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Pre-1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons

December 15, 2023

This is a list of all known or suspected Atlantic hurricanes up to 1599. Although most storms likely went unrecorded, and many records have been lost, recollections of hurricane occurrences survive from some sufficiently populated coastal areas, and rarely, ships at sea that survived the tempests.

Observation data for years before 1492 is completely unavailable because most natives of North America lacked written languages to keep records in the pre-Columbian era, and most records in written Mesoamerican languages either do not survive or have not been deciphered and translated. Scientists now regard even data from the early years of the Columbian era as suspicious because Renaissance scientists and sailors made no distinction between tropical cyclones and extratropical systems, and incomplete because European exploration of North America and European colonization of the Americas reached only scattered areas in the 16th century.

However, palaeotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre-historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia. A theory has been postulated that an anti-phase pattern exists between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the East Coast of the United States.[1] During the quiescent periods, a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast. During the hyperactive period, more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High—controlled by the North Atlantic oscillation—was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean. Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000 BC–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium; these quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and AD 1000, when catastrophic hurricanes frequently struck the Gulf coast, and their landfall frequencies increased by a factor of three to five.[2] On the Atlantic coast, probability of landfalling hurricanes has doubled in the recent millennium compared to the one and a half millennia before.[3]

Using sediment samples from Puerto Rico, the Gulf coast and the Atlantic coast from Florida to New England, Michael E. Mann et al. (2009) found consistent evidence of a peak in Atlantic tropical cyclone activity during the Medieval Warm Period followed by a subsequent lull in activity.[4]

Systems edit

 ~  – only paleotempestological evidence

Pre-1500 edit

Year Date
(GC) 		Area(s) affected Damage/notes
~1330 BC unknown Nicaragua "Hurricane Elisenda", similar to Hurricane Joan–Miriam.[5]
~250 BC unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from Gales Point and Mullins River.[6]
~465 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~765 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~795 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~830 unknown Alabama Presumably a category 4 or 5 hurricane that made landfall near Mobile Bay.[8]
~885 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~1050 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~1140 unknown Alabama Presumably a category 4 or 5 hurricane that made landfall near Mobile Bay.[8]
~1250 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~1350±55 unknown New England Intense prehistoric hurricane making landfall near Rhode Island, similar to the 1815 and 1938 storms.[9]
~1310 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~1330 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
~1430±20 unknown New England Intense prehistoric hurricane making landfall near Rhode Island, similar to the 1815 and 1938 storms.[9]
~1465 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7] This might be the hurricane described by Diego de Landa in his book Relación de las cosas de Yucatán. The hurricane was described as being very strong and destroyed most trees in Mayan lands. Diego de Landa places the hurricane around 1463–1464 (22 or 23 years after the destruction of Mayapan, dated by him at 1441).[10]
1494 Late September ~24 [O.S. Mid- September ~15] Hispaniola A "violent hurricane" struck Hispaniola near La Isabela from the southwest. This was the first hurricane in the Atlantic basin observed and reported by Europeans as it occurred during Christopher Columbus's second voyage to Hispaniola. His fleet arrived at Saona on 23 September [O.S. 14 September] 1494, and the storm occurred shortly after this time.[11]
1495 late October Hispaniola Also affected La Isabela, damaging some of the ships in the harbor.[12] "When the hurricane reached the harbor, it whirled the ships round as they lay at anchor, snapped their cables, and sank three of them with all who were on board."[13]

1500–1524 edit

Year Date
(GC) 		Area(s) affected Damage/notes
~1500 unknown Belize, Leeward Antilles? A "giant hurricane", by far the strongest to strike Belize since the 3rd millennium BC. Identified in sediment cores from Gales Point and Mullins River, it is assumed "to have caused devastating large-scale social disruptions" among postclassical Maya civilization.[6] Could be identical with the ~1515 Belize hurricane identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7] An extreme storm surge struck Bonaire around 1500, too. Given the sheer magnitude of the event, however, particularly in comparison to Hurricane Hattie (Belize) and Hurricane Ivan (Bonaire), some conclude this might have been caused by an underwater earthquake.[14][15] Reportedly, a massive tsunami hit the coast of Venezuela in 1498—one of the earliest reported in the Caribbean—that smashed the natural levee between the coast of Cumaná and the Araya Peninsula, thus creating the Gulf of Cariaco.[16]
1500 late July Bahamas Vicente Yáñez Pinzón lost two caravels with their crews near Crooked Island, Bahamas; his other two vessels sustained damage but escaped to Hispaniola for repairs. This hurricane is the first known in the Bahamas and possibly Florida.[17][18]
1502 July 10 [O.S. June 30] offshore Dominican Republic, Hispaniola A rapidly moving hurricane with a small diameter probably came from vicinity of Grenada, moving northwesterly through the Mona Passage. On the fourth of the voyages of Christopher Columbus, he predicted the storm and took refuge in a natural harbor on the Dominican Republic. Meanwhile, his rivals refused to heed his warning and sent a convoy of 31 treasure ships toward Spain. According to Bartolomé de las Casas, "twenty ships perished with the storm, without any man, small or great, escaping, and neither dead nor alive could be found." Those drowned included Francisco de Bobadilla and Francisco Roldán. It was the first great maritime disaster in the New World. The only ship that reached Spain held money and belongings of Christopher Columbus, who survived the storm with Rodrigo de Bastidas. The center likely crossed Hispaniola about 40 miles (60 km) east of the city of Santo Domingo, which it "smashed flat." The death toll likely exceeded 500.[19][20][21][22][23]
1504 unknown north coast of Colombia Juan de la Cosa commanded a flotilla of four large carracks (naos in Spanish) to map the Caribbean Region of Colombia. A storm in the Gulf of Urabá wrecked all four vessels, and 175 of 200 men aboard died.[24]
1508 August 12–14 [O.S. August 2–4] Hispaniola José Carlos Millás hypothesizes that this storm developed east of the Lesser Antilles and crossed the archipelago near Guadeloupe or Dominica. It perhaps also affected the southern part of Puerto Rico. Moving west-northwest, the eye of this hurricane passed near Santo Domingo, leaving the city devastated and many men lost there and in the greater part of the island. According to Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, the natives said they had never witnessed a storm "as intense or even similar in their lives, and they did not remember having heard or seen anything so frightful in their lives or in those of their forefathers."[25] The hurricane demolished the village of Buenaventura "to the level of the ground" and destroyed its entire population.[26] This hurricane drove the ship of Juan Ponce de León onto rocks at Yuna River, but it survived intact.[20]
1508 August 26 [O.S. August 16] Puerto Rico Hurricane San Roque of 1508 First recorded record of a tropical cyclone in Puerto Rico. Reported by Juan Ponce de León. The caravel of Juan Ponce de León left Santo Domingo, but another storm 13 days after the preceding storm beached it on the southwest coast of Puerto Rico at Guaynia.[20] Affected the southern coast of the island from Guayanilla, Puerto Rico, westward.[27][28][29]
1509 August 8 [O.S. July 29] Hispaniola This hurricane moved past Santo Domingo just after the festivities marking the arrival of Diego Columbus as the new governor of the Indies on July 20 [O.S. July 10]. According to Oviedo, it was "greater than the one of last year, not doing so much damage to the houses, although much greater in the country."[30]
1510 July Hispaniola N/A [31]
1511 August 3 Panama Geronimo de Aguilar and Gonzalo Guerrero, both of whom had been on an expedition with Balboa to visit Panama in 1510. Sailing in Panama in 1511 their ships were caught in a hurricane. Aguilar and Geurrero were among the survivors taken prisoner by the Yucatee Mayas. Aguilar would later play the role of translator when he joined the Cortes expedition that arrived in the Yucatán in 1519.[32]
1514 unknown Puerto Rico Andrés de Haro reported this storm several months afterwards, but the exact date remains unknown.[33]
1515 July Puerto Rico The royal officials told the monarch that one had caused the deaths of many Indians.[29][34][35]
~1515 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
1519 unknown near Jamaica, Cuba Eighteen men from a caravel near Jamaica survived a "minor hurricane."[13] Aboard the vessel were Alonso de Zuazo and two Tavira sisters, which name the hurricane colloquially bears. The storm moved toward southern Pinar del Río Province in western Cuba.[36]
1520 unknown Hispaniola Hurricane affected eastern Hispaniola.[37]
1523 unknown Florida West Coast Two ships and their crews lost off the west coast of Florida.[22]

1525–1549 edit

Year Date
(GC) 		Area(s) affected Damage/notes
1525 late October Western Cuba Hernán Cortés sent a vessel to Trinidad, Cuba. Juan de Avalos commanded a ship to Veracruz to supply his relative Hernán Cortés and the conquistadors. A "very severe" hurricane sunk the ship west of Havana, killing the captain, two Franciscan friars, and seventy seamen, but eight persons survived.[20][38][39]
1525 unknown Honduras Hurricane made landfall at the newly established colony of Triunfo de la Cruz (Tela).[37]
1526 June North Carolina Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón lost a Spanish brigantine under his command amid the treacherous Frying Pan Shoals offshore from the mouth of Cape Fear River; the colonization attempt involving Francisco de Chicora ultimately failed.[40][41]
1526 October 14–15 [O.S. October 4–5] Puerto Rico, Eastern Hispaniola Hurricane San Francisco of 1526 Millás hypothesizes that this hurricane progressed westward or west-northwestward and therefore also might have affected the northern group of the Leeward Islands and the Virgin Islands.[42] A violent hurricane moved slowly over northern Puerto Rico on 4 and 5 October. The storm started at night, lasted 24 hours, and ruined the major part of the City of San Juan, Puerto Rico, including the church, and caused much damage to haciendas, agriculture, and wide spread flooding. One source describes the storm in both 1526 and 1527.[43]
1527 circa October 30–31 [O.S. October 20–21] Western Cuba In the ill-fated Narváez expedition, Pánfilo de Narváez reached Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba. He then sent two of his six vessels under the captains Pantoja and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca to the port of Trinidad, Cuba to procure provisions. A "violent storm" destroyed the two ships in port, taking the lives of sixty or seventy persons and twenty horses aboard them; about thirty persons survived the storm on land. Pánfilo de Narváez and his four ships reached Trinity on 5 November.[44] This storm may continue from or into another tropical cyclone this season. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca delivered a detailed report on this hurricane but did not provide the exact date. Millás provides the date here given.[45] Douglas places this hurricane in early November.[22][46]
1527 November upper Texas coast If this storm occurred, then it would be one of two November hurricanes to hit Texas . Some sources state that a storm sank a poorly anchored boat of Pánfilo de Narváez off Galveston Island, but this recollection seemingly conflates the previous storm in Trinidad, Cuba, with the misfortunes of the remnant of the expedition off the upper Texas coast the following autumn. The storm apparently caused as many as two hundred deaths.[47] Alternatively, perhaps a continuation of another storm this year.[48] Charlton W. Tebeau dates the loss of a Spanish fleet to 1528.[49]
1527 unknown Eastern Hispaniola Hurricane made landfall at Santo Domingo.[37]
1528 June 23 or 30 [O.S. June 13 or 20] Aruba This hurricane struck a vessel in the Caribbean north of Aruba, and the winds drove the stricken vessel westward for nearly four days until it ran aground on Serrana Bank.[50] A castaway reportedly lived on the cay for eight years before he was rescued, which eventually spun to the tale of Pedro Serrano.
1528 October 2 [O.S. September 22] Apalachee Bay, Florida Narváez expedition in 1528 visited the Tampa and Tallahassee areas. Soon after their departure from the Apalachee Bay in upper west Florida, they were shipwrecked by a hurricane storm. Only 10 or so survivors out of more than 400 crew. The voyage lasted from 22 September to 6 November.[51][52]
1528 unknown Hispaniola A letter, dated November 2, 1528 reports a ship lost on its way from Mexico to Santo Domingo.[53]
1529 July 28–29 Puerto Rico Hurricane made landfall at San Juan, Puerto Rico.[37]
~1530 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole.[7]
1530 August 5 [O.S. July 26] Puerto Rico Hurricane Santa Ana of 1530 First of three successive tropical cyclones to affect Puerto Rico in 1530. This hurricane of modest intensity brought much rain to Puerto Rico.[54] It affected the entire island and destroyed half of the houses in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Island only had population of 3,100 at the time.[55]
1530 September 1 [O.S. August 22] Puerto Rico Hurricane San Hipólito of 1530 This tropical storm or weak hurricane brought much more rain than violent winds and caused more extensive flooding and crop damage.[55][56]
1530 September 10 [O.S. August 31] Puerto Rico Hurricane San Ramón of 1530 A violent hurricane struck Puerto Rico nine days later. Floods isolated communities and drowned an uncounted number of persons to death. The hurricane greatly damaged livestock and agriculture and so distressed the Spanish colonists that they considered abandoning Puerto Rico altogether. The barrage of hurricanes during 1530 brought a condition of great suffering and poverty on Puerto Rico, which persisted for several years.[28][29][57]
1533 October 31-November 2 [O.S. October 21–23] Leeward Islands Oviedo mentions the case of two vessels that sailed from Santo Domingo to Spain, but were knocked off course by a hurricane probably north of the Leeward Islands, and returned to Puerto Plata forty days later.[58]
1533 unknown Puerto Rico The destruction of July 26, August 23, and August 31 killed "so many slaves."[22] This event may refer to the three tropical cyclones that struck Puerto Rico in 1530.
1537 July or August Puerto Rico In July and August, three storms of wind and water punished Puerto Rico. River currents carried away and destroyed plantations on the riverbanks. The floods drowned many slaves and cattle to death. This season caused even more damage than that of 1530 did. The storm put Puerto Ricans in great necessity and increased their will to depart the island of Puerto Rico.[29][34][35][59][60] This event may continue as the succeeding event.[citation needed]
1537 unknown northwest Cuba The carrack (nao in Spanish) San Juan, coming from Spain with valuable merchandise as cargo, was lost 5 leagues east of Havana during a hurricane. The 200-ton carrack Santa Catalina, carrying gold and silver from Mexico under captain Francisco López, sank in Havana Harbor during the hurricane.[39][61]
1541 December 25 Venezuela A hurricane-like storm destroyed the remains of Nueva Cádiz.[62] However, a tsunami perhaps caused all this damage.[63]
1545 August 20 [O.S. August 10] Dominican Republic Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés delivers an eyewitness account on this small but very intense hurricane. It came from the south-southeast, passed west of the capital of Santo Domingo, killed "many" or a "large number of" persons there, and moved rapidly north-northwestward.[26][64] This storm may continue as another storm attributed to this season.
1545 September 17–18 [O.S. September 7–8] Puerto Rico, Hispaniola Excessive rains from this large, slow-moving tropical storm caused the greater damage.[65]
1545 unknown Mexico A merchant carrack (nao in Spanish) coming from Spain wrecked on the Veracruz reef system and totally lost 100,000 pesos of cargo. Most persons aboard the carrack, however, were saved. This occurred during a "norther."[66]
1545 unknown Cuba Hurricane made landfall at Havana.[37]
1546 September 3 [O.S. August 24] Puerto Rico Hurricane made landfall at San Juan, Puerto Rico.[37]
1546 unknown Dominican Republic Hurricane affected the Dominican Republic.[37]
1548 unknown Hispaniola, Santo Domingo N/A [31][67]
1549 unknown Florida Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda survived a shipwreck due to a hurricane off Florida, and the Calusa rescued the crew and passengers. They then sacrificed all the other castaways but enslaved him; he escaped after 17 years in captivity and reported the tale.[68][69][70]
1549 unknown Hispaniola The storm wrecked the vessel San Juan in the port of Nombre de Dios near Santo Domingo.[71]

1550–1574 edit

Year Date
(GC) 		Area(s) affected Damage/notes
1550 unknown off Florida Keys The 200-ton Spanish carrack (nao in Spanish) Visitación left Havana with treasure for Spain. She was "lost during a hurricane" off the Florida Keys.[72][73][74]
1551 unknown Cuba Of this storm, Marcos de J. Melero mentions only the year in the Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de la Habana.[75]
1551 unknown Gulf of Honduras Diego de Landa reported this storm. One ship sunk with many persons aboard her; all but five passengers drowned.[75]
1552 August 28–29 Dominican Republic Hurricane made landfall at Santo Domingo.[37]
1552 September 2–4 Mexico Hurricane made landfall at Veracruz.[37]
1553 September 22 [O.S. September 12] Hispaniola Affected Santo Domingo.[76]
circa 1553 unknown Florida West Coast This storm caused seven hundred casualties.[22][66][77][78] Several sources contain similar descriptions of storms for this season; they may describe one or two or three separate tropical cyclones. This event may duplicate or continue the succeeding entry.
1553 unknown Texas A Spanish treasure fleet of twenty or more ships, sailed from Veracruz for Havana. Five days into its voyage, a hurricane struck the fleet in the Gulf of Mexico and scattered its ships widely. Three of the ship ultimately reached Spain, and another returned to Veracruz. No one ever heard from any of the other sixteen or more ships again. Many men undoubtedly drowned. The 220-ton San Estevan under Captain Francisco del Mecerno, the 220-ton Santa Maria de Yciar under Captain Alonso Ozosi, and a carrack (nao in Spanish) all wrecked on Padre Island.[79] These shipwrecks resemble those in the Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District, dated probably to April 1554. Alternatively, this storm may continue or duplicate the preceding entry. Several sources contain similar descriptions of storms for this season; they may describe one or two or three separate tropical cyclones.[22][77]
1554 April or May (?) offshore South Texas The New Spain fleet, a Spanish treasure fleet, comprised top-heavy galleons, difficult to maneuver, with primitive techniques for coping with storms and insufficient experienced navigators. Three ships from this fleet, Santa María de Yciar, Espíritu Santo, and San Esteban, were lost in a storm off Padre Island. A few survivors escaped in a small boat; others attempted to walk south back to Mexico, but hostile natives killed most of them. Conquistador Ángel de Villafañe participated in the salvage operation that summer, which recovered half of the lost treasure.[80]
1554 June (?) Gulf of Mexico Three vessels came from Mexico. A hurricane, probably weak, caught them off the northwestern coast of Cuba and carried them toward the coast of Florida, stranding them. The storm neither sank nor badly disabled any known ship.[81]
1554 August or September Bahamas A storm near Great Inagua wrecked two vessels carrying a load of silver.[82]
1554 August to October Mona Passage In August or September, a Spanish caravel (nao in Spanish) ship of Juan González departed Santo Domingo for San Juan, Puerto Rico, with Bástidas Sanabria, son of Cristóbal de Sanabria, aboard her. As a result of a hurricane, the sea "swallowed" the ship somewhere in the Mona Passage. No one ever found any survivors or wreck debris; however, Cathedral of San Juan Bautista hosted a funeral Mass for the deceased. Cristóbal de Sanabria, a cleric in San Juan, told of the misfortune on 16 October.[83]
1554 November 14 [O.S. November 4] Cuba Cosme Rodríguez Farfán commanded a fleet of four vessels from Havana to San Juan, Puerto Rico. A storm hit the fleet off the coast of Oriente Province. The ship of the admiral sank; a small caravel also sank, and all but two people aboard that ship drowned to death.[84] This event may continue another storm listed for this year.
circa 1554 unknown Bermuda An overloaded, overcrowded galleon San Miguel ventured to bring great wealth from Veracruz to save the king, presumably Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, from bankruptcy. A long convoy of ships preceded her to protect her from French (and other) pirates. A week after departing Veracruz, two wind storms in the Gulf of Mexico left her with a broken mainmast, a wreck separated from the convoy, drifting for weeks within sight of Cuba and the Bahamas. A hurricane struck the San Miguel, and her crew cast all goods overboard except the bullion of the king. She lost her rudder but somehow survived, half-grounded on a reef. That hurricane caught the remaining ships in the convoy near Bermuda, and its leading ship sank. A caravel rescued the suffering passengers and crew of the San Miguel and sent her bullion cargo to Spain on a safer, more seaworthy ship. Twenty-five ships survived the trans-Atlantic voyage, carrying enough gold for the king. A Franco-Spanish War with considerable piracy apparently reached the Caribbean the next year.[85] This event may continue another storm listed for this year or another season. One source[86] dates this event to 1554, but the hurricane seemingly occurred between the beginning of the Viceroyalty of Luís de Velasco in New Spain (1550) and the beginning of the Italian War of 1551–1559, which involved France and Spain, suggesting that these storms struck in 1550.
1555 unknown Bahama Channel The Capitana of New Spain fleet lost in storm.[87]
1557 October 27 [O.S. October 17] Havana and Matanzas, Cuba A severe hurricane struck almost the western part of the island, extending from Pinar del Río eastward to Matanzas. It came from the western Caribbean Sea, moving probably from a southerly or a southwesterly direction.[88][89]
1559 September 19 near Pensacola, Florida, Mobile, Alabama First European documented hurricane hitting Florida. Tristán de Luna y Arellano attempted to start a colony around present day Pensacola with a fleet of eleven to thirteen vessels, five hundred soldiers, a thousand to eleven hundred civilians, 240 horses, and supplies; the vessels landed at Pensacola Bay on September 14 and 15. On September 19, a "great tempest from the north", a "tropical storm", or "hurricane" blew for 24 hours and scattered the still-loaded ships. Several ships—four or five navios with topsails, a galleon with a small amount of Mexican silver, and a small barque sent east of the onshore camp on a coast-exploration mission—shattered to pieces "with great loss of life" and cargo. The wreckage of San Juan galleon now defines the Emanuel Point Shipwreck Site. The storm also carried one caravel and its cargo into a grove farther ashore than the distance of an arquebus shot. One surviving ship sailed immediately to Mexico for relief.[49][72][73][90][91][92] The colony attempted to rely on native villages for sustenance, but its ventures acquired little food; the lack of food ultimately contributed to abandonment of the colony in 1561. One source[86] lists this event as three separate storms but suggests that they might represent different accounts of the same event.[93][94][95][31]
1561 June 24 [O.S. June 14] North Carolina Ángel de Villafañe evacuated the colony of Tristán de Luna y Arellano from Pensacola to Havana with the San Juan and three other vessels. Afterward, he commanded the fleet to Santa Elena, la Florida, arriving on 6 June [O.S. 27 May]. The fleet then continued farther northward, exploring the coast until they sailed around Cape Hatteras. This fleet (or, less likely, a Spanish sloop under Pedro Menéndez de Avilés) in 1561 captured Don Luis from Ajacan, often identified with Virginia but perhaps farther south, even considerably south of Hatteras. In a storm off Cape Hatteras, the caravel of Villafañe almost foundered, and two vessels of the fleet undoubtedly perished. After the tragic loss of two vessels, the two surviving vessels ultimately retired to Santo Domingo or Havana.[96][97]
1563 unknown near Cape Canaveral, Florida The 250-ton Spanish galleon La Madelena, loaded with treasure in Vera Cruz, sailed under captain Cristobel Rodríquez to Spain. During a storm, she wrecked on a shoal near Cape Canaveral. Only 16 of the three hundred aboard her survived.[98][99]
1563 August to October Atlantic Ocean Five vessels missing at latitude of Bermuda.[87]
circa 1564 unknown possibly North Carolina "None of the people survived" from a wreck on the coast.[41]
1565 July 31—August 2 [O.S. July 21–23] Atlantic Ocean Pedro Menéndez de Avilés commanded a fleet of five ships; a violent hurricane east of the Leeward Islands dispersed them.[100]
1565 September 22 [O.S. September 12] Florida East Coast
1566 September 13–16 [O.S. September 3–6] Florida An offshore hurricane on the northeast Florida and lower/upper Georgia coastal waters.[101][37]
1566 September 24–26 [O.S. September 14–16] Florida A more severe offshore hurricane on the northeast Florida and Georgia coastal waters.[101]
1567 unknown Near Dominica A storm off Dominica wrecked six ships carrying 3 million pesos (77 metric tons (76 long tons) of silver). Natives of the island killed all survivors. Continuing bad weather delayed serious salvage efforts to 1568. In their zeal to locate the treasure, Spanish salvage operators tortured the inhabitants, but no one knows what happened to the cargo.[80]
1568 August 22 [O.S. August 12] Yucatán Channel A hurricane of large diameter but only weak or moderate intensity affected the fleet of English privateer John Hawkins near Cape San Antonio, Cuba.[102]
1568 September 3 [O.S. August 24] Puerto Rico Hurricane San Bartolomé of 1568 Diego de Torres Vargas writes of a severe hurricane that caused widespread damage in San Juan, Puerto Rico and in Santo Domingo.[55][103] First hurricane to be named with "Saint of the Day" affecting Puerto Rico (previous ones back to 1508 were labeled by historians). This storm perhaps continued in the succeeding entry.
1568 7 September [O.S. 28 August] Florida A second hurricane, perhaps the same storm as the preceding entry, struck the fleet of English privateer John Hawkins.[104] His six ships then straggled into the Spanish-controlled port of San Juan de Ulúa, Veracruz, New Spain, on 15 September, initially under a truce. Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568) against the Spanish, however, ensued on 23 September, and only two English vessels returned to Europe.[105]
1569 September Bahamas A hurricane passed through the Old Bahama Channel[37]
1570 during or after September Atlantic Ocean Spanish lost four ships between Vera Cruz and Spain.[87]
1571 ~September or October Florida Heavy flooding in St. Augustine, Florida, two ships lost [101]
1571 October 18–21 Cuba, Jamaica Hurricane affected Cuba and Jamaica [37]
1571 unknown Florida Coast The 300-ton galleon San Ignacio under captaincy of Juan de Canavas with 22 iron cannon and the 340-ton Santa Maria de la Limpia Concepción together carried 2.5 million pesos in treasure. They wrecked off Cape Canaveral the Florida coast during a storm. Few survivors attempted to reach St. Augustine, Florida, in two longboats; however, natives massacred most of them. Marine salvage recovered nothing.[99][106]
1573 August Atlantic Ocean A hurricane struck a ship in the vicinity of the Virgin Islands.[107]
1574 August ~27 Gulf of Mexico and Mexico Spanish treasure fleet sailed from Spain on 29 June. After reaching the Gulf of Mexico, a "bad storm" struck and scattered the ships widely. The storm sunk the 300-ton carrack (nao in Spanish) Santa Ana under captaincy of Pedro de Paredes, the carracks under ownership of Antonio Sánchez de Armas, and the carrack under ownership of Carrejas. The storm also wrecked an urca on the coast of Coatzacoalcos and drowned five men to death, but survivors saved all its cargo.[108] The wrecked ships included the 650-ton Santa Maria de Begonia. A violent hurricane on 27 August (possibly Julian calendar) struck between Jamaica and Cuba.[87]
1574 unknown Florida East Coast, Cape Canaveral, Florida In 1574, Pedro Menéndez Márquez and his crew were shipwrecked by a hurricane near Cape Canaveral while sailing north to St. Augustine. They ended completing the journey by walking an approximate 130 mile journey along the Florida east coast beaches, inlets, and swamps up to arrive at St. Augustine.[109]

1575–1599 edit

Year Date
(GC) 		Area(s) affected Damage/notes
1575 October 1 [O.S. September 21] Puerto Rico Hurricane San Mateo of 1575 Diego de Torres Vargas mentions severe storm mentioned that struck the island on the feast of Saint Matthew. Last recorded tropical storm to impact Puerto Rico during sixteenth century.[110]
1576 unknown Hispaniola Hurricane made landfall near Monte Cristi Province.[37]
1577 August or September Cuba, Jamaica Hurricane affected Cuba and Jamaica [37]
1577 September 28-October 8 Atlantic Ocean Hurricane traveled from 27°N to 38°N [37]
1578 unknown Hispaniola Hurricane made landfall near San José de Ocoa Province.[37]
1578 October Cuba, Jamaica Hurricane affected Cuba and Jamaica [37]
1579 circa August Caribbean A storm struck a vessel sailing from Havana to Isla Margarita, Venezuela.[111]
1579 September 13 offshore Bermuda A hurricane affected Bermuda from offshore [37]
1579 September 26 Bermuda Hurricane made landfall in Bermuda [37]
1579 unknown Jamaica Hurricane made landfall in Jamaica [37]
1579 unknown Atlantic Ocean A storm sank the 600-ton Almirante of Spanish Armada.[87]
1583 August 19 [O.S. August 9] Hispaniola Hurricane made landfall at Santo Domingo.[37]
1583 September 9 Atlantic Ocean N/A [112]
1583 mid-September [O.S. early September] Hispaniola Archbishop Alfonso López de Avila of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santo Domingo, reported a hurricane that "ruined the fruit at the beginning of September (Julian calendar)."[113] Could be identical with the 19 August storm.
1586 June 23–26 [O.S. June 13–16] Roanoke Island Original European Roanoke Island settlers arrived in 1585. After experiencing a hurricane in 1586 that Ralph Lane reported: "The weather was so sore and the storm so great than our anchors would not hold, and no ship of them all but either broke or lost their anchors.", the settlers moved back to England.[114][115]
1586 unknown Old Bahama Channel A Spanish treasure fleet of 61 ships under Juan Tello de Guzmán gathered from all parts of the Caribbean at Havana and then left for Spain. During a storm in Old Bahama Channel, the fleet lost
  • the 120-ton ship of the line (navío in Spanish)San Francisco under Juan Alonso from Puerto Rico,
  • the 120-ton navío Nuestra Señora de la Concepción under Simón Rixo (or Rizo) from Puerto Rico,
  • the 120-ton carrack (nao in Spanish) under captaincy of Martín de Irigoyen from Mexico, and
  • five or six other vessels.

Surviving ships included the 120-ton navío San Sebastián under Diego Hernández from Puerto Rico.[116][117]

1587 August 31 [O.S. August 21] Roanoke Island John White reestablished the colony at Roanoke Island in July, 1587. Admiral Francis Drake was forced to cut the cables on his ship to spend six days riding out the storm at sea. He would regroup in Roanoke after the storm. John White left a group of colonists here and returned to England with the intention of returning with supplies and more colonists. When he did return in August 1590, no sign to the 1587 was ever found.[115]
1588 September 20 [O.S. September 10] Havana, Cuba A furious hurricane, noted as more destructive than that of 1557, made landfall near Havana.[37][118][88][112]
1588 November 4–6 Colombia Hurricane made landfall near Cartagena de Indias.[37]
1589 August 7 Leeward Islands A hurricane affected the Leeward Islands [37]
1589 September 12 Old Bahama Channel English squadron (naval) awaited the return of Spanish ships from the Caribbean. Philip II of Spain, king of Iberian Union, consequently ordered that the Spanish Navy (Armada in Spanish) under captain general Alváro Flores de Quiñones, Tierra Firma fleet, and Spanish treasure fleet (Flota de Nueva España in Spanish) from Vera Cruz all meet in Havana and travel together in convoy to Spain. The convoy of 75 to 100 ships left Havana on September 9 and entered Old Bahama Channel. A hurricane passed through the Bahamas Channel on September 12. Even before the hurricane, the 350-ton merchant carrack (nao in Spanish) Santa Catalina under ownership of Fernando Ome and captaincy of Domingo Ianez Ome, coming from Mexico with cargo, sank in 30 fathoms (180 ft; 55 m) of water "in about 30 degrees of latitude." The 400-ton nao Jesús María under ownership of Domingo Sauli and captaincy of Francisco Salvago, coming from Mexico, also sank in similar circumstances. A third merchant nao also sank with these two. In the hurricane at the month of Old Bahama Channel, the Almiranta of Flota de Nueva España developed a bad leak, fired cannon for assistance, and sank quickly with her great treasure in very deep water.[37][87][119]

This event may continue as another storm listed for this season. Robert F. Marx accuses Dutch historian Jan Huyghen van Linschoten of misinformation in telling that only 14 or 15 of 220 ships sailing for Iberian Union survived the year and that about 99 disappeared near Florida. He contends that Iberian Union lost only five ships this year: four in this storm in Old Bahama Channel and one returning from Goa. The location of the sinking, "in about 30 degrees of latitude", suggests that the term "Bahama Channel" in various sources may refer to the northern extension of Straits of Florida, not to Old Bahama Channel, as here assumed.

1589 unknown Old Bahama Channel The 120-ton Espíritu Santo under Miguel Baltasar, transporting sugar and hides from Puerto Rico, joined the preceding flotilla convoy in Havana. About 50 leagues from the Old Bahama Channel, a tempest struck the Spanish treasure fleet. Howling northeasterly winds lasted four days. On the first day, the sea "swallowed" a total of ten carracks (naos in Spanish), possibly including the Espíritu Santo. Some ships returned to Cuba; others proceeded to the Iberian Union.[120][121] This storm may continue as (or be identical with) the preceding storm or another storm or storms this season.
1589 unknown Florida A hurricane made landfall near Cape Canaveral.[37]
1589 unknown Florida East Coast Gonzalo Méndez de Canço, later governor of Florida, reports that Martín Pérez de Olazábal commanded a fleet; during a storm, one of his ships wrecked at Cape Canaveral. San Agustín (now St. Augustine, Florida) assisted four battered and dismasted ships carrying more than 450 persons; one ship entered the port and departed for Spain. The frigate of the presidio at San Agustín also discovered and rescued forty members of the crew of the ship lost on Cape Canaveral.[98][122]
1590 early November Gulf of Mexico Captain general Antonio Navarro de Prado commanded the 63-ship Spanish treasure fleet (Flota de Nueva España) that sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Iberian Union on 1 August. As the flotilla traversed the Gulf of Mexico and approached San Juan de Ulúa in Vera Cruz, a fierce "norther" struck with 12 hours of hurricane-force wind and rain. The fleet lost fourteen to sixteen ships along the Mexican coast, including:
  • the 280-ton carrack (nao in Spanish ) La Trinidad under captaincy of Bernardo de Paz, trying to enter Vera Cruz during the storm
  • the 180-ton Portuguese nao La Piedad under captaincy of Cristobal Sánchez Melgarejo, on the shoal of Vera Cruz with eighteen persons and most cargo saved
  • the 220-ton nao Nuestra Señora del Socorro under captaincy of Pedro Díaz Franco, in the Canal Gallega in Vera Cruz
  • the 130-ton Portuguese nao Nuestra Señora de la Concepción under captaincy of Miguel Rodríguez, near Vera Cruz

The storm swept two iron cannon from the decks of the San Francisco, heeled over the ship, and left her hold (ship) filled with water more than 6 feet (1.8 m) deep. The surviving 34 vessels on 8 November arrived at Vera Cruz badly damaged. [123]

1591 August 10 Atlantic Ocean English pirates menaced Spanish vessels considerably during the year. Spain expected 123 sailboats to arrive from the Caribbean, but a fleet of only 77 Spanish vessels, each with tonnage ranging from 200 to 1000, left Havana on 17 July for Spain. At latitude 35°N on 10 August, a northerly gale or hurricane overtook them, and the ship of the admiral of the fleet foundered with 500 men aboard her.[35][124][125][126] [Calendar unknown.] This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year.
1591 August 13–14 Atlantic Ocean Another hurricane hit the fleet three or four days after the first storm, sinking five or six of the largest ships of the fleet, including that of its vice-admiral. All the crews of the sunken vessels perished.[35][124][125][126] [Calendar unknown.] This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year.
1591 August 26 [O.S. August 16] Roanoke Island "For at this time the wind blew at northeast and direct into the harbor so great a gale that the sea broke extremely on the bar, and the tide went out forcibly at the entrance."[127][128]
1591 August ~30-31 Atlantic Ocean About the end of August (maybe Julian calendar), the third gale caught the Spanish fleet at latitude 38°N, during which 22 vessels perished. The fleet thereafter comprised 48 surviving vessels.[35][124][125][126] This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year. This or another fleet returned from Bermuda toward Europe after 24 August. That fleet lost 20 ships to a storm or storms, mainly on September 1–10. Five of the ships in that fleet hosted 387 crew members; however, uncertainty remains regarding how many of them and others perished and survived.[87]

This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year.

1591 end or August or early September off Azores Sir Richard Grenville commanded English ship Revenge (1577) alone against 53 Spanish warships under Alonso de Bazán in Battle of Flores (1591) on the night of 30/31 August. The Spanish armada finally defeated him in the morning and took the English survivors aboard their damaged ships as prisoners of war. Sir Richard Grenville died of his wounds three days later, and his body underwent burial at sea. The winds of a terrible hurricane then arose and wrecked allegedly "over a hundred" Spanish galleons, merchant ships, warships, and other vessels in this fleet and the arriving remnant of the Spanish treasure fleet. The storm drowned their crews and lost their riches to the Iberian Union. The remnant of the captured English warship Revenge ran into the cliffs of Terceira Island. English writer Richard Hakluyt attributes the storm to divine revenge against the Catholic fleet for the death of Sir Grenville. He continues, "For 20 days after the storm they did nothing but fish for dead men that continually came driving on the shore."[129][130] This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year.
1591 September 6 Azores Within sight of Flores Island (Azores), another gale separated the fleet, and only 25 or 26 sailboats from the Caribbean ultimately reached Spain.[124] This storm likely matches the account in the preceding entry.
1591 September 21 Puerto Rico A hurricane affected Puerto Rico [37]
1591 September 24 Cuba A hurricane affected Cuba [37]
1591 September Florida Hurricane made landfall near Dry Tortugas.[37][101]
1591 unknown coastal Florida A fleet of 75 to 77 ships left Havana on June 27. On orders of Philip II of Spain, king of Iberian Union, the mariners left his registered treasure in Havana for safe travel to Spain aboard small, fast zabras. In encounters with storms, the fleet lost at least 29 ships, many off coast of Florida. The terrible storms left Iberian Union with few ships to send to the Indies in 1592.[72][131] This entry likely matches that of other storms this year.
1591 unknown Atlantic or Caribbean Sea Spanish lost a carrack (nao in Spanish) somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea.[21]
1593 July ~25 [O.S. July ~15] Puerto Rico A storm passed the seas north of the island.[132][133]
1594 unknown Caribbean One ship lost on its way from Panama to the Lesser Antilles.[134]
1594 unknown Hispaniola Hurricane made landfall near Santo Domingo.[37]
1594 unknown Cuba Hurricane made landfall near Havana. Day of San Lucas[37]
1595 August 29–30 Cuba Hurricane made landfall near Havana.[37]
1595 unknown offshore Florida The 180 ton Spanish carrack (nao in Spanish) Santa Margarita (not to be confused with the wreck of the Santa Margarita recovered with the Atocha near Key West) under captaincy of Gonçalo de la Roché sailed alone from Santo Domingo to Havana and from thence sailed for Spain laden with 6,000,000 pesos in gold bullion and silver coins. Ship sank during a storm in the high seas off the Florida coast possibly near the entrance to Biscayne Bay.[99][135]
1597 ~September–November Jamaica Morales Padrón reported a hurricane.[136]
1599 ~June–July Bahamas This hurricane struck Hernando del Castillo near Great Inagua Island.[137]
1599 September 22 Florida Hurricane made landfall near St. Augustine, Florida.[101][37]

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Abbad y Lasierra, Fray Íñigo (1866), de Acosta y Calbo, José Julián (ed.), Historia geográfica, civil y natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto-Rico (in Spanish) (nueva ed.), Puerto Rico: Imprenta y Libreria de Acosta, p. 433, OCLC 51898961
  • Alexander, William H. (1902), Hurricanes: especially those of Porto Rico and St. Kitts., Bulletin, United States Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, p. 79
  • Cardona Bonet, Walter A. (1989), Shipwrecks in Puerto Rico's history, 1502–1650, vol. I, Model Offset Printing, p. 371, ASIN B0006ES9D0, LCCN 89090750, OCLC 21376979
  • Chaunu, Huguette; Chaunu, Pierre (1955–1960), Séville et l'Atlantique (1504–1650) (in French), vol. 12, Paris: Librairie Armand Colin
  • Douglas, Marjory Stoneman (1958), Hurricane, New York: Rinehart & Company, p. 393, OCLC 420024
  • Evans, "Stormy" Jack (August–October 1848), "A chronological list of hurricanes which have occurred in the West Indies since the year 1493; with interesting descriptions", The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle, London, 17 (8, 9, and 10): 397–405, 453–462, 524–530, hdl:2027/nyp.33433066364930
  • Fisher, David E. (1994), The scariest place on earth: eye to eye with hurricanes, New York: Random House, pp. 250, ISBN 9780679427759
  • Garriott, Edward Bennett (1900), West Indian hurricanes, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, p. 69, hdl:2027/mdp.39015023923173, OCLC 19854416
  • Hughes, Patrick (1987), "Hurricanes haunt our history", Weatherwise, 40 (3): 134–140, doi:10.1080/00431672.1987.9933354
  • Ludlum, David M. (1963), Early American Hurricanes, 1492–1870, Boston: American Meteorological Society, OCLC 511649
  • Marx, Robert F. (1983), Shipwrecks in the Americas, New York: Bonanza Books, pp. 482, ISBN 978-0-517-41371-5, OCLC 9393846
  • Marx, Robert F. (1985) [1979], Spanish treasure in Florida waters: a billion dollar graveyard (Shipwrecks in Florida waters ed.), Boston: Mariners Press, p. 146, ISBN 978-0913352069, OCLC 5172392
  • Millás, José Carlos (1968), Pardue, Leonard (ed.), Hurricanes of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions, 1492–1800, Miami: Academy of the Arts and Sciences of the Americas, OCLC 339427
  • Pérez, Orlando, ed. (1971), Notes on the tropical cyclones of Puerto Rico, 1508–1970
  • Peterson, Mendel (1975), The funnel of gold, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, pp. 480, ISBN 978-0-316-70300-0
  • Potter, John Stauffer (1972), The Treasure Diver's Guide, New York: Doubleday, OCLC 722472
  • Quinn, David Beers, ed. (1955), The Roanoke voyages, 1584–1590: Documents to illustrate the English voyages to North America under the patent granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584, Hakluyt Society Publications, vol. 104, London: Quaritch
  • Rappaport, Edward N.; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose (1995), Beven, Jack (ed.), The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996, NOAA Technical Memorandum (NWS NHC 47 ed.) (published 28 May 1995)
  • Robinson, Conway (1848), An account of discoveries in the West until 1519, and of voyages to and along the Atlantic coast of North America, from 1520 to 1573, Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society, p. 491
  • Salivia, Luis Alfredo (1972), Historia de los temporales de Puerto Rico y las Antillas, 1492 a 1970 (in Spanish) (2a. rev. y aum. ed.), San Juan, Puerto Rico: Editorial Edil, p. 385, OCLC 433147145
  • Sandrik, Al; Landsea, Christopher W. (May 2003), Chronological listing of tropical cyclones affecting north Florida and coastal Georgia 1565–1899, NOAA Technical Memorandum
  • Singer, Steven D. (1992), Shipwrecks of Florida, Sarasota: Pineapple Press, p. 368, ISBN 978-1-56164-006-5, OCLC 25025218
  • Southey, Captain Thomas (1827), Chronological history of the West Indies, vol. I, OCLC 14936262
  • Tebeau, Charlton W. (1971), A history of Florida, Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press, p. 502, OCLC 11462989
  • Walton, Timothy R. (1994), The Spanish treasure fleets, Sarasota: Pineapple Press, p. 256, ISBN 978-1-56164-049-2, OCLC 29638042

External links edit

  • "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996", NOAA
  • "Hurricane Time Line", Caribbean Genealogy Research Resources
  • "Virginia Hurricane History", NOAA
  • at the Wayback Machine (archived 8 March 2009)

December 15, 2023
1600, atlantic, hurricane, seasons, this, article, require, cleanup, meet, wikipedia, quality, standards, specific, problem, some, descriptions, here, long, into, excess, information, that, about, given, hurricane, please, help, improve, this, article, decembe. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is Some of the descriptions here are too long and go into excess information that is not about the given hurricane Please help improve this article if you can December 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message This is a list of all known or suspected Atlantic hurricanes up to 1599 Although most storms likely went unrecorded and many records have been lost recollections of hurricane occurrences survive from some sufficiently populated coastal areas and rarely ships at sea that survived the tempests Observation data for years before 1492 is completely unavailable because most natives of North America lacked written languages to keep records in the pre Columbian era and most records in written Mesoamerican languages either do not survive or have not been deciphered and translated Scientists now regard even data from the early years of the Columbian era as suspicious because Renaissance scientists and sailors made no distinction between tropical cyclones and extratropical systems and incomplete because European exploration of North America and European colonization of the Americas reached only scattered areas in the 16th century However palaeotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia A theory has been postulated that an anti phase pattern exists between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the East Coast of the United States 1 During the quiescent periods a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast During the hyperactive period more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High controlled by the North Atlantic oscillation was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000 BC 1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium these quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and AD 1000 when catastrophic hurricanes frequently struck the Gulf coast and their landfall frequencies increased by a factor of three to five 2 On the Atlantic coast probability of landfalling hurricanes has doubled in the recent millennium compared to the one and a half millennia before 3 Using sediment samples from Puerto Rico the Gulf coast and the Atlantic coast from Florida to New England Michael E Mann et al 2009 found consistent evidence of a peak in Atlantic tropical cyclone activity during the Medieval Warm Period followed by a subsequent lull in activity 4 Contents 1 Systems 1 1 Pre 1500 1 2 1500 1524 1 3 1525 1549 1 4 1550 1574 1 5 1575 1599 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksSystems edit only paleotempestological evidence Pre 1500 editYear Date GC Area s affected Damage notes 1330 BC unknown Nicaragua Hurricane Elisenda similar to Hurricane Joan Miriam 5 250 BC unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from Gales Point and Mullins River 6 465 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole 7 765 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole 7 795 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole 7 830 unknown Alabama Presumably a category 4 or 5 hurricane that made landfall near Mobile Bay 8 885 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole 7 1050 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole 7 1140 unknown Alabama Presumably a category 4 or 5 hurricane that made landfall near Mobile Bay 8 1250 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole 7 1350 55 unknown New England Intense prehistoric hurricane making landfall near Rhode Island similar to the 1815 and 1938 storms 9 1310 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole 7 1330 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole 7 1430 20 unknown New England Intense prehistoric hurricane making landfall near Rhode Island similar to the 1815 and 1938 storms 9 1465 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole 7 This might be the hurricane described by Diego de Landa in his book Relacion de las cosas de Yucatan The hurricane was described as being very strong and destroyed most trees in Mayan lands Diego de Landa places the hurricane around 1463 1464 22 or 23 years after the destruction of Mayapan dated by him at 1441 10 1494 Late September 24 O S Mid September 15 Hispaniola A violent hurricane struck Hispaniola near La Isabela from the southwest This was the first hurricane in the Atlantic basin observed and reported by Europeans as it occurred during Christopher Columbus s second voyage to Hispaniola His fleet arrived at Saona on 23 September O S 14 September 1494 and the storm occurred shortly after this time 11 1495 late October Hispaniola Also affected La Isabela damaging some of the ships in the harbor 12 When the hurricane reached the harbor it whirled the ships round as they lay at anchor snapped their cables and sank three of them with all who were on board 13 1500 1524 editYear Date GC Area s affected Damage notes 1500 unknown Belize Leeward Antilles A giant hurricane by far the strongest to strike Belize since the 3rd millennium BC Identified in sediment cores from Gales Point and Mullins River it is assumed to have caused devastating large scale social disruptions among postclassical Maya civilization 6 Could be identical with the 1515 Belize hurricane identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole 7 An extreme storm surge struck Bonaire around 1500 too Given the sheer magnitude of the event however particularly in comparison to Hurricane Hattie Belize and Hurricane Ivan Bonaire some conclude this might have been caused by an underwater earthquake 14 15 Reportedly a massive tsunami hit the coast of Venezuela in 1498 one of the earliest reported in the Caribbean that smashed the natural levee between the coast of Cumana and the Araya Peninsula thus creating the Gulf of Cariaco 16 1500 late July Bahamas Vicente Yanez Pinzon lost two caravels with their crews near Crooked Island Bahamas his other two vessels sustained damage but escaped to Hispaniola for repairs This hurricane is the first known in the Bahamas and possibly Florida 17 18 1502 July 10 O S June 30 offshore Dominican Republic Hispaniola A rapidly moving hurricane with a small diameter probably came from vicinity of Grenada moving northwesterly through the Mona Passage On the fourth of the voyages of Christopher Columbus he predicted the storm and took refuge in a natural harbor on the Dominican Republic Meanwhile his rivals refused to heed his warning and sent a convoy of 31 treasure ships toward Spain According to Bartolome de las Casas twenty ships perished with the storm without any man small or great escaping and neither dead nor alive could be found Those drowned included Francisco de Bobadilla and Francisco Roldan It was the first great maritime disaster in the New World The only ship that reached Spain held money and belongings of Christopher Columbus who survived the storm with Rodrigo de Bastidas The center likely crossed Hispaniola about 40 miles 60 km east of the city of Santo Domingo which it smashed flat The death toll likely exceeded 500 19 20 21 22 23 1504 unknown north coast of Colombia Juan de la Cosa commanded a flotilla of four large carracks naos in Spanish to map the Caribbean Region of Colombia A storm in the Gulf of Uraba wrecked all four vessels and 175 of 200 men aboard died 24 1508 August 12 14 O S August 2 4 Hispaniola Jose Carlos Millas hypothesizes that this storm developed east of the Lesser Antilles and crossed the archipelago near Guadeloupe or Dominica It perhaps also affected the southern part of Puerto Rico Moving west northwest the eye of this hurricane passed near Santo Domingo leaving the city devastated and many men lost there and in the greater part of the island According to Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes the natives said they had never witnessed a storm as intense or even similar in their lives and they did not remember having heard or seen anything so frightful in their lives or in those of their forefathers 25 The hurricane demolished the village of Buenaventura to the level of the ground and destroyed its entire population 26 This hurricane drove the ship of Juan Ponce de Leon onto rocks at Yuna River but it survived intact 20 1508 August 26 O S August 16 Puerto Rico Hurricane San Roque of 1508 First recorded record of a tropical cyclone in Puerto Rico Reported by Juan Ponce de Leon The caravel of Juan Ponce de Leon left Santo Domingo but another storm 13 days after the preceding storm beached it on the southwest coast of Puerto Rico at Guaynia 20 Affected the southern coast of the island from Guayanilla Puerto Rico westward 27 28 29 1509 August 8 O S July 29 Hispaniola This hurricane moved past Santo Domingo just after the festivities marking the arrival of Diego Columbus as the new governor of the Indies on July 20 O S July 10 According to Oviedo it was greater than the one of last year not doing so much damage to the houses although much greater in the country 30 1510 July Hispaniola N A 31 1511 August 3 Panama Geronimo de Aguilar and Gonzalo Guerrero both of whom had been on an expedition with Balboa to visit Panama in 1510 Sailing in Panama in 1511 their ships were caught in a hurricane Aguilar and Geurrero were among the survivors taken prisoner by the Yucatee Mayas Aguilar would later play the role of translator when he joined the Cortes expedition that arrived in the Yucatan in 1519 32 1514 unknown Puerto Rico Andres de Haro reported this storm several months afterwards but the exact date remains unknown 33 1515 July Puerto Rico The royal officials told the monarch that one had caused the deaths of many Indians 29 34 35 1515 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole 7 1519 unknown near Jamaica Cuba Eighteen men from a caravel near Jamaica survived a minor hurricane 13 Aboard the vessel were Alonso de Zuazo and two Tavira sisters which name the hurricane colloquially bears The storm moved toward southern Pinar del Rio Province in western Cuba 36 1520 unknown Hispaniola Hurricane affected eastern Hispaniola 37 1523 unknown Florida West Coast Two ships and their crews lost off the west coast of Florida 22 1525 1549 editYear Date GC Area s affected Damage notes1525 late October Western Cuba Hernan Cortes sent a vessel to Trinidad Cuba Juan de Avalos commanded a ship to Veracruz to supply his relative Hernan Cortes and the conquistadors A very severe hurricane sunk the ship west of Havana killing the captain two Franciscan friars and seventy seamen but eight persons survived 20 38 39 1525 unknown Honduras Hurricane made landfall at the newly established colony of Triunfo de la Cruz Tela 37 1526 June North Carolina Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon lost a Spanish brigantine under his command amid the treacherous Frying Pan Shoals offshore from the mouth of Cape Fear River the colonization attempt involving Francisco de Chicora ultimately failed 40 41 1526 October 14 15 O S October 4 5 Puerto Rico Eastern Hispaniola Hurricane San Francisco of 1526 Millas hypothesizes that this hurricane progressed westward or west northwestward and therefore also might have affected the northern group of the Leeward Islands and the Virgin Islands 42 A violent hurricane moved slowly over northern Puerto Rico on 4 and 5 October The storm started at night lasted 24 hours and ruined the major part of the City of San Juan Puerto Rico including the church and caused much damage to haciendas agriculture and wide spread flooding One source describes the storm in both 1526 and 1527 43 1527 circa October 30 31 O S October 20 21 Western Cuba In the ill fated Narvaez expedition Panfilo de Narvaez reached Santa Cruz del Sur Cuba He then sent two of his six vessels under the captains Pantoja and Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca to the port of Trinidad Cuba to procure provisions A violent storm destroyed the two ships in port taking the lives of sixty or seventy persons and twenty horses aboard them about thirty persons survived the storm on land Panfilo de Narvaez and his four ships reached Trinity on 5 November 44 This storm may continue from or into another tropical cyclone this season Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca delivered a detailed report on this hurricane but did not provide the exact date Millas provides the date here given 45 Douglas places this hurricane in early November 22 46 1527 November upper Texas coast If this storm occurred then it would be one of two November hurricanes to hit Texas Some sources state that a storm sank a poorly anchored boat of Panfilo de Narvaez off Galveston Island but this recollection seemingly conflates the previous storm in Trinidad Cuba with the misfortunes of the remnant of the expedition off the upper Texas coast the following autumn The storm apparently caused as many as two hundred deaths 47 Alternatively perhaps a continuation of another storm this year 48 Charlton W Tebeau dates the loss of a Spanish fleet to 1528 49 1527 unknown Eastern Hispaniola Hurricane made landfall at Santo Domingo 37 1528 June 23 or 30 O S June 13 or 20 Aruba This hurricane struck a vessel in the Caribbean north of Aruba and the winds drove the stricken vessel westward for nearly four days until it ran aground on Serrana Bank 50 A castaway reportedly lived on the cay for eight years before he was rescued which eventually spun to the tale of Pedro Serrano 1528 October 2 O S September 22 Apalachee Bay Florida Narvaez expedition in 1528 visited the Tampa and Tallahassee areas Soon after their departure from the Apalachee Bay in upper west Florida they were shipwrecked by a hurricane storm Only 10 or so survivors out of more than 400 crew The voyage lasted from 22 September to 6 November 51 52 1528 unknown Hispaniola A letter dated November 2 1528 reports a ship lost on its way from Mexico to Santo Domingo 53 1529 July 28 29 Puerto Rico Hurricane made landfall at San Juan Puerto Rico 37 1530 unknown Belize A major hurricane landfall identified in sediment cores from the Great Blue Hole 7 1530 August 5 O S July 26 Puerto Rico Hurricane Santa Ana of 1530 First of three successive tropical cyclones to affect Puerto Rico in 1530 This hurricane of modest intensity brought much rain to Puerto Rico 54 It affected the entire island and destroyed half of the houses in San Juan Puerto Rico Island only had population of 3 100 at the time 55 1530 September 1 O S August 22 Puerto Rico Hurricane San Hipolito of 1530 This tropical storm or weak hurricane brought much more rain than violent winds and caused more extensive flooding and crop damage 55 56 1530 September 10 O S August 31 Puerto Rico Hurricane San Ramon of 1530 A violent hurricane struck Puerto Rico nine days later Floods isolated communities and drowned an uncounted number of persons to death The hurricane greatly damaged livestock and agriculture and so distressed the Spanish colonists that they considered abandoning Puerto Rico altogether The barrage of hurricanes during 1530 brought a condition of great suffering and poverty on Puerto Rico which persisted for several years 28 29 57 1533 October 31 November 2 O S October 21 23 Leeward Islands Oviedo mentions the case of two vessels that sailed from Santo Domingo to Spain but were knocked off course by a hurricane probably north of the Leeward Islands and returned to Puerto Plata forty days later 58 1533 unknown Puerto Rico The destruction of July 26 August 23 and August 31 killed so many slaves 22 This event may refer to the three tropical cyclones that struck Puerto Rico in 1530 1537 July or August Puerto Rico In July and August three storms of wind and water punished Puerto Rico River currents carried away and destroyed plantations on the riverbanks The floods drowned many slaves and cattle to death This season caused even more damage than that of 1530 did The storm put Puerto Ricans in great necessity and increased their will to depart the island of Puerto Rico 29 34 35 59 60 This event may continue as the succeeding event citation needed 1537 unknown northwest Cuba The carrack nao in Spanish San Juan coming from Spain with valuable merchandise as cargo was lost 5 leagues east of Havana during a hurricane The 200 ton carrack Santa Catalina carrying gold and silver from Mexico under captain Francisco Lopez sank in Havana Harbor during the hurricane 39 61 1541 December 25 Venezuela A hurricane like storm destroyed the remains of Nueva Cadiz 62 However a tsunami perhaps caused all this damage 63 1545 August 20 O S August 10 Dominican Republic Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes delivers an eyewitness account on this small but very intense hurricane It came from the south southeast passed west of the capital of Santo Domingo killed many or a large number of persons there and moved rapidly north northwestward 26 64 This storm may continue as another storm attributed to this season 1545 September 17 18 O S September 7 8 Puerto Rico Hispaniola Excessive rains from this large slow moving tropical storm caused the greater damage 65 1545 unknown Mexico A merchant carrack nao in Spanish coming from Spain wrecked on the Veracruz reef system and totally lost 100 000 pesos of cargo Most persons aboard the carrack however were saved This occurred during a norther 66 1545 unknown Cuba Hurricane made landfall at Havana 37 1546 September 3 O S August 24 Puerto Rico Hurricane made landfall at San Juan Puerto Rico 37 1546 unknown Dominican Republic Hurricane affected the Dominican Republic 37 1548 unknown Hispaniola Santo Domingo N A 31 67 1549 unknown Florida Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda survived a shipwreck due to a hurricane off Florida and the Calusa rescued the crew and passengers They then sacrificed all the other castaways but enslaved him he escaped after 17 years in captivity and reported the tale 68 69 70 1549 unknown Hispaniola The storm wrecked the vessel San Juan in the port of Nombre de Dios near Santo Domingo 71 1550 1574 editYear Date GC Area s affected Damage notes1550 unknown off Florida Keys The 200 ton Spanish carrack nao in Spanish Visitacion left Havana with treasure for Spain She was lost during a hurricane off the Florida Keys 72 73 74 1551 unknown Cuba Of this storm Marcos de J Melero mentions only the year in the Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de la Habana 75 1551 unknown Gulf of Honduras Diego de Landa reported this storm One ship sunk with many persons aboard her all but five passengers drowned 75 1552 August 28 29 Dominican Republic Hurricane made landfall at Santo Domingo 37 1552 September 2 4 Mexico Hurricane made landfall at Veracruz 37 1553 September 22 O S September 12 Hispaniola Affected Santo Domingo 76 circa 1553 unknown Florida West Coast This storm caused seven hundred casualties 22 66 77 78 Several sources contain similar descriptions of storms for this season they may describe one or two or three separate tropical cyclones This event may duplicate or continue the succeeding entry 1553 unknown Texas A Spanish treasure fleet of twenty or more ships sailed from Veracruz for Havana Five days into its voyage a hurricane struck the fleet in the Gulf of Mexico and scattered its ships widely Three of the ship ultimately reached Spain and another returned to Veracruz No one ever heard from any of the other sixteen or more ships again Many men undoubtedly drowned The 220 ton San Estevan under Captain Francisco del Mecerno the 220 ton Santa Maria de Yciar under Captain Alonso Ozosi and a carrack nao in Spanish all wrecked on Padre Island 79 These shipwrecks resemble those in the Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District dated probably to April 1554 Alternatively this storm may continue or duplicate the preceding entry Several sources contain similar descriptions of storms for this season they may describe one or two or three separate tropical cyclones 22 77 1554 April or May offshore South Texas The New Spain fleet a Spanish treasure fleet comprised top heavy galleons difficult to maneuver with primitive techniques for coping with storms and insufficient experienced navigators Three ships from this fleet Santa Maria de Yciar Espiritu Santo and San Esteban were lost in a storm off Padre Island A few survivors escaped in a small boat others attempted to walk south back to Mexico but hostile natives killed most of them Conquistador Angel de Villafane participated in the salvage operation that summer which recovered half of the lost treasure 80 1554 June Gulf of Mexico Three vessels came from Mexico A hurricane probably weak caught them off the northwestern coast of Cuba and carried them toward the coast of Florida stranding them The storm neither sank nor badly disabled any known ship 81 1554 August or September Bahamas A storm near Great Inagua wrecked two vessels carrying a load of silver 82 1554 August to October Mona Passage In August or September a Spanish caravel nao in Spanish ship of Juan Gonzalez departed Santo Domingo for San Juan Puerto Rico with Bastidas Sanabria son of Cristobal de Sanabria aboard her As a result of a hurricane the sea swallowed the ship somewhere in the Mona Passage No one ever found any survivors or wreck debris however Cathedral of San Juan Bautista hosted a funeral Mass for the deceased Cristobal de Sanabria a cleric in San Juan told of the misfortune on 16 October 83 1554 November 14 O S November 4 Cuba Cosme Rodriguez Farfan commanded a fleet of four vessels from Havana to San Juan Puerto Rico A storm hit the fleet off the coast of Oriente Province The ship of the admiral sank a small caravel also sank and all but two people aboard that ship drowned to death 84 This event may continue another storm listed for this year circa 1554 unknown Bermuda An overloaded overcrowded galleon San Miguel ventured to bring great wealth from Veracruz to save the king presumably Charles V Holy Roman Emperor from bankruptcy A long convoy of ships preceded her to protect her from French and other pirates A week after departing Veracruz two wind storms in the Gulf of Mexico left her with a broken mainmast a wreck separated from the convoy drifting for weeks within sight of Cuba and the Bahamas A hurricane struck the San Miguel and her crew cast all goods overboard except the bullion of the king She lost her rudder but somehow survived half grounded on a reef That hurricane caught the remaining ships in the convoy near Bermuda and its leading ship sank A caravel rescued the suffering passengers and crew of the San Miguel and sent her bullion cargo to Spain on a safer more seaworthy ship Twenty five ships survived the trans Atlantic voyage carrying enough gold for the king A Franco Spanish War with considerable piracy apparently reached the Caribbean the next year 85 This event may continue another storm listed for this year or another season One source 86 dates this event to 1554 but the hurricane seemingly occurred between the beginning of the Viceroyalty of Luis de Velasco in New Spain 1550 and the beginning of the Italian War of 1551 1559 which involved France and Spain suggesting that these storms struck in 1550 1555 unknown Bahama Channel The Capitana of New Spain fleet lost in storm 87 1557 October 27 O S October 17 Havana and Matanzas Cuba A severe hurricane struck almost the western part of the island extending from Pinar del Rio eastward to Matanzas It came from the western Caribbean Sea moving probably from a southerly or a southwesterly direction 88 89 1559 September 19 near Pensacola Florida Mobile Alabama First European documented hurricane hitting Florida Tristan de Luna y Arellano attempted to start a colony around present day Pensacola with a fleet of eleven to thirteen vessels five hundred soldiers a thousand to eleven hundred civilians 240 horses and supplies the vessels landed at Pensacola Bay on September 14 and 15 On September 19 a great tempest from the north a tropical storm or hurricane blew for 24 hours and scattered the still loaded ships Several ships four or five navios with topsails a galleon with a small amount of Mexican silver and a small barque sent east of the onshore camp on a coast exploration mission shattered to pieces with great loss of life and cargo The wreckage of San Juan galleon now defines the Emanuel Point Shipwreck Site The storm also carried one caravel and its cargo into a grove farther ashore than the distance of an arquebus shot One surviving ship sailed immediately to Mexico for relief 49 72 73 90 91 92 The colony attempted to rely on native villages for sustenance but its ventures acquired little food the lack of food ultimately contributed to abandonment of the colony in 1561 One source 86 lists this event as three separate storms but suggests that they might represent different accounts of the same event 93 94 95 31 1561 June 24 O S June 14 North Carolina Angel de Villafane evacuated the colony of Tristan de Luna y Arellano from Pensacola to Havana with the San Juan and three other vessels Afterward he commanded the fleet to Santa Elena la Florida arriving on 6 June O S 27 May The fleet then continued farther northward exploring the coast until they sailed around Cape Hatteras This fleet or less likely a Spanish sloop under Pedro Menendez de Aviles in 1561 captured Don Luis from Ajacan often identified with Virginia but perhaps farther south even considerably south of Hatteras In a storm off Cape Hatteras the caravel of Villafane almost foundered and two vessels of the fleet undoubtedly perished After the tragic loss of two vessels the two surviving vessels ultimately retired to Santo Domingo or Havana 96 97 1563 unknown near Cape Canaveral Florida The 250 ton Spanish galleon La Madelena loaded with treasure in Vera Cruz sailed under captain Cristobel Rodriquez to Spain During a storm she wrecked on a shoal near Cape Canaveral Only 16 of the three hundred aboard her survived 98 99 1563 August to October Atlantic Ocean Five vessels missing at latitude of Bermuda 87 circa 1564 unknown possibly North Carolina None of the people survived from a wreck on the coast 41 1565 July 31 August 2 O S July 21 23 Atlantic Ocean Pedro Menendez de Aviles commanded a fleet of five ships a violent hurricane east of the Leeward Islands dispersed them 100 1565 September 22 O S September 12 Florida East Coast1566 September 13 16 O S September 3 6 Florida An offshore hurricane on the northeast Florida and lower upper Georgia coastal waters 101 37 1566 September 24 26 O S September 14 16 Florida A more severe offshore hurricane on the northeast Florida and Georgia coastal waters 101 1567 unknown Near Dominica A storm off Dominica wrecked six ships carrying 3 million pesos 77 metric tons 76 long tons of silver Natives of the island killed all survivors Continuing bad weather delayed serious salvage efforts to 1568 In their zeal to locate the treasure Spanish salvage operators tortured the inhabitants but no one knows what happened to the cargo 80 1568 August 22 O S August 12 Yucatan Channel A hurricane of large diameter but only weak or moderate intensity affected the fleet of English privateer John Hawkins near Cape San Antonio Cuba 102 1568 September 3 O S August 24 Puerto Rico Hurricane San Bartolome of 1568 Diego de Torres Vargas writes of a severe hurricane that caused widespread damage in San Juan Puerto Rico and in Santo Domingo 55 103 First hurricane to be named with Saint of the Day affecting Puerto Rico previous ones back to 1508 were labeled by historians This storm perhaps continued in the succeeding entry 1568 7 September O S 28 August Florida A second hurricane perhaps the same storm as the preceding entry struck the fleet of English privateer John Hawkins 104 His six ships then straggled into the Spanish controlled port of San Juan de Ulua Veracruz New Spain on 15 September initially under a truce Battle of San Juan de Ulua 1568 against the Spanish however ensued on 23 September and only two English vessels returned to Europe 105 1569 September Bahamas A hurricane passed through the Old Bahama Channel 37 1570 during or after September Atlantic Ocean Spanish lost four ships between Vera Cruz and Spain 87 1571 September or October Florida Heavy flooding in St Augustine Florida two ships lost 101 1571 October 18 21 Cuba Jamaica Hurricane affected Cuba and Jamaica 37 1571 unknown Florida Coast The 300 ton galleon San Ignacio under captaincy of Juan de Canavas with 22 iron cannon and the 340 ton Santa Maria de la Limpia Concepcion together carried 2 5 million pesos in treasure They wrecked off Cape Canaveral the Florida coast during a storm Few survivors attempted to reach St Augustine Florida in two longboats however natives massacred most of them Marine salvage recovered nothing 99 106 1573 August Atlantic Ocean A hurricane struck a ship in the vicinity of the Virgin Islands 107 1574 August 27 Gulf of Mexico and Mexico Spanish treasure fleet sailed from Spain on 29 June After reaching the Gulf of Mexico a bad storm struck and scattered the ships widely The storm sunk the 300 ton carrack nao in Spanish Santa Ana under captaincy of Pedro de Paredes the carracks under ownership of Antonio Sanchez de Armas and the carrack under ownership of Carrejas The storm also wrecked an urca on the coast of Coatzacoalcos and drowned five men to death but survivors saved all its cargo 108 The wrecked ships included the 650 ton Santa Maria de Begonia A violent hurricane on 27 August possibly Julian calendar struck between Jamaica and Cuba 87 1574 unknown Florida East Coast Cape Canaveral Florida In 1574 Pedro Menendez Marquez and his crew were shipwrecked by a hurricane near Cape Canaveral while sailing north to St Augustine They ended completing the journey by walking an approximate 130 mile journey along the Florida east coast beaches inlets and swamps up to arrive at St Augustine 109 1575 1599 editYear Date GC Area s affected Damage notes1575 October 1 O S September 21 Puerto Rico Hurricane San Mateo of 1575 Diego de Torres Vargas mentions severe storm mentioned that struck the island on the feast of Saint Matthew Last recorded tropical storm to impact Puerto Rico during sixteenth century 110 1576 unknown Hispaniola Hurricane made landfall near Monte Cristi Province 37 1577 August or September Cuba Jamaica Hurricane affected Cuba and Jamaica 37 1577 September 28 October 8 Atlantic Ocean Hurricane traveled from 27 N to 38 N 37 1578 unknown Hispaniola Hurricane made landfall near San Jose de Ocoa Province 37 1578 October Cuba Jamaica Hurricane affected Cuba and Jamaica 37 1579 circa August Caribbean A storm struck a vessel sailing from Havana to Isla Margarita Venezuela 111 1579 September 13 offshore Bermuda A hurricane affected Bermuda from offshore 37 1579 September 26 Bermuda Hurricane made landfall in Bermuda 37 1579 unknown Jamaica Hurricane made landfall in Jamaica 37 1579 unknown Atlantic Ocean A storm sank the 600 ton Almirante of Spanish Armada 87 1583 August 19 O S August 9 Hispaniola Hurricane made landfall at Santo Domingo 37 1583 September 9 Atlantic Ocean N A 112 1583 mid September O S early September Hispaniola Archbishop Alfonso Lopez de Avila of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santo Domingo reported a hurricane that ruined the fruit at the beginning of September Julian calendar 113 Could be identical with the 19 August storm 1586 June 23 26 O S June 13 16 Roanoke Island Original European Roanoke Island settlers arrived in 1585 After experiencing a hurricane in 1586 that Ralph Lane reported The weather was so sore and the storm so great than our anchors would not hold and no ship of them all but either broke or lost their anchors the settlers moved back to England 114 115 1586 unknown Old Bahama Channel A Spanish treasure fleet of 61 ships under Juan Tello de Guzman gathered from all parts of the Caribbean at Havana and then left for Spain During a storm in Old Bahama Channel the fleet lost the 120 ton ship of the line navio in Spanish San Francisco under Juan Alonso from Puerto Rico the 120 ton navio Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion under Simon Rixo or Rizo from Puerto Rico the 120 ton carrack nao in Spanish under captaincy of Martin de Irigoyen from Mexico and five or six other vessels Surviving ships included the 120 ton navio San Sebastian under Diego Hernandez from Puerto Rico 116 117 1587 August 31 O S August 21 Roanoke Island John White reestablished the colony at Roanoke Island in July 1587 Admiral Francis Drake was forced to cut the cables on his ship to spend six days riding out the storm at sea He would regroup in Roanoke after the storm John White left a group of colonists here and returned to England with the intention of returning with supplies and more colonists When he did return in August 1590 no sign to the 1587 was ever found 115 1588 September 20 O S September 10 Havana Cuba A furious hurricane noted as more destructive than that of 1557 made landfall near Havana 37 118 88 112 1588 November 4 6 Colombia Hurricane made landfall near Cartagena de Indias 37 1589 August 7 Leeward Islands A hurricane affected the Leeward Islands 37 1589 September 12 Old Bahama Channel English squadron naval awaited the return of Spanish ships from the Caribbean Philip II of Spain king of Iberian Union consequently ordered that the Spanish Navy Armada in Spanish under captain general Alvaro Flores de Quinones Tierra Firma fleet and Spanish treasure fleet Flota de Nueva Espana in Spanish from Vera Cruz all meet in Havana and travel together in convoy to Spain The convoy of 75 to 100 ships left Havana on September 9 and entered Old Bahama Channel A hurricane passed through the Bahamas Channel on September 12 Even before the hurricane the 350 ton merchant carrack nao in Spanish Santa Catalina under ownership of Fernando Ome and captaincy of Domingo Ianez Ome coming from Mexico with cargo sank in 30 fathoms 180 ft 55 m of water in about 30 degrees of latitude The 400 ton nao Jesus Maria under ownership of Domingo Sauli and captaincy of Francisco Salvago coming from Mexico also sank in similar circumstances A third merchant nao also sank with these two In the hurricane at the month of Old Bahama Channel the Almiranta of Flota de Nueva Espana developed a bad leak fired cannon for assistance and sank quickly with her great treasure in very deep water 37 87 119 This event may continue as another storm listed for this season Robert F Marx accuses Dutch historian Jan Huyghen van Linschoten of misinformation in telling that only 14 or 15 of 220 ships sailing for Iberian Union survived the year and that about 99 disappeared near Florida He contends that Iberian Union lost only five ships this year four in this storm in Old Bahama Channel and one returning from Goa The location of the sinking in about 30 degrees of latitude suggests that the term Bahama Channel in various sources may refer to the northern extension of Straits of Florida not to Old Bahama Channel as here assumed 1589 unknown Old Bahama Channel The 120 ton Espiritu Santo under Miguel Baltasar transporting sugar and hides from Puerto Rico joined the preceding flotilla convoy in Havana About 50 leagues from the Old Bahama Channel a tempest struck the Spanish treasure fleet Howling northeasterly winds lasted four days On the first day the sea swallowed a total of ten carracks naos in Spanish possibly including the Espiritu Santo Some ships returned to Cuba others proceeded to the Iberian Union 120 121 This storm may continue as or be identical with the preceding storm or another storm or storms this season 1589 unknown Florida A hurricane made landfall near Cape Canaveral 37 1589 unknown Florida East Coast Gonzalo Mendez de Canco later governor of Florida reports that Martin Perez de Olazabal commanded a fleet during a storm one of his ships wrecked at Cape Canaveral San Agustin now St Augustine Florida assisted four battered and dismasted ships carrying more than 450 persons one ship entered the port and departed for Spain The frigate of the presidio at San Agustin also discovered and rescued forty members of the crew of the ship lost on Cape Canaveral 98 122 1590 early November Gulf of Mexico Captain general Antonio Navarro de Prado commanded the 63 ship Spanish treasure fleet Flota de Nueva Espana that sailed from Sanlucar de Barrameda in Iberian Union on 1 August As the flotilla traversed the Gulf of Mexico and approached San Juan de Ulua in Vera Cruz a fierce norther struck with 12 hours of hurricane force wind and rain The fleet lost fourteen to sixteen ships along the Mexican coast including the 280 ton carrack nao in Spanish La Trinidad under captaincy of Bernardo de Paz trying to enter Vera Cruz during the storm the 180 ton Portuguese nao La Piedad under captaincy of Cristobal Sanchez Melgarejo on the shoal of Vera Cruz with eighteen persons and most cargo saved the 220 ton nao Nuestra Senora del Socorro under captaincy of Pedro Diaz Franco in the Canal Gallega in Vera Cruz the 130 ton Portuguese nao Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion under captaincy of Miguel Rodriguez near Vera CruzThe storm swept two iron cannon from the decks of the San Francisco heeled over the ship and left her hold ship filled with water more than 6 feet 1 8 m deep The surviving 34 vessels on 8 November arrived at Vera Cruz badly damaged 123 1591 August 10 Atlantic Ocean English pirates menaced Spanish vessels considerably during the year Spain expected 123 sailboats to arrive from the Caribbean but a fleet of only 77 Spanish vessels each with tonnage ranging from 200 to 1000 left Havana on 17 July for Spain At latitude 35 N on 10 August a northerly gale or hurricane overtook them and the ship of the admiral of the fleet foundered with 500 men aboard her 35 124 125 126 Calendar unknown This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year 1591 August 13 14 Atlantic Ocean Another hurricane hit the fleet three or four days after the first storm sinking five or six of the largest ships of the fleet including that of its vice admiral All the crews of the sunken vessels perished 35 124 125 126 Calendar unknown This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year 1591 August 26 O S August 16 Roanoke Island For at this time the wind blew at northeast and direct into the harbor so great a gale that the sea broke extremely on the bar and the tide went out forcibly at the entrance 127 128 1591 August 30 31 Atlantic Ocean About the end of August maybe Julian calendar the third gale caught the Spanish fleet at latitude 38 N during which 22 vessels perished The fleet thereafter comprised 48 surviving vessels 35 124 125 126 This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year This or another fleet returned from Bermuda toward Europe after 24 August That fleet lost 20 ships to a storm or storms mainly on September 1 10 Five of the ships in that fleet hosted 387 crew members however uncertainty remains regarding how many of them and others perished and survived 87 This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year 1591 end or August or early September off Azores Sir Richard Grenville commanded English ship Revenge 1577 alone against 53 Spanish warships under Alonso de Bazan in Battle of Flores 1591 on the night of 30 31 August The Spanish armada finally defeated him in the morning and took the English survivors aboard their damaged ships as prisoners of war Sir Richard Grenville died of his wounds three days later and his body underwent burial at sea The winds of a terrible hurricane then arose and wrecked allegedly over a hundred Spanish galleons merchant ships warships and other vessels in this fleet and the arriving remnant of the Spanish treasure fleet The storm drowned their crews and lost their riches to the Iberian Union The remnant of the captured English warship Revenge ran into the cliffs of Terceira Island English writer Richard Hakluyt attributes the storm to divine revenge against the Catholic fleet for the death of Sir Grenville He continues For 20 days after the storm they did nothing but fish for dead men that continually came driving on the shore 129 130 This event may continue the same storm as another event listed for this year 1591 September 6 Azores Within sight of Flores Island Azores another gale separated the fleet and only 25 or 26 sailboats from the Caribbean ultimately reached Spain 124 This storm likely matches the account in the preceding entry 1591 September 21 Puerto Rico A hurricane affected Puerto Rico 37 1591 September 24 Cuba A hurricane affected Cuba 37 1591 September Florida Hurricane made landfall near Dry Tortugas 37 101 1591 unknown coastal Florida A fleet of 75 to 77 ships left Havana on June 27 On orders of Philip II of Spain king of Iberian Union the mariners left his registered treasure in Havana for safe travel to Spain aboard small fast zabras In encounters with storms the fleet lost at least 29 ships many off coast of Florida The terrible storms left Iberian Union with few ships to send to the Indies in 1592 72 131 This entry likely matches that of other storms this year 1591 unknown Atlantic or Caribbean Sea Spanish lost a carrack nao in Spanish somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean or Caribbean Sea 21 1593 July 25 O S July 15 Puerto Rico A storm passed the seas north of the island 132 133 1594 unknown Caribbean One ship lost on its way from Panama to the Lesser Antilles 134 1594 unknown Hispaniola Hurricane made landfall near Santo Domingo 37 1594 unknown Cuba Hurricane made landfall near Havana Day of San Lucas 37 1595 August 29 30 Cuba Hurricane made landfall near Havana 37 1595 unknown offshore Florida The 180 ton Spanish carrack nao in Spanish Santa Margarita not to be confused with the wreck of the Santa Margarita recovered with the Atocha near Key West under captaincy of Goncalo de la Roche sailed alone from Santo Domingo to Havana and from thence sailed for Spain laden with 6 000 000 pesos in gold bullion and silver coins Ship sank during a storm in the high seas off the Florida coast possibly near the entrance to Biscayne Bay 99 135 1597 September November Jamaica Morales Padron reported a hurricane 136 1599 June July Bahamas This hurricane struck Hernando del Castillo near Great Inagua Island 137 1599 September 22 Florida Hurricane made landfall near St Augustine Florida 101 37 See also edit nbsp Tropical cyclones portalList of Atlantic hurricanes Atlantic hurricane season PaleotempestologyReferences edit McCloskey T A Knowles J T 2009 Migration of the tropical cyclone zone throughout the Holocene in Elsner J B Jagger T H eds Hurricanes and Climate Change New York Springer ISBN 978 0 387 09409 0 Liu Kam biu Fearn Miriam L 2000 Reconstruction of Prehistoric Landfall Frequencies of Catastrophic Hurricanes in Northwestern Florida from Lake Sediment Records Quaternary Research 54 2 238 245 Bibcode 2000QuRes 54 238L doi 10 1006 qres 2000 2166 S2CID 140723229 Scott D B et al 2003 Records of prehistoric hurricanes on the South Carolina coast based on micropaleontological and sedimentological evidence with comparison to other Atlantic Coast records Geological Society of America Bulletin 115 9 1027 1039 Bibcode 2003GSAB 115 1027S doi 10 1130 B25011 1 Mann Michael E Woodruff Jonathan D Donnelly Jeffrey P amp Zhang Zhihua 2009 Atlantic hurricanes and climate over the past 1 500 years PDF Nature 460 7257 880 883 Bibcode 2009Natur 460 880M doi 10 1038 nature08219 hdl 1912 3165 PMID 19675650 S2CID 233167 Urquhart Gerald R 2009 Paleoecological record of hurricane disturbance and forest regeneration in Nicaragua Quaternary International 195 1 2 88 97 Bibcode 2009QuInt 195 88U CiteSeerX 10 1 1 537 5869 doi 10 1016 j quaint 2008 05 012 a b McCloskey T A Keller G 2009 5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize Quaternary International 195 1 2 53 68 Bibcode 2009QuInt 195 53M doi 10 1016 j quaint 2008 03 003 a b c d e f g h i j k l Gischler Eberhard Shinn Eugene A Oschmann Wolfgang Fiebig Jens Buster Noreen A 2008 A 1500 Year Holocene Caribbean Climate Archive from the Blue Hole Lighthouse Reef Belize Journal of Coastal Research 24 6 1495 1505 doi 10 2112 07 0891 1 S2CID 130823939 a b Liu Kam biu Lub Houyuan Shen Caiming 2008 A 1200 year proxy record of hurricanes and fires from the Gulf of Mexico coast Testing the hypothesis of hurricane fire interactions Quaternary Research 69 1 29 41 Bibcode 2008QuRes 69 29L doi 10 1016 j yqres 2007 10 011 S2CID 44126539 a b Donnelly Jeffrey P et al 2001 700 yr Sedimentary Record of Intense Hurricane Landfalls in Southern New England Geological Society of America Bulletin 113 6 714 727 Bibcode 2001GSAB 113 714D doi 10 1130 0016 7606 2001 113 lt 0714 YSROIH gt 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 0016 7606 De Landa Diego 1566 Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan PDF in Spanish Early American hurricanes 1492 1870 David Ludlum pg 3 4 Millas 1968 pp 31 35 a b Fisher 1994 Scheffers Sander R Browne T Scheffers A et al 2009 Tsunamis hurricanes the demise of coral reefs and shifts in prehistoric human populations in the Caribbean Quaternary International 195 1 2 69 87 Bibcode 2009QuInt 195 69S doi 10 1016 j quaint 2008 07 016 Engel Max Bruckner Helmut Wennrich Volker Scheffers Anja Kelletat Dieter Vott Andreas Schabitz Frank Daut Gerhard et al 2010 Coastal stratigraphies of eastern Bonaire Netherlands Antilles New insights into the palaeo tsunami history of the southern Caribbean Sedimentary Geology 231 1 2 14 30 Bibcode 2010SedG 231 14E doi 10 1016 j sedgeo 2010 08 002 O Loughlin Karen Fay Lander James F 2003 Caribbean Tsunamis A 500 year History from 1498 1998 Dordrecht Kluwer p 42 ISBN 978 1 4020 1717 9 Millas 1968 pp 35 37 Robinson 1848 pp 105 Millas 1968 pp 38 41 a b c d Hughes 1987 a b 1989harvnb error no target CITEREF1989 help a b c d e f Douglas 1958 Early American hurricanes 1492 1870 David Ludlum pg 6 Marx 1983 p 427 Millas 1968 pp 42 44 a b Final Report of the Caribbean hurricane seminar Ciudad Trujillo Dominican Republic Government of the Dominican Republic 1956 p 395 Millas 1968 pp 44 45 a b Perez 1971 p 5 a b c d Salivia 1972 Millas 1968 p 45 a b c Hurricanes Their Nature and History Ivan Tannehill 9th ed 1956 pg 241 Greatest and Deadliest Hurricanes of the Caribbean and the Americas Neely 2017 pg 177 178 Millas 1968 pp 47 48 a b Abbad y Lasierra 1866 p 433 a b c d e Alexander 1902 p 47 Millas 1968 pp 49 50 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Garcia Herrera Ricardo Gimeno Luis Ribera Pedro Hernandez Emiliano 2005 New records of Atlantic hurricanes from Spanish documentary sources PDF Journal of Geophysical Research 110 D03109 Bibcode 2005JGRD 11003109G doi 10 1029 2004JD005272 data Millas 1968 pp 50 51 a b Marx 1983 p 345 Stick David 1999 1952 Graveyard of the Atlantic Shipwrecks of the North Carolina Coast Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0 8078 4261 4 a b Chapman D J Our southern summer storm Report from National Weather Service Office Norfolk Virginia Millas 1968 pp 51 52 Salivia 1972 pp 42 45 Robinson 1848 pp 326 327 Millas 1968 pp 52 57 Salivia 1972 p 45 Hasling Jill F 1982 Texas hurricanes Institute for Storm Research University of St Thomas Texas Monthly Weather Review a b Tebeau 1971 Millas 1968 pp 57 58 Lowery Woodbury 1901 The Spanish settlements within the present limits of the United States 1513 1561 New York G P Putnam s Sons pp 188 191 Early American hurricanes 1492 1870 David Ludlum pg 8 Millas 1968 p 58 Millas 1968 p 60 a b c Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in Puerto Rico from 1500 to 1899 Retrieved 5 October 2014 Millas 1968 pp 60 61 Millas 1968 p 61 Millas 1968 pp 63 64 Miller Paul Gerard 1922 Historia de Puerto Rico in Spanish Chicago Rand McNally p 81 LCCN 22023871 OCLC 10999859 OL 24760594M Millas 1968 pp 66 67 Millas 1968 pp 64 65 Vila Pablo 1948 La destruccion de Nueva Cadiz terremoto o huracan Boletin de la Academia Nacional de la Historia 31 123 213 219 Lander J F et al 2002 A brief history of tsunamis in the Caribbean Sea PDF Science of Tsunami Hazards 20 2 57 94 Millas 1968 pp 67 69 Millas 1968 pp 69 70 a b Marx 1983 400 Cyclonic Hurricanes Which Have Occurred in the West Indies and in the North Atlantic within 362 Years from 1493 to 1855 Andres Poey 1855 https www shipwrecks es shipwrecks capitanes almirantes y naufragos hernando escalante fontaneda https thenewworld us hernando descalante fontaneda Millas 1968 p 71 Millas 1968 p 70 a b c Singer 1992 a b Potter 1972 Chaunu 1955 1960 p 454 volume Le trafic de 1504 a 1560harvnb error no target CITEREFChaunu1955 1960 help a b Millas 1968 p 72 Millas 1968 p 73 a b Peterson 1975 Walton 1994 Marx 1983 p 128 a b Walton 1994 p 61 Millas 1968 pp 76 77 Millas 1968 pp 75 76 1989 p 128harvnb error no target CITEREF1989 help Millas 1968 pp 74 75 Douglas 1958 pp 75 76 a b Rappaport 1995harvnb error no target CITEREFRappaport1995 help a b c d e f g Chaunu 1955 1960harvnb error no target CITEREFChaunu1955 1960 help a b Hurricane List Millas 1968 pp 78 80 Marx 1983 p 196 Jahoda Gloria 1976 Florida a bicentennial history New York W W Norton amp Company p 210 OCLC 2089538 Bense Judith Ann 1999 Archaeology of colonial Pensacola Gainesville University Press of Florida p 6 ISBN 978 0 8130 1661 0 De Luna Expedition 1559 1561 Retrieved 1 May 2023 September 19 1559 A Hurricane That Changed History Retrieved 1 May 2023 1559 Florida Hurricane Ruins Spanish Settlement Retrieved 1 May 2023 Lewis Clifford Merle SJ Loomie Albert Joseph SJ 1953 The Spanish Jesuit mission in Virginia 1570 1572 Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press for Virginia Historical Society pp 14 15 OCLC 574515800 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Winsor Justin ed 1886 Narrative and critical history of America vol II Chapel Hill Houghton Mifflin p 260 OCLC 574515800 a b Singer 1992 p 133 a b c Marx 1985 Millas 1968 p 81 a b c d e Sandrik 2003harvnb error no target CITEREFSandrik2003 help Millas 1968 pp 82 84 Millas 1968 p 84 Millas 1968 pp 84 85 Walton 1994 p 74 Singer 1992 p 207 Millas 1968 pp 85 86 Marx 1983 p 242 Florida s Hurricane History 2007 2nd ed Jay Barnes pg 43 Millas 1968 p 86 Millas 1968 pp 86 87 a b Hurricanes Their Nature and History Ivan Tannehill 9th ed 1956 pg 242 Millas 1968 p 87 Quinn 1955 p 302 a b Ludlum 1963 p 9 1989 pp 178 179harvnb error no target CITEREF1989 help Singer 1992 p 208 Millas 1968 pp 87 88 Marx 1983 pp 198 199 Chaunu 1955 1960 pp 442 444 445 volume IIIharvnb error no target CITEREFChaunu1955 1960 help 1989 p 182harvnb error no target CITEREF1989 help Manucy Albert C ed 1955 1943 3 The history of Castillo de San Marcos and Fort Matanzas from contemporary narratives and letters Washington D C National Park Service p 38 OCLC 1535131 Marx 1983 pp 198 243 a b c d Southey 1827 p 212 a b c Garriott 1900 p 46 a b c Evans 1848 pp 400 401 Early American hurricanes 1492 1870 David Ludlum pg 9 Quinn 1955 pp 608 611 2 Fisher 1994 p 28 Douglas 1958 p 106 Marx 1979harvnb error no target CITEREFMarx1979 help Andrews Kenneth Raymond ed 1959 English privateering voyages to the West Indies 1588 1595 Hakluyt Society Publications vol 111 London Cambridge University Press p 288 Millas 1968 pp 88 89 Millas 1968 pp 89 90 Singer 1992 pp 208 Millas 1968 pp 90 91 Millas 1968 pp 91 92 Further reading editAbbad y Lasierra Fray Inigo 1866 de Acosta y Calbo Jose Julian ed Historia geografica civil y natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico in Spanish nueva ed Puerto Rico Imprenta y Libreria de Acosta p 433 OCLC 51898961 Alexander William H 1902 Hurricanes especially those of Porto Rico and St Kitts Bulletin United States Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau p 79 Cardona Bonet Walter A 1989 Shipwrecks in Puerto Rico s history 1502 1650 vol I Model Offset Printing p 371 ASIN B0006ES9D0 LCCN 89090750 OCLC 21376979 Chaunu Huguette Chaunu Pierre 1955 1960 Seville et l Atlantique 1504 1650 in French vol 12 Paris Librairie Armand Colin Douglas Marjory Stoneman 1958 Hurricane New York Rinehart amp Company p 393 OCLC 420024 Evans Stormy Jack August October 1848 A chronological list of hurricanes which have occurred in the West Indies since the year 1493 with interesting descriptions The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle London 17 8 9 and 10 397 405 453 462 524 530 hdl 2027 nyp 33433066364930 Fisher David E 1994 The scariest place on earth eye to eye with hurricanes New York Random House pp 250 ISBN 9780679427759 Garriott Edward Bennett 1900 West Indian hurricanes U S Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau p 69 hdl 2027 mdp 39015023923173 OCLC 19854416 Hughes Patrick 1987 Hurricanes haunt our history Weatherwise 40 3 134 140 doi 10 1080 00431672 1987 9933354 Ludlum David M 1963 Early American Hurricanes 1492 1870 Boston American Meteorological Society OCLC 511649 Marx Robert F 1983 Shipwrecks in the Americas New York Bonanza Books pp 482 ISBN 978 0 517 41371 5 OCLC 9393846 Marx Robert F 1985 1979 Spanish treasure in Florida waters a billion dollar graveyard Shipwrecks in Florida waters ed Boston Mariners Press p 146 ISBN 978 0913352069 OCLC 5172392 Millas Jose Carlos 1968 Pardue Leonard ed Hurricanes of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions 1492 1800 Miami Academy of the Arts and Sciences of the Americas OCLC 339427 Perez Orlando ed 1971 Notes on the tropical cyclones of Puerto Rico 1508 1970 Peterson Mendel 1975 The funnel of gold Boston Little Brown and Company pp 480 ISBN 978 0 316 70300 0 Potter John Stauffer 1972 The Treasure Diver s Guide New York Doubleday OCLC 722472 Quinn David Beers ed 1955 The Roanoke voyages 1584 1590 Documents to illustrate the English voyages to North America under the patent granted to Walter Raleigh in 1584 Hakluyt Society Publications vol 104 London Quaritch Rappaport Edward N Fernandez Partagas Jose 1995 Beven Jack ed The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones 1492 1996 NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 47 ed published 28 May 1995 Robinson Conway 1848 An account of discoveries in the West until 1519 and of voyages to and along the Atlantic coast of North America from 1520 to 1573 Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society p 491 Salivia Luis Alfredo 1972 Historia de los temporales de Puerto Rico y las Antillas 1492 a 1970 in Spanish 2a rev y aum ed San Juan Puerto Rico Editorial Edil p 385 OCLC 433147145 Sandrik Al Landsea Christopher W May 2003 Chronological listing of tropical cyclones affecting north Florida and coastal Georgia 1565 1899 NOAA Technical Memorandum Singer Steven D 1992 Shipwrecks of Florida Sarasota Pineapple Press p 368 ISBN 978 1 56164 006 5 OCLC 25025218 Southey Captain Thomas 1827 Chronological history of the West Indies vol I OCLC 14936262 Tebeau Charlton W 1971 A history of Florida Coral Gables Florida University of Miami Press p 502 OCLC 11462989 Walton Timothy R 1994 The Spanish treasure fleets Sarasota Pineapple Press p 256 ISBN 978 1 56164 049 2 OCLC 29638042External links edit The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones 1492 1996 NOAA Hurricane Time Line Caribbean Genealogy Research Resources Virginia Hurricane History NOAA Louisiana Hurricane History 16th Century at the Wayback Machine archived 8 March 2009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pre 1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons amp oldid 1186245528, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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