fbpx
Wikipedia

Prunus africana

April 10, 2024

Prunus africana, the African cherry,[1] has a wide distribution in Africa, occurring in montane regions of central and southern Africa and on the islands of Bioko, São-Tomé, Grande Comore, and Madagascar.[5] It can be found at 900–3,400 m (3,000–10,000 ft) above sea level. It is a canopy tree 30–40 m in height, and is the tallest member of Prunus.[4] Large-diameter trees have impressive, spreading crowns. It requires a moist climate, 900–3,400 mm (35–130 in) annual rainfall, and is moderately frost-tolerant.[6][7][8][9][10][11] P. africana appears to be a light-demanding, secondary-forest species.

Prunus africana
With harvested bark, on Mount Cameroon
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Prunus
Subgenus: Prunus subg. Cerasus
Section: P. sect. Laurocerasus
Species:
P. africana
Binomial name
Prunus africana
Synonyms[3][4]

Pygeum africanum Hook.f.
Pygeum crassifolium Hauman
Prunus crassifolia

The bark is black to brown, corrugated or fissured, and scaly, fissuring in a characteristic rectangular pattern. The leaves are alternate, simple, 8–20 cm (3.1–7.9 in) long, elliptical, bluntly or acutely pointed, glabrous, and dark green above, pale green below, with mildly serrated margins. A central vein is depressed on top, prominent on the bottom. The 2 cm (0.8 in) petiole is pink or red. The flowers are androgynous, 10-20 stamens, insect-pollinated, 3–8 cm (1–3 in), greenish white or buff, and are distributed in 70 mm (2.8 in) axillary racemes. The plant flowers October through May. The fruit is a drupe, red to brown, 7–13 mm (0.3–0.5 in), wider than long, two-lobed, with a seed in each lobe. It grows in bunches ripening September through November, several months after pollination.

Ecology edit

 
Extrafloral nectaries along the leaf margin

As with other members of the genus Prunus, Prunus africana possesses extrafloral nectaries that provide antiherbivore insects with a nutrient source in return for protecting the foliage.[citation needed]

In addition to its value for its timber and its medicinal uses, Prunus africana is an important food source for frugivorous birds and mammals. Dian Fossey reports of the mountain gorilla:[12] "The northwestern slopes of Visoke offered several ridges of Pygeum africanum .... The fruits of this tree are highly favored by gorillas." East African Mammals reports that stands of Pygeum are the habitat of the rare Carruther's mountain squirrel, and asserts, "This forest type tends to have a rather broken canopy with many trees smothered in climbers and dense tangles of undergrowth."[13] It is currently protected under Appendix II of CITES[14][15] since 16 February 1995 and in South Africa under the National Forest Act (Act 84) of 1998.[16]

Large numbers of trees are harvested for their bark to meet the international demand based on its medicinal qualities. Early studies on the effects of bark harvest showed that the harvest affected population structure, increased mortality, and decreased fecundity.[17][9][18][19] However, quantitative studies to examine specific life history parameters and possible sustainable harvesting practices were begun only recently[20] and 2009[21]). In these later studies, the combined factors of mortalities of a large percentage of reproductive trees (especially the largest ones), highly reduced fruit production, and poor seedling survival seem to suggest a bleak prognosis for future regeneration and long-term persistence of the species in harvested populations.[citation needed]

Uses edit

Traditional and alternative medicine edit

 
Sapling

The species has a long history of traditional uses. The bark is used in numerous ways - as a wound dressing, a purgative, or an appetite stimulant, and to treat fevers, malaria, arrow poisoning, stomach pain, kidney disease, gonorrhoea, and insanity.[22][23][24]

The extract Pygeum is an herbal remedy prepared from the bark of P. africana and is promoted as an alternative medicine for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).[25] A 2016 literature review found that Pygeum offered no benefit.[26] A 2019 review said it showed some evidence of BPH symptom relief.[27][need quotation to verify]

Other uses edit

The timber is a hardwood employed in the manufacture of axe and hoe handles, utensils, wagons, floors, chopping blocks, carving boards, bridge decks, and furniture. The wood is tough, heavy, straight-grained, and pink, with a pungent bitter-almond smell when first cut, turning mahogany and odorless later.[10][24]

Conservation status edit

The collection of mature bark for its use in traditional medicine and other uses has resulted in the species becoming vulnerable.[1][28]P. africana continues to be taken from the wild, but quotas have been awarded by the South African Forestry Department without adequate forest inventories due to some harvesters, spurred on by the high prices, removing too much of the bark in an unsustainable manner.[29] In the 1990s, an estimated 35,000 debarked trees were being processed annually. The growing demand for the bark has led to the cultivation of the tree for its medicinal uses.[9] The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES to regulate its international trade.[30]

Discovery and classification edit

The name of the remedy, pygeum, comes from the name of the plant, which was discovered to botany by Gustav Mann during his now-famous first European exploration of the Cameroon Range, with Sir Richard Francis Burton and Alfred Saker, in 1861. A letter from Mann to the Linnean Society of London, read by William Jackson Hooker, then director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, on June 5, 1862, describes the naming of the peaks of the Cameroon Range (such as Mount Victoria, later Mount Cameroon[31]) and the collection of specimens there.[32] The latter were shipped back to Kew for classification, which was duly performed by Hooker and his son, Joseph Dalton Hooker, who had the responsibility of publishing them, as William died in 1865.[citation needed]

When the publication came out[33] the Hookers had named the plant Pygeum africanum, followed by the designation "n. sp.", an abbreviation for nova species. The habitat is listed as "Cameroons Mountains, alt. 7000-7500 feet", which was above the tropical forest and in the alpine grasslands. Hooker notes that another specimen had been "gathered in tropical Eastern Africa" at 3000 feet by Dr. Kirk on an expedition of David Livingstone.[citation needed]

The first publication of the synonym in 1864 had been preceded by publication of the bare name in 1863 in a book by Richard Francis Burton.[34] Evidently Hooker had already made the contents of J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7 for 1864 available to some, as Burton mentions the volume and Mann's letter in 1863.[35]

Hooker gives scant hint of why he chose "pygeum", but what he does say indicates it was common knowledge among botanists. Kirk's specimen fruit was "a much-depressed sphere". By this, he undoubtedly meant to reference Joseph Gaertner's genus, Pygeum Gaertn.,[36] which innovates pygeum[37] from a Greek word, πυγή, "rump, buttock", because the two lobes of the fruit resemble the human gluteus maximus muscles.[38]

In 1965, Cornelis Kalkman moved Pygeum to Prunus, and this classification has the authority for now.[39] However, a recent cladistic study notes of Pygeum: "its relationships to Prunus remain to be tested by molecular cladistics."[40]

Names edit

Prunus africana is known by the common names African cherry, pygeum (from its former scientific name, Pygeum africanum), iron wood, red stinkwood, African plum, African prune, and bitter almond. In other languages spoken where it grows, it is known as tikur inchet in Amharic, kotofihy in Malagasy, mkonde-konde in Chagga, muiri in Kikuyu, entasesa or ngwabuzito in Ganda, uMkakase in Xhosa, inyazangoma-elimnyama or umdumezulu in Zulu, tendwet in Nandi (Kalenjin) and rooi-stinkhout in Afrikaans.[16]

Palaeobotanic evidence edit

A 1994/1995 study published in 1997 by Marchant and Taylor did a pollen analysis on and radiocarbon-dated two core samples from montane Mubindi Swamp in Uganda.[41] The swamp is a catchment at 2,100 m (6,900 ft) altitude between mountain ridges. It is a "moist lower montane forest" in Bwindi Forest National Park. The investigators found montane Prunus, represented by currently growing P. africana, has been in the catchment continuously since their Pollen Zone MB6.1, dated about 43,000–33,000 years ago.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Hills, R.; Cheek, M. (2021). "Prunus africana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T33631A2837924. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T33631A2837924.en. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ "Sorting Prunus Names". Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
  4. ^ a b Hall, J.B.; Sinclair, Fergus L; O'Brien, Eileen M. (2000). Prunus Africana – A Monograph. Bangor: University of Wales. ISBN 1-84220-048-8.
  5. ^ Kalkman, C. (1965). "The Old World species of Prunus subg. Laurocerasus including those formerly referred to Pygeum". Blumea. 13: 1–174. from the original on 2020-06-12. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
  6. ^ "Prunus africana". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  7. ^ "Pygeum africanum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  8. ^ Dharani, Najma (2002). Field Guide to Common Trees and Shrubs of East Africa. New Holland. p. 150. ISBN 1-86872-640-1. Previewable Google Books.
  9. ^ a b c Cunningham, A.B.; Mbenkum, F.T. (May 1993). (PDF). People and Plants working papers. Division of Ecological Sciences, UNESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  10. ^ a b World Health Organization; Inc. NetLibrary (2002). WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants: Volume 2. Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 246. ISBN 92-4-154537-2. Previewable Google Books.
  11. ^ Nonjinge, Siyabulela (October 2006). . PlantZAfrica.com. South African National Biodiversity Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
  12. ^ Fossey, Dian (2000). Gorillas in the Mist. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 146. ISBN 0-618-08360-X.
  13. ^ Kingdon, Jonathan (1984). East African Mammals: an Atlas of Evolution in Africa: Volume IIB. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 389. ISBN 0-226-43718-3.
  14. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2009-10-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^ "African cherry Prunus africana". Cites.org. from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  16. ^ a b (PDF). Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. 30 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010.
  17. ^ Parrott J., Parrott, H., 1989. Report on the conservation of Prunus (Pygeum africanum) in Cameroon. Unpublished report prepared for the International Council for Bird Preservation (now Birdlife International).
  18. ^ Ewusi, B.N., Eben-Ebai, S., Asanga, C.A., Nkongo, J.B.N., 1992. "An evaluation of the quantity and distribution of Pygeum africanum on the slopes of Mount Cameroon." Unpublished report prepared for Plantecam-Medicam.
  19. ^ Walter, S., Rakotonorina, J.C.R., 1995. "L’exploitation of Prunus africana à Madagascar." Rapportt à P. Zahemena et au Département de l’Eau and des Forêts, Antannarivo, Madagascar.
  20. ^ Stewart, K.M., 2001. "The commercial bark harvest of Prunus africana on Mount Oku, Cameroon: effects on traditional uses and population dynamics." Ph.D. Dissertation, Florida International University.
  21. ^ Stewart, K. M. (2009). "Effects of bark harvest and other human activity on populations of the African cherry (Prunus africana) on Mount Oku, Cameroon". Forest Ecology and Management. 258 (7): 1121–1128. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.05.039.
  22. ^ Stewart, KM (2003). "The African cherry (Prunus africana): can lessons be learned from an over-exploited medicinal tree? [Review]". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 89 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2003.08.002. PMID 14522426.
  23. ^ Stewart K.M. (2003). "The African cherry (Prunus africana): can lessons be learned from an over-exploited medicinal tree?". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 89 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2003.08.002. PMID 14522426.
  24. ^ a b Stewart, K. M. (2003). "The African cherry (Prunus africana): from hoe handles to the international herb trade". Economic Botany. 57: 559–569. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0559:tacpaf]2.0.co;2. S2CID 24796322.
  25. ^ Edgar, AD; Levin, R; Constantinou, CE; Denis, L (2007). "A critical review of the pharmacology of the plant extract of Pygeum africanum in the treatment of LUTS". Neurourology and Urodynamics. 26 (4): 458–63, discussion 464. doi:10.1002/nau.20136. PMID 17397059. S2CID 24774409.
  26. ^ Keehn A, Taylor J, Lowe FC (July 2016). "Phytotherapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia". Curr Urol Rep. 17 (7): 53. doi:10.1007/s11934-016-0609-z. PMID 27180172. S2CID 25609876.
  27. ^ Das K, Buchholz N (October 2019). "Benign prostate hyperplasia and nutrition". Clin Nutr ESPEN. 33: 5–11. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.07.015. PMID 31451276. S2CID 201784942. Moderate exercise and the type and amount of protein intake have a considerable influence on BPH symptoms. The intake of zinc and vitamin D also positively influence BPH symptoms, and so do certain supplements, such as saw palmetto, cemilton, and pygeum extracts.
  28. ^ "Africa's Medicine Tree Facing Extinction From Greed, Corruption". VOANews. 22 May 2006. from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  29. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-01-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ^ "Appendices I, II and III". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. 2010-10-14. from the original on 2023-03-15. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
  31. ^ The British names did not survive the transfer of Cameroon to Germany in 1884, and now are nearly unknown.
  32. ^ Hooker, Sir W.J. (1864). "Letter from Mr. G. Mann, Government Botanist, describing his Expedition to the Cameroon Mountains". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. VII (25): 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1863.tb01054.x. from the original on 2021-07-16. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  33. ^ Hooker, J.D. (1864). "On the Plants of the Temperate Regions of the Cameroons Mountains and Islands in the Bight of Benin; collected by Mr. Gustav Mann, Government Botanist". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. VII (28): 191–192. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1864.tb01067c.x. from the original on 2021-07-16. Retrieved 2007-09-13. The article occupies pp. 171–240. The botanical abbreviation for this publication is J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot.
  34. ^ Hooker, J.D. (1863). "Enumeration of the Mountain Flowering Plants and Ferns Collected by M. Gustav Mann, Government Botanist, during his various ascents of the Cameroons Mountains, of Clarence Peak, Fernando Po, and of the Peak of San thomé". Abeokuta and the Camaroons Mountains: An Exploration: Appendix III. London: Tonsley Brothers. pp. 270–277.
  35. ^ Page 47, first note.
  36. ^ U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). . Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) Taxonomy for Plants. Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  37. ^ See under De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. The edition is the 1788.
  38. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms: Volume III M-Q. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-2673-7. Previewable Google Books.
  39. ^ Kalkman, Cornelis. "The Old World Species of Prunus subg. Laurocerasus including those formerly referred to as Pygeum". Blumea. 13: 1–115. The specification is Blumea 13:33.
  40. ^ Bortiri, Esteban; Oh, Sang-Hun; Gao, Fang-You; Potter, Dan (2002). "The Phylogenetic Utility Of Nucleotide Sequences of Sorbitol 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Prunus (Rosaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 89 (11): 1697–1708. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.10.1697. PMID 21665596.
  41. ^ Marchant, Robert; Taylor, David (1997). (PDF). Quaternary Research. 47 (3): 316–328. Bibcode:1997QuRes..47..316M. doi:10.1006/qres.1997.1887. S2CID 140567377. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-21.

Further reading edit

  • Hall, J.B.; Sinclair, Fergus L; O'Brien, Eileen M. (2000). Prunus Africana – A Monograph. Bangor: University of Wales. ISBN 1-84220-048-8.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prunus africana.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Prunus africana.
  • Dailey, Bryan W.; Fernandes, Erick C.M. "The Effect of Ecological Conditions on Density and Growth of Prunus africana Seedlings in Madagascar". Cornell University.
  • WWF. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-25.
  • Prunus africana in West African plants – A Photo Guide.
  • "Prunus africana". Plants for a Future.

April 10, 2024
prunus, africana, african, cherry, wide, distribution, africa, occurring, montane, regions, central, southern, africa, islands, bioko, são, tomé, grande, comore, madagascar, found, above, level, canopy, tree, height, tallest, member, prunus, large, diameter, t. Prunus africana the African cherry 1 has a wide distribution in Africa occurring in montane regions of central and southern Africa and on the islands of Bioko Sao Tome Grande Comore and Madagascar 5 It can be found at 900 3 400 m 3 000 10 000 ft above sea level It is a canopy tree 30 40 m in height and is the tallest member of Prunus 4 Large diameter trees have impressive spreading crowns It requires a moist climate 900 3 400 mm 35 130 in annual rainfall and is moderately frost tolerant 6 7 8 9 10 11 P africana appears to be a light demanding secondary forest species Prunus africanaWith harvested bark on Mount CameroonConservation statusVulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder RosalesFamily RosaceaeGenus PrunusSubgenus Prunus subg CerasusSection P sect LaurocerasusSpecies P africanaBinomial namePrunus africana Hook f KalkmanSynonyms 3 4 Pygeum africanum Hook f Pygeum crassifolium HaumanPrunus crassifoliaThe bark is black to brown corrugated or fissured and scaly fissuring in a characteristic rectangular pattern The leaves are alternate simple 8 20 cm 3 1 7 9 in long elliptical bluntly or acutely pointed glabrous and dark green above pale green below with mildly serrated margins A central vein is depressed on top prominent on the bottom The 2 cm 0 8 in petiole is pink or red The flowers are androgynous 10 20 stamens insect pollinated 3 8 cm 1 3 in greenish white or buff and are distributed in 70 mm 2 8 in axillary racemes The plant flowers October through May The fruit is a drupe red to brown 7 13 mm 0 3 0 5 in wider than long two lobed with a seed in each lobe It grows in bunches ripening September through November several months after pollination Contents 1 Ecology 2 Uses 2 1 Traditional and alternative medicine 2 2 Other uses 3 Conservation status 4 Discovery and classification 5 Names 6 Palaeobotanic evidence 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksEcology edit nbsp Extrafloral nectaries along the leaf marginAs with other members of the genus Prunus Prunus africana possesses extrafloral nectaries that provide antiherbivore insects with a nutrient source in return for protecting the foliage citation needed In addition to its value for its timber and its medicinal uses Prunus africana is an important food source for frugivorous birds and mammals Dian Fossey reports of the mountain gorilla 12 The northwestern slopes of Visoke offered several ridges of Pygeum africanum The fruits of this tree are highly favored by gorillas East African Mammals reports that stands of Pygeum are the habitat of the rare Carruther s mountain squirrel and asserts This forest type tends to have a rather broken canopy with many trees smothered in climbers and dense tangles of undergrowth 13 It is currently protected under Appendix II of CITES 14 15 since 16 February 1995 and in South Africa under the National Forest Act Act 84 of 1998 16 Large numbers of trees are harvested for their bark to meet the international demand based on its medicinal qualities Early studies on the effects of bark harvest showed that the harvest affected population structure increased mortality and decreased fecundity 17 9 18 19 However quantitative studies to examine specific life history parameters and possible sustainable harvesting practices were begun only recently 20 and 2009 21 In these later studies the combined factors of mortalities of a large percentage of reproductive trees especially the largest ones highly reduced fruit production and poor seedling survival seem to suggest a bleak prognosis for future regeneration and long term persistence of the species in harvested populations citation needed Uses editTraditional and alternative medicine edit nbsp SaplingThe species has a long history of traditional uses The bark is used in numerous ways as a wound dressing a purgative or an appetite stimulant and to treat fevers malaria arrow poisoning stomach pain kidney disease gonorrhoea and insanity 22 23 24 The extract Pygeum is an herbal remedy prepared from the bark of P africana and is promoted as an alternative medicine for benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH 25 A 2016 literature review found that Pygeum offered no benefit 26 A 2019 review said it showed some evidence of BPH symptom relief 27 need quotation to verify Other uses edit The timber is a hardwood employed in the manufacture of axe and hoe handles utensils wagons floors chopping blocks carving boards bridge decks and furniture The wood is tough heavy straight grained and pink with a pungent bitter almond smell when first cut turning mahogany and odorless later 10 24 Conservation status editThe collection of mature bark for its use in traditional medicine and other uses has resulted in the species becoming vulnerable 1 28 P africana continues to be taken from the wild but quotas have been awarded by the South African Forestry Department without adequate forest inventories due to some harvesters spurred on by the high prices removing too much of the bark in an unsustainable manner 29 In the 1990s an estimated 35 000 debarked trees were being processed annually The growing demand for the bark has led to the cultivation of the tree for its medicinal uses 9 The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES to regulate its international trade 30 Discovery and classification editThe name of the remedy pygeum comes from the name of the plant which was discovered to botany by Gustav Mann during his now famous first European exploration of the Cameroon Range with Sir Richard Francis Burton and Alfred Saker in 1861 A letter from Mann to the Linnean Society of London read by William Jackson Hooker then director of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew on June 5 1862 describes the naming of the peaks of the Cameroon Range such as Mount Victoria later Mount Cameroon 31 and the collection of specimens there 32 The latter were shipped back to Kew for classification which was duly performed by Hooker and his son Joseph Dalton Hooker who had the responsibility of publishing them as William died in 1865 citation needed When the publication came out 33 the Hookers had named the plant Pygeum africanum followed by the designation n sp an abbreviation for nova species The habitat is listed as Cameroons Mountains alt 7000 7500 feet which was above the tropical forest and in the alpine grasslands Hooker notes that another specimen had been gathered in tropical Eastern Africa at 3000 feet by Dr Kirk on an expedition of David Livingstone citation needed The first publication of the synonym in 1864 had been preceded by publication of the bare name in 1863 in a book by Richard Francis Burton 34 Evidently Hooker had already made the contents of J Proc Linn Soc Bot 7 for 1864 available to some as Burton mentions the volume and Mann s letter in 1863 35 Hooker gives scant hint of why he chose pygeum but what he does say indicates it was common knowledge among botanists Kirk s specimen fruit was a much depressed sphere By this he undoubtedly meant to reference Joseph Gaertner s genus Pygeum Gaertn 36 which innovates pygeum 37 from a Greek word pygh rump buttock because the two lobes of the fruit resemble the human gluteus maximus muscles 38 In 1965 Cornelis Kalkman moved Pygeum to Prunus and this classification has the authority for now 39 However a recent cladistic study notes of Pygeum its relationships to Prunus remain to be tested by molecular cladistics 40 Names editPrunus africana is known by the common names African cherry pygeum from its former scientific name Pygeum africanum iron wood red stinkwood African plum African prune and bitter almond In other languages spoken where it grows it is known as tikur inchet in Amharic kotofihy in Malagasy mkonde konde in Chagga muiri in Kikuyu entasesa or ngwabuzito in Ganda uMkakase in Xhosa inyazangoma elimnyama or umdumezulu in Zulu tendwet in Nandi Kalenjin and rooi stinkhout in Afrikaans 16 Palaeobotanic evidence editA 1994 1995 study published in 1997 by Marchant and Taylor did a pollen analysis on and radiocarbon dated two core samples from montane Mubindi Swamp in Uganda 41 The swamp is a catchment at 2 100 m 6 900 ft altitude between mountain ridges It is a moist lower montane forest in Bwindi Forest National Park The investigators found montane Prunus represented by currently growing P africana has been in the catchment continuously since their Pollen Zone MB6 1 dated about 43 000 33 000 years ago References edit a b c Hills R Cheek M 2021 Prunus africana IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 e T33631A2837924 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2021 3 RLTS T33631A2837924 en Retrieved 13 February 2023 Appendices CITES cites org Archived from the original on 2023 06 03 Retrieved 2022 01 14 Sorting Prunus Names Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database Archived from the original on May 28 2010 Retrieved November 3 2010 a b Hall J B Sinclair Fergus L O Brien Eileen M 2000 Prunus Africana A Monograph Bangor University of Wales ISBN 1 84220 048 8 Kalkman C 1965 The Old World species of Prunus subg Laurocerasus including those formerly referred to Pygeum Blumea 13 1 174 Archived from the original on 2020 06 12 Retrieved 2020 05 12 Prunus africana Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 21 December 2017 Pygeum africanum Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 21 December 2017 Dharani Najma 2002 Field Guide to Common Trees and Shrubs of East Africa New Holland p 150 ISBN 1 86872 640 1 Previewable Google Books a b c Cunningham A B Mbenkum F T May 1993 Sustainability of harvesting Prunus africana bark in Cameroon A medicinal plant in international trade PDF People and Plants working papers Division of Ecological Sciences UNESCO Archived from the original PDF on 2007 09 28 Retrieved 2007 02 02 a b World Health Organization Inc NetLibrary 2002 WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants Volume 2 Geneva World Health Organization p 246 ISBN 92 4 154537 2 Previewable Google Books Nonjinge Siyabulela October 2006 Prunus africana Hook f Kalkman PlantZAfrica com South African National Biodiversity Institute Archived from the original on 2012 09 10 Retrieved 2007 09 15 Fossey Dian 2000 Gorillas in the Mist Houghton Mifflin Books p 146 ISBN 0 618 08360 X Kingdon Jonathan 1984 East African Mammals an Atlas of Evolution in Africa Volume IIB Chicago University of Chicago Press p 389 ISBN 0 226 43718 3 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2008 05 10 Retrieved 2009 10 24 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link African cherry Prunus africana Cites org Archived from the original on 20 January 2022 Retrieved 20 January 2022 a b Protected Trees PDF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Republic of South Africa 30 June 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 5 July 2010 Parrott J Parrott H 1989 Report on the conservation of Prunus Pygeum africanum in Cameroon Unpublished report prepared for the International Council for Bird Preservation now Birdlife International Ewusi B N Eben Ebai S Asanga C A Nkongo J B N 1992 An evaluation of the quantity and distribution of Pygeum africanum on the slopes of Mount Cameroon Unpublished report prepared for Plantecam Medicam Walter S Rakotonorina J C R 1995 L exploitation of Prunus africana a Madagascar Rapportt a P Zahemena et au Departement de l Eau and des Forets Antannarivo Madagascar Stewart K M 2001 The commercial bark harvest of Prunus africana on Mount Oku Cameroon effects on traditional uses and population dynamics Ph D Dissertation Florida International University Stewart K M 2009 Effects of bark harvest and other human activity on populations of the African cherry Prunus africana on Mount Oku Cameroon Forest Ecology and Management 258 7 1121 1128 doi 10 1016 j foreco 2009 05 039 Stewart KM 2003 The African cherry Prunus africana can lessons be learned from an over exploited medicinal tree Review Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89 1 3 13 doi 10 1016 j jep 2003 08 002 PMID 14522426 Stewart K M 2003 The African cherry Prunus africana can lessons be learned from an over exploited medicinal tree Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89 1 3 13 doi 10 1016 j jep 2003 08 002 PMID 14522426 a b Stewart K M 2003 The African cherry Prunus africana from hoe handles to the international herb trade Economic Botany 57 559 569 doi 10 1663 0013 0001 2003 057 0559 tacpaf 2 0 co 2 S2CID 24796322 Edgar AD Levin R Constantinou CE Denis L 2007 A critical review of the pharmacology of the plant extract of Pygeum africanum in the treatment of LUTS Neurourology and Urodynamics 26 4 458 63 discussion 464 doi 10 1002 nau 20136 PMID 17397059 S2CID 24774409 Keehn A Taylor J Lowe FC July 2016 Phytotherapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Curr Urol Rep 17 7 53 doi 10 1007 s11934 016 0609 z PMID 27180172 S2CID 25609876 Das K Buchholz N October 2019 Benign prostate hyperplasia and nutrition Clin Nutr ESPEN 33 5 11 doi 10 1016 j clnesp 2019 07 015 PMID 31451276 S2CID 201784942 Moderate exercise and the type and amount of protein intake have a considerable influence on BPH symptoms The intake of zinc and vitamin D also positively influence BPH symptoms and so do certain supplements such as saw palmetto cemilton and pygeum extracts Africa s Medicine Tree Facing Extinction From Greed Corruption VOANews 22 May 2006 Archived from the original on 1 July 2011 Retrieved 20 January 2011 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 27 Retrieved 2011 01 20 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Appendices I II and III Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna 2010 10 14 Archived from the original on 2023 03 15 Retrieved 2019 12 20 The British names did not survive the transfer of Cameroon to Germany in 1884 and now are nearly unknown Hooker Sir W J 1864 Letter from Mr G Mann Government Botanist describing his Expedition to the Cameroon Mountains Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society VII 25 1 13 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8312 1863 tb01054 x Archived from the original on 2021 07 16 Retrieved 2007 09 13 Hooker J D 1864 On the Plants of the Temperate Regions of the Cameroons Mountains and Islands in the Bight of Benin collected by Mr Gustav Mann Government Botanist Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society VII 28 191 192 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8312 1864 tb01067c x Archived from the original on 2021 07 16 Retrieved 2007 09 13 The article occupies pp 171 240 The botanical abbreviation for this publication is J Proc Linn Soc Bot Hooker J D 1863 Enumeration of the Mountain Flowering Plants and Ferns Collected by M Gustav Mann Government Botanist during his various ascents of the Cameroons Mountains of Clarence Peak Fernando Po and of the Peak of San thome Abeokuta and the Camaroons Mountains An Exploration Appendix III London Tonsley Brothers pp 270 277 Page 47 first note U S Department of Agriculture USDA Pygeum Gaertn Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN Taxonomy for Plants Archived from the original on 2012 10 10 Retrieved 2007 09 13 See under De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum The edition is the 1788 Quattrocchi Umberto 2000 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names Common Names Scientific Names Eponyms Volume III M Q CRC Press ISBN 0 8493 2673 7 Previewable Google Books Kalkman Cornelis The Old World Species of Prunus subg Laurocerasus including those formerly referred to as Pygeum Blumea 13 1 115 The specification is Blumea 13 33 Bortiri Esteban Oh Sang Hun Gao Fang You Potter Dan 2002 The Phylogenetic Utility Of Nucleotide Sequences of Sorbitol 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Prunus Rosaceae American Journal of Botany 89 11 1697 1708 doi 10 3732 ajb 89 10 1697 PMID 21665596 Marchant Robert Taylor David 1997 Late Pleistocene and Holocene History at Mubwindi Swamp Southwest Uganda PDF Quaternary Research 47 3 316 328 Bibcode 1997QuRes 47 316M doi 10 1006 qres 1997 1887 S2CID 140567377 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 02 21 Further reading editHall J B Sinclair Fergus L O Brien Eileen M 2000 Prunus Africana A Monograph Bangor University of Wales ISBN 1 84220 048 8 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prunus africana nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Prunus africana Dailey Bryan W Fernandes Erick C M The Effect of Ecological Conditions on Density and Growth of Prunus africana Seedlings in Madagascar Cornell University WWF Prunus africana PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2006 09 25 Prunus africana in West African plants A Photo Guide Prunus africana Plants for a Future Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Prunus africana amp oldid 1193424399 Traditional and alternative medicine, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.