Arba'ah Turim (Hebrew: אַרְבָּעָה טוּרִים), often called simply the Tur, is an important Halakhic code composed by Yaakov ben Asher (Cologne, 1270 – Toledo, Spain c. 1340, also referred to as Ba'al Ha-Turim). The four-part structure of the Tur and its division into chapters (simanim) were adopted by the later code Shulchan Aruch. This was the first book to be printed in Southeast Europe and the Near East.[1]
An illuminated manuscript of Arba'ah Turim from 1435.
The title of the work in Hebrew means "four rows", in allusion to the jewels on the High Priest's breastplate. Each of the four divisions of the work is a "Tur", so a particular passage may be cited as "Tur Orach Chayim, siman 22", meaning "Orach Chayim division, chapter 22". This was later misunderstood as meaning "Tur, Orach Chayim, chapter 22" (to distinguish it from the corresponding passage in the Shulchan Aruch), so that "Tur" came to be used as the title of the whole work.[2]
Arrangement and contents
A 1565 edition of Even Ha'ezer, the third part of Arba'ah Turim
The Arba'ah Turim, as the name implies, consists of four divisions ("Turim"); these are further organised by topic and section (siman, pl. simanim).[3]
Choshen Mishpat - laws of finance, financial responsibility, damages (personal and financial) and legal procedure
In the Arba'ah Turim, Rabbi Jacob traces the practical Jewish law from the Torah text and the dicta of the Talmud through the Rishonim. He used the code of Rabbi Isaac Alfasi as his starting point; these views are then compared to those of Maimonides, as well as to the Ashkenazi traditions contained in the Tosafist literature. Unlike Maimonides' Mishneh Torah, the Tur is not limited to normative positions, but compares the various opinions on any disputed point. (In most instances of debate, Rabbi Jacob follows the opinion of his father, Rabbi Asher ben Jehiel, the Rosh.) The Arba'ah Turim also differs from the Mishneh Torah, in that, unlike Maimonides' work, it deals only with areas of Jewish law that are applicable in the Jewishexile.
Later developments
The best-known commentary on the Arba'ah Turim is the Beit Yosef by rabbi Joseph ben Ephraim Karo: this goes beyond the normal functions of a commentary, in that it attempts to review all the relevant authorities and come to a final decision on every point, so as to constitute a comprehensive resource on Jewish law. Other commentaries are Bayit Chadash by rabbi Joel Sirkis, Darkhei Moshe by Moses Isserles, Beit Yisrael (Perishah u-Derishah) by rabbi Joshua Falk, as well as works by a number of other Acharonim. These often defend the views of the Tur against the Beit Yosef.
The Tur continues to play an important role in Halakha.
Joseph Caro's Shulchan Aruch, the fundamental work of Halakha, is a condensation of his Beit Yosef and follows the basic structure of the Arba'ah Turim, including its division into four sections and chapters - Tur's structure down to the siman is retained in the Shulchan Aruch.
The views in the other commentaries are often relevant in ascertaining or explaining the Ashkenazi version of Jewish law, as codified by Moses Isserles in his Mappah.
Students of the Shulchan Aruch, particularly in OrthodoxSemikhah programs, typically study the Tur and the Beit Yosef concurrently with the Shulchan Aruch itself: in some editions the two works are printed together, to allow comparison of corresponding simanim.
^Adri K. Offenberg - The Printing History of the Constantinople Hebrew Incunable of 1493: A Mediterranean Voyage of Discovery, in The British Library Journal, Vol. 22, No 2 (Autumn 1996), Pp. 221-235. The specific mention of Southeast Europe & the Near East is on pg 223.
^The Shulchan Aruch contains a further division by paragraph (sa'if, pl. se'ifim), which is incorporated into some editions of the Arba'ah Turim to enable point-by-point comparison.
External links
Arba'ah Turim, Prof. Eliezer Segal
"Question 3.38: What is the Arba'ah Turim (The Tur, The Four Rows)?". faqs.org.
Tur text in clear Hebrew print, TurShulchanArukh – AlHaTorah.org
April 25, 2023
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This article relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Arba ah Turim news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Arba ah Turim Hebrew א ר ב ע ה טו ר ים often called simply the Tur is an important Halakhic code composed by Yaakov ben Asher Cologne 1270 Toledo Spain c 1340 also referred to as Ba al Ha Turim The four part structure of the Tur and its division into chapters simanim were adopted by the later code Shulchan Aruch This was the first book to be printed in Southeast Europe and the Near East 1 An illuminated manuscript of Arba ah Turim from 1435 Contents 1 Meaning of the name 2 Arrangement and contents 3 Later developments 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksMeaning of the name EditThe title of the work in Hebrew means four rows in allusion to the jewels on the High Priest s breastplate Each of the four divisions of the work is a Tur so a particular passage may be cited as Tur Orach Chayim siman 22 meaning Orach Chayim division chapter 22 This was later misunderstood as meaning Tur Orach Chayim chapter 22 to distinguish it from the corresponding passage in the Shulchan Aruch so that Tur came to be used as the title of the whole work 2 Arrangement and contents Edit A 1565 edition of Even Ha ezer the third part of Arba ah Turim The Arba ah Turim as the name implies consists of four divisions Turim these are further organised by topic and section siman pl simanim 3 The four Turim are as follows Orach Chayim laws of prayer and synagogue Sabbath holidays Yoreh De ah miscellaneous ritualistic laws such as shechita and kashrut Even Ha ezer laws of marriage divorce Choshen Mishpat laws of finance financial responsibility damages personal and financial and legal procedureIn the Arba ah Turim Rabbi Jacob traces the practical Jewish law from the Torah text and the dicta of the Talmud through the Rishonim He used the code of Rabbi Isaac Alfasi as his starting point these views are then compared to those of Maimonides as well as to the Ashkenazi traditions contained in the Tosafist literature Unlike Maimonides Mishneh Torah the Tur is not limited to normative positions but compares the various opinions on any disputed point In most instances of debate Rabbi Jacob follows the opinion of his father Rabbi Asher ben Jehiel the Rosh The Arba ah Turim also differs from the Mishneh Torah in that unlike Maimonides work it deals only with areas of Jewish law that are applicable in the Jewish exile Later developments EditThe best known commentary on the Arba ah Turim is the Beit Yosef by rabbi Joseph ben Ephraim Karo this goes beyond the normal functions of a commentary in that it attempts to review all the relevant authorities and come to a final decision on every point so as to constitute a comprehensive resource on Jewish law Other commentaries are Bayit Chadash by rabbi Joel Sirkis Darkhei Moshe by Moses Isserles Beit Yisrael Perishah u Derishah by rabbi Joshua Falk as well as works by a number of other Acharonim These often defend the views of the Tur against the Beit Yosef The Tur continues to play an important role in Halakha Joseph Caro s Shulchan Aruch the fundamental work of Halakha is a condensation of his Beit Yosef and follows the basic structure of the Arba ah Turim including its division into four sections and chapters Tur s structure down to the siman is retained in the Shulchan Aruch The views in the other commentaries are often relevant in ascertaining or explaining the Ashkenazi version of Jewish law as codified by Moses Isserles in his Mappah Students of the Shulchan Aruch particularly in Orthodox Semikhah programs typically study the Tur and the Beit Yosef concurrently with the Shulchan Aruch itself in some editions the two works are printed together to allow comparison of corresponding simanim See also EditMishneh Torah Shulchan Aruch Mishnah Berurah Shulchan Aruch HaRav Kitzur Shulchan Aruch Aruch HaShulchanReferences Edit Adri K Offenberg The Printing History of the Constantinople Hebrew Incunable of 1493 A Mediterranean Voyage of Discovery in The British Library Journal Vol 22 No 2 Autumn 1996 Pp 221 235 The specific mention of Southeast Europe amp the Near East is on pg 223 Cf the analogous back formation Chumash The Shulchan Aruch contains a further division by paragraph sa if pl se ifim which is incorporated into some editions of the Arba ah Turim to enable point by point comparison External links EditArba ah Turim Prof Eliezer Segal Question 3 38 What is the Arba ah Turim The Tur The Four Rows faqs org Tur text in clear Hebrew print TurShulchanArukh AlHaTorah org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arba 27ah Turim amp oldid 1084578470, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
