independently from each other although Dulbecco did not take direct part in either of their experiments he had taught the two methods they used to make the discovery 18 Throughout this time he also worked with Marguerite Vogt In 1962 he moved to the Salk Institute and then in 1972 to The Imperial Cancer Research Fund now named the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute where he was first appointed associate professor and then full professor 19 Like many Italian scientists Dulbecco did not have a PhD because it did not exist in the Italian higher education system until it was introduced in 1980 20 In 1986 he was among the scientists who launched the Human Genome Project 21 22 From 1993 to 1997 he moved back to Italy where he was president of the Institute of Biomedical Technologies at C N R National Council of Research in Milan He also retained his position on the faculty of Salk Institute for Biological Studies Dulbecco was actively involved in research into identification and characterization of mammary gland cancer stem cells until December 2011 23 His research using a stem cell model system suggested that a single malignant cell with stem cell properties may be sufficient to induce cancer in mice and can generate distinct populations of tumor initiating cells also with cancer stem cell properties 24 Dulbecco s examinations into the origin of mammary gland cancer stem cells in solid tumors was a continuation of his early investigations of cancer being a disease of acquired mutations His interest in cancer stem cells was strongly influenced by evidence that in addition to genomic mutations epigenetic modification of a cell may contribute to the development or progression of cancer Nobel Prize Edit Dulbecco and his group demonstrated that the infection of normal cells with certain types of viruses oncoviruses led to the incorporation of virus derived genes into the host cell genome and that this event lead to the transformation the acquisition of a tumor phenotype of those cells As demonstrated by Temin and Baltimore who shared the Nobel Prize with Dulbecco the transfer of viral genes to the cell is mediated by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase or more precisely RNA dependent DNA polymerase which replicates the viral genome in this case made of RNA into DNA which is later incorporated in the host genome Oncoviruses are the cause of some forms of human cancers Dulbecco s study gave a basis for a precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which they propagate thus allowing humans to better fight them Furthermore the mechanisms of carcinogenesis mediated by oncoviruses closely resemble the process by which normal cells degenerate into cancer cells Dulbecco s discoveries allowed humans to better understand and fight cancer In addition it is well known that in the 1980s and 1990s an understanding of reverse transcriptase and of the origins nature and properties of human immunodeficiency virus HIV of which there are two well understood serotypes HIV 1 and the less common and less virulent HIV 2 the virus which if unchecked ultimately causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS led to the development of the first group of drugs that could be considered successful against the virus the reverse transcriptase inhibitors of which zidovudine is a well known example These drugs are still used today as one part of the highly active antiretroviral therapy drug cocktail that is in contemporary use Other awards Edit In 1965 he received the Marjory Stephenson Prize from the Society for General Microbiology That same year he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 25 In 1973 he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Theodore Puck and Harry Eagle Dulbecco was the recipient of the Selman A Waksman Award in Microbiology from the National Academy of Sciences in 1974 26 He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ForMemRS in 1974 2 In 1993 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society 27 References Edit Dulbecco is a naturalized American citizen See Dulbecco Renato in www treccani it a b Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660 2015 London Royal Society Archived from the original on 2015 10 15 Dulbecco R 1995 Howard M Temin 10 December 1934 9 February 1994 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 41 4 471 80 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1995 0028 PMID 11615362 Dulbecco The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Retrieved 28 August 2019 Dulbecco Collins English Dictionary HarperCollins Retrieved 28 August 2019 Gellene Denise February 20 2012 Renato Dulbecco 97 Dies Won Prize for Cancer Study New York Times Retrieved March 29 2014 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 Nobelprize org 12 Sep 2012 Verma I M 2012 Renato Dulbecco 1914 2012 Molecular biologist who proved that virus derived genes can trigger cancer Nature 483 7390 408 doi 10 1038 483408a PMID 22437605 Eckhart W 2012 Renato Dulbecco Viruses genes and cancer Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 13 4713 4714 Bibcode 2012PNAS 109 4713E doi 10 1073 pnas 1203513109 PMC 3323998 Raju T N 1999 The Nobel chronicles 1975 Renato Dulbecco b 1914 David Baltimore b 1938 and Howard Martin Temin 1934 94 Lancet 354 9186 1308 doi 10 1016 s0140 6736 05 76086 4 PMID 10520671 S2CID 54316919 Kevles D J 1993 Renato Dulbecco and the new animal virology Medicine methods and molecules PDF Journal of the History of Biology 26 3 409 442 doi 10 1007 bf01062056 PMID 11613167 S2CID 36014355 Baltimore D 2012 Retrospective Renato Dulbecco 1914 2012 Science 335 6076 1587 doi 10 1126 science 1221692 PMID 22461601 S2CID 206541174 a b Nobel autobiography of Dulbecco Renato Dulbecco telling his story at Web of Stories Dulbecco R August 1952 Production of Plaques in Monolayer Tissue Cultures by Single Particles of an Animal Virus Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 38 8 747 752 Bibcode 1952PNAS 38 747D doi 10 1073 pnas 38 8 747 PMC 1063645 PMID 16589172 Dulbecco R Vogt M February 1954 Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses The Journal of Experimental Medicine 99 2 167 182 doi 10 1084 jem 99 2 167 PMC 2180341 PMID 13130792 Dulbecco R 1976 From the molecular biology of oncogenic DNA viruses to cancer Science 192 4238 437 40 Bibcode 1976Sci 192 437D doi 10 1126 science 1257779 PMID 1257779 S2CID 6390065 Judson Horace 2003 10 20 No Nobel Prize for Whining New York Times Retrieved 2007 08 03 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 Dottorato Enciclopedia Treeccani Dulbecco R 1986 A turning point in cancer research Sequencing the human genome Science 231 4742 1055 6 Bibcode 1986Sci 231 1055D doi 10 1126 science 3945817 PMID 3945817 Noll H 1986 Sequencing the Human Genome Science 233 4760 143 Bibcode 1986Sci 233 143N doi 10 1126 science 233 4760 143 b PMID 3726524 S2CID 32655658 Zucchi I Sanzone S Astigiano S Pelucchi P Scotti M Valsecchi V Barbieri O Bertoli G Albertini A Reinbold R A Dulbecco R 2007 The properties of a mammary gland cancer stem cell Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 25 10476 10481 Bibcode 2007PNAS 10410476Z doi 10 1073 pnas 0703071104 PMC 1965538 PMID 17566110 Zucchi I Astigiano S Bertalot G Sanzone S Cocola C Pelucchi P Bertoli G Stehling M Barbieri O Albertini A Scholer H R Neel B G Reinbold R A Dulbecco R 2008 Distinct populations of tumor initiating cells derived from a tumor generated by rat mammary cancer stem cells PDF Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 44 16940 16945 Bibcode 2008PNAS 10516940Z doi 10 1073 pnas 0808978105 PMC 2575224 PMID 18957543 Renato Dulbecco American Academy of Arts amp Sciences Retrieved 2022 03 16 Selman A Waksman Award in Microbiology National Academy of Sciences Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 Retrieved 15 February 2011 APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved 2022 03 16 External links EditRenato Dulbecco on Nobelprize org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Renato Dulbecco amp oldid 1140129178, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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