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Rabbinic literature

October 15, 2023

See also: Chazal, Rabbinic Judaism, and Oral Torah

Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense, is the entire spectrum of rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history. However, the term often refers specifically to literature from the Talmudic era, as opposed to medieval and modern rabbinic writing, and thus corresponds with the Hebrew term Sifrut Chazal (Hebrew: ספרות חז״ל "Literature [of our] sages", where Hazal normally refers only to the sages of the Talmudic era). This more specific sense of "Rabbinic literature"—referring to the Talmudim, Midrash (Hebrew: מדרש), and related writings, but hardly ever to later texts—is how the term is generally intended when used in contemporary academic writing. The terms mefareshim and parshanim (commentaries/commentators) almost always refer to later, post-Talmudic writers of rabbinic glosses on Biblical and Talmudic texts.

Mishnaic literature Edit

The Midr'she halakha, Mishnah, and Tosefta (compiled from materials pre-dating the year 200 CE) are the earliest extant works of rabbinic literature, expounding and developing Judaism's Oral Law, as well as ethical teachings. Following these came the two Talmuds:

The Midrash Edit

Main article: Midrash

Midrash (pl. Midrashim) is a Hebrew word referring to a method of reading details into, or out of, a biblical text. The term midrash also can refer to a compilation of Midrashic teachings, in the form of legal, exegetical, homiletical, or narrative writing, often configured as a commentary on the Bible or Mishnah. There are a large number of "classical" Midrashic works spanning a period from Mishnaic to Geonic times, often showing evidence of having been worked and reworked from earlier materials, and frequently coming to us in multiple variants. A compact list of these works [based on (Holtz 2008)] is given below; a more thorough annotated list can be found under Midrash. The timeline below must be approximate because many of these works were composed over a long span of time, borrowing and collating material from earlier versions; their histories are therefore somewhat uncertain and the subject of scholarly debate. In the table, "n.e." designates that the work in question is not extant except in secondary references.

Later works by category Edit

Aggada Edit

Main article: Aggadah

Hasidic thought Edit

Further information: Hasidic Judaism § Literature, and Hasidic philosophy § Writings

Hebrew poetry Edit

Main article: Hebrew poetry

Jewish liturgy Edit

Main article: Jewish liturgy

Jewish philosophy Edit

Main article: Jewish philosophy
See also: Category:Medieval Jewish philosophers

Kabbalah Edit

Main article: Kabbalah

Jewish law Edit

Main article: Halakha
See also: History of responsa in Judaism

Musar literature Edit

Main article: Musar literature

Later works by historical period Edit

Works of the Geonim Edit

The Geonim are the rabbis of Sura and Pumbeditha, in Babylon (650 - 1250) :

Works of the Rishonim (the "early" rabbinical commentators) Edit

The Rishonim are the rabbis of the early medieval period (1000 - 1550)

Works of the Acharonim (the "later" rabbinical commentators) Edit

The Acharonim are the rabbis from 1550 to the present day.

Mefareshim Edit

Mefareshim is a Hebrew word meaning "commentators" (or roughly meaning "exegetes"), Perushim means "commentaries". In Judaism these words refer to commentaries on the Torah (five books of Moses), Tanakh, Mishnah, Talmud, the responsa literature, or even the siddur (Jewish prayerbook), and more.

Classic Torah and Talmud commentaries Edit

Classic Torah and/or Talmud commentaries have been written by the following individuals:

Classical Talmudic commentaries were written by Rashi. After Rashi the Tosafot were written, which was an omnibus commentary on the Talmud by the disciples and descendants of Rashi; this commentary was based on discussions done in the rabbinic academies of Germany and France.[citation needed]

Modern Torah commentaries Edit

Modern Torah commentaries which have received wide acclaim in the Jewish community include:

Modern Siddur commentaries Edit

Modern Siddur commentaries have been written by:

See also Edit

Biblical figures in rabbinic literature Edit

Bibliography Edit

  • Holtz, Barry W. (2008) [1984]. Back to the Sources: Reading the Classic Jewish Texts. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781439126653.
  • Introduction to Rabbinic Literature Jacob Neusner, (Anchor Bible Reference Library/Doubleday)
  • Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, H. L. Strack and G. Stemberger, (Fortress Press)
  • The Literature of the Sages: Oral Torah, Halakha, Mishnah, Tosefta, Talmud, External Tractates, Shemuel Safrai and Peter J. Tomson (Fortress, 1987)

External links Edit

General Edit

  • A survey of rabbinic literature
  • Chapters On Jewish Literature
  • Online Resources for the Study of Rabbinic Literature

Links to full text resources Edit

  • The Sefaria Library
  • Mechon Mamre
  • Sages of Ashkenaz Database
  • Halacha Brura and Birur Halacha Institute
  • The Electronic Torah Warehouse
  • seforimonline.org
  • Primary Sources @ Ben Gurion University 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
  • Young Israel library 2013-03-14 at the Wayback Machine

Glossaries Edit

  • Judaic glossary
  • Glossary/Bibliography

October 15, 2023
rabbinic, literature, also, chazal, rabbinic, judaism, oral, torah, broadest, sense, entire, spectrum, rabbinic, writings, throughout, jewish, history, however, term, often, refers, specifically, literature, from, talmudic, opposed, medieval, modern, rabbinic,. See also Chazal Rabbinic Judaism and Oral Torah Rabbinic literature in its broadest sense is the entire spectrum of rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history However the term often refers specifically to literature from the Talmudic era as opposed to medieval and modern rabbinic writing and thus corresponds with the Hebrew term Sifrut Chazal Hebrew ספרות חז ל Literature of our sages where Hazal normally refers only to the sages of the Talmudic era This more specific sense of Rabbinic literature referring to the Talmudim Midrash Hebrew מדרש and related writings but hardly ever to later texts is how the term is generally intended when used in contemporary academic writing The terms mefareshim and parshanim commentaries commentators almost always refer to later post Talmudic writers of rabbinic glosses on Biblical and Talmudic texts Contents 1 Mishnaic literature 2 The Midrash 3 Later works by category 3 1 Aggada 3 2 Hasidic thought 3 3 Hebrew poetry 3 4 Jewish liturgy 3 5 Jewish philosophy 3 6 Kabbalah 3 7 Jewish law 3 8 Musar literature 4 Later works by historical period 4 1 Works of the Geonim 4 2 Works of the Rishonim the early rabbinical commentators 4 3 Works of the Acharonim the later rabbinical commentators 5 Mefareshim 5 1 Classic Torah and Talmud commentaries 5 2 Modern Torah commentaries 5 3 Modern Siddur commentaries 6 See also 6 1 Biblical figures in rabbinic literature 7 Bibliography 8 External links 8 1 General 8 2 Links to full text resources 8 3 GlossariesMishnaic literature EditThe Midr she halakha Mishnah and Tosefta compiled from materials pre dating the year 200 CE are the earliest extant works of rabbinic literature expounding and developing Judaism s Oral Law as well as ethical teachings Following these came the two Talmuds The Jerusalem Talmud c 450 CE The Babylonian Talmud full canonization of all the previous texts c 600 CE The minor tractates part of the Babylonian Talmud The Midrash EditMain article Midrash Midrash pl Midrashim is a Hebrew word referring to a method of reading details into or out of a biblical text The term midrash also can refer to a compilation of Midrashic teachings in the form of legal exegetical homiletical or narrative writing often configured as a commentary on the Bible or Mishnah There are a large number of classical Midrashic works spanning a period from Mishnaic to Geonic times often showing evidence of having been worked and reworked from earlier materials and frequently coming to us in multiple variants A compact list of these works based on Holtz 2008 is given below a more thorough annotated list can be found under Midrash The timeline below must be approximate because many of these works were composed over a long span of time borrowing and collating material from earlier versions their histories are therefore somewhat uncertain and the subject of scholarly debate In the table n e designates that the work in question is not extant except in secondary references Extra canonical rabbinical literature n e designates not extant Estimated date Exegetical Homiletical NarrativeTannaitic period till 200 CE Mekhilta of Rabbi IshmaelMekhilta of Rabbi ShimonMekilta le Sefer Devarim n e SifraSifreSifre Zutta Alphabet of Akiba ben Joseph Seder Olam Rabbah400 650 CE Genesis RabbahLamentations Rabbah Leviticus Rabbah650 900 CE Midrash ProverbsMidrash TanhumaEcclesiastes Rabbah Deuteronomy RabbahPesikta de Rav KahanaPesikta RabbatiAvot of Rabbi Natan Pirkei de Rabbi EliezerSeder Olam ZuttaTanna Devei Eliyahu900 1000 CE Midrash PsalmsExodus RabbahRuth ZutaLamentations Zuta1000 1200 Midrash Aggadah of Moses ha DarshanMidrash TadsheLater Yalkut ShimoniMidrash ha GadolEin YaakovNumbers Rabbah Sefer ha YasharLater works by category EditAggada Edit Main article Aggadah Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva Ein Yaakov Legends of the Jews Midrash HaGadol Midrash Hashkem Midrash Rabba Midrash Shmuel Midrash Tehillim Pesikta de Rav Kahana Pesikta Rabbati Pirke De Rabbi Eliezer Seder Olam Rabbah Seder Olam Zutta Sefer HaAggadah Sefer haYashar midrash Smaller midrashim Tanhuma Tanna Devei Eliyahu Tseno Ureno Yalkut ShimoniHasidic thought Edit Further information Hasidic Judaism Literature and Hasidic philosophy Writings Keter Shem Tov Tzavaat HaRivash Toledot Yaakov Yosef Ben Porat Yosef Tzafnat Paneach Ketonet Pasim Magid Devarav L Yaakov Or Torah Menachem Zion Meor Einayim and Yesamach Lev Noam Elimelech Menorat Zahav Avodat Yisrael Pri Ha Aretz and P ri Ha Eitz Kedushas Levi Bet Aharon Yosher Divrei Emes Tanya Likutei Amarim Torah Or Likutei Torah Likutei Moharan Sippurei Ma asiyot Rabbi Nachman s Stories Sichot HaRan Be er Mayim Hayyim Siduro Shel Shabbos Avodas HaLevi Mei Hashiloach Kol Simcha Bnei Yissachar Imrei Elimelech and Divrei Elimelech Aish Kodesh Sefas Emes Imrei Emes Shem Mishmuel Likkutei Sichos Netivot Shalom Darchei NoamHebrew poetry Edit Main article Hebrew poetry Biblical poetry Medieval Hebrew poetryJewish liturgy Edit Main article Jewish liturgy Piyyut SiddurJewish philosophy Edit Main article Jewish philosophy See also Category Medieval Jewish philosophers Chovot HaLevavot Derech Hashem Emunah Ubitachon Emunot v Dayyot Kad ha Kemach Kuzari Moreh Nevukhim Guide for the Perplexed Milchamot Hashem Wars of the Lord Nefesh Ha Chaim Or Adonai Perek Chelek Philo Sefer ha Ikkarim Sefer ha ChinuchKabbalah Edit Main article Kabbalah Etz Chaim Maggid Mesharim Pardes Rimonim Sefer haBahir Sefer Raziel HaMalakh Sefer Yetzirah Tikunei haZohar Tomer Devorah ZoharJewish law Edit Main article Halakha See also History of responsa in Judaism Arba ah Turim Aruch HaShulchan Beit Yosef Ben Ish Hai Chayei Adam and Chochmat Adam Darkhei Moshe Halachot Gedolot Kaf HaChaim Hilchot HaRif Kessef Mishneh Kitzur Shulchan Aruch Levush Malchut Minchat Chinuch Mishnah Berurah Mishneh Torah Responsa literature Sefer ha Chinuch Sefer Hamitzvot Sefer Mitzvot Gadol Shulchan Aruch Shulchan Aruch HaRav Yalkut YosefMusar literature Edit Main article Musar literature Mesillat Yesharim Orchot Tzaddikim Sefer Chasidim Shaarei Teshuva Sefer ha Yir ah Chovot ha Levavot Ma alot ha Middot Mishnat R Aharon Mikhtav me Eliyahu Tomer Devorah Sichos Mussar Pele Yoetz Kav ha Yashar Kad HaKemah Madreigat Ha Adam Shemonah PerakimLater works by historical period EditWorks of the Geonim Edit The Geonim are the rabbis of Sura and Pumbeditha in Babylon 650 1250 She iltoth of Acha i Gaon Halachot Gedolot Halachot Pesukot by Rav Yehudai Gaon Emunoth ve Deoth Saadia Gaon The Siddur by Amram Gaon ResponsaWorks of the Rishonim the early rabbinical commentators Edit The Rishonim are the rabbis of the early medieval period 1000 1550 The commentaries on the Torah such as those by Rashi Abraham ibn Ezra and Nahmanides Commentaries on the Talmud principally by Rashi his grandson Samuel ben Meir and Nissim of Gerona Commentaries on the Mishnah such as those composed by Maimonides Obadiah of Bertinoro and Nathan ben Abraham Talmudic novellae chiddushim by Tosafists Nahmanides Nissim of Gerona Solomon ben Aderet RaShBA Yomtov ben Ashbili Ritva Works of halakha Asher ben Yechiel Mordechai ben Hillel Codices by Maimonides and Jacob ben Asher and finally Shulkhan Arukh Responsa e g by Solomon ben Aderet RaShBA Kabbalistic works such as the Zohar Philosophical works Maimonides Gersonides Nahmanides Ethical works Bahya ibn Paquda Jonah of Gerona Works of the Acharonim the later rabbinical commentators Edit The Acharonim are the rabbis from 1550 to the present day Important Torah commentaries include Keli Yakar Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz Ohr ha Chayim by Chayim ben Attar the commentary of Samson Raphael Hirsch and the commentary of Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin Important works of Talmudic novellae include Pnei Yehoshua Hafla ah Sha agath Aryei Responsa e g by Moses Sofer Moshe Feinstein Works of halakha and codices e g Mishnah Berurah by Yisrael Meir Kagan and the Aruch ha Shulchan by Yechiel Michel Epstein Ethical and philosophical works Moshe Chaim Luzzatto Yisrael Meir Kagan and the Mussar Movement Hasidic works Kedushath Levi Sefath Emmeth Shem mi Shemuel Philosophical metaphysical works the works of the Maharal of Prague Moshe Chaim Luzzatto and Nefesh ha Chayim by Chaim of Volozhin Mystical works Historical works e g Shem ha Gedolim by Chaim Joseph David Azulai Mefareshim EditMefareshim is a Hebrew word meaning commentators or roughly meaning exegetes Perushim means commentaries In Judaism these words refer to commentaries on the Torah five books of Moses Tanakh Mishnah Talmud the responsa literature or even the siddur Jewish prayerbook and more Classic Torah and Talmud commentaries Edit Classic Torah and or Talmud commentaries have been written by the following individuals Geonim Saadia Gaon 10th century Babylon Rishonim Rashi Shlomo Yitzchaki 12th century France Abraham ibn Ezra Nachmanides Moshe ben Nahman Samuel ben Meir the Rashbam 12th century France Gersonides also known as Levi ben Gershom or Ralbag David Kimhi the Radak 13th century France Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor 12th century France Nissim of Gerona also known as Nissim ben Reuben Gerondi or the RaN 14th century Spain Isaac Abarbanel 1437 1508 Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno 16th century Italy Acharonim The Vilna Gaon also known as Elijah ben Solomon Zalman 18th century Lithuania The Malbim Meir Leibush ben Yehiel Michel WisserClassical Talmudic commentaries were written by Rashi After Rashi the Tosafot were written which was an omnibus commentary on the Talmud by the disciples and descendants of Rashi this commentary was based on discussions done in the rabbinic academies of Germany and France citation needed Modern Torah commentaries Edit Modern Torah commentaries which have received wide acclaim in the Jewish community include Haemek Davar by Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin The Chofetz Chaim Torah Temimah of Baruch ha Levi Epstein Kerem HaTzvi by Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Ferber Sefat Emet Lips of Truth Yehudah Aryeh Leib of Ger 19th century Europe The Pentateuch and Haftaras by Joseph H Hertz Uebersetzung und Erklarung des Pentateuchs Translation and Commentary of the Pentateuch by Samson Raphael Hirsch Nechama Leibowitz a noted woman scholar HaTorah vehaMitzva The Torah and the Commandment by Meir Leibush the Malbim Ha Ketav veha Kabbalah by Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg The Soncino Books of the Bible Richard Elliot Friedman s Commentary on the Torah 2001 Modern Siddur commentaries Edit Modern Siddur commentaries have been written by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan HaCohen The Chofetz Chaim s Siddur Samson Raphael Hirsch The Hirsch Siddur Feldheim Abraham Isaac Kook Olat Reyia The Authorised Daily Prayer Book with commentary by Joseph H Hertz Elie Munk The World of Prayer Elie Munk Nosson Scherman The Artscroll Siddur Mesorah Publications Jonathan Sacks in the Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the British Commonwealth the new version of Singer s Prayer Book as well as the Koren Sacks Siddur Reuven Hammer Or Hadash a siddur commentary built around the text of Siddur Sim Shalom United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism My Peoples Prayer Book Jewish Lights Publishing written by a team of non Orthodox rabbis and Talmud scholars See also Edit nbsp Judaism portal nbsp Jewish portalJewish commentaries on the Bible Judaism Jewish religious texts List of Jewish prayers and blessings List of rabbis Rabbinic Judaism Torah databases electronic versions of traditional Jewish texts Yeshiva CurriculumBiblical figures in rabbinic literature Edit Adam in rabbinic literature Daniel in rabbinic literature Esther in rabbinic literature Ezra in rabbinic literature Haman in rabbinic literature Jethro in rabbinic literature Joab in rabbinic literature Job in rabbinic literature Moses in rabbinic literature Noah in rabbinic literature Samson in rabbinic literature Simeon in rabbinic literatureBibliography EditHoltz Barry W 2008 1984 Back to the Sources Reading the Classic Jewish Texts Simon amp Schuster ISBN 9781439126653 Introduction to Rabbinic Literature Jacob Neusner Anchor Bible Reference Library Doubleday Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash H L Strack and G Stemberger Fortress Press The Literature of the Sages Oral Torah Halakha Mishnah Tosefta Talmud External Tractates Shemuel Safrai and Peter J Tomson Fortress 1987 External links EditGeneral Edit A survey of rabbinic literature A timeline of Jewish texts Comprehensive listing by category Global Jewish Database Judaica archival project Chapters On Jewish Literature Online Resources for the Study of Rabbinic LiteratureLinks to full text resources Edit The Sefaria Library Mechon Mamre Sages of Ashkenaz Database Halacha Brura and Birur Halacha Institute The Electronic Torah Warehouse hebrewbooks org seforimonline org Primary Sources Ben Gurion University Archived 2011 05 14 at the Wayback Machine Young Israel library Archived 2013 03 14 at the Wayback MachineGlossaries Edit Judaic glossary Sources JTS Glossary Bibliography Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rabbinic literature amp oldid 1177156686 Meforshim, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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