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Porphyra

January 01, 1970

For the color known in Greek as porphyra, see Tyrian purple. For some species previously in this genus have been reclassified as pyropia, see Pyropia.
Not to be confused with Porphyria.

Porphyra is a genus of coldwater seaweeds that grow in cold, shallow seawater. More specifically, it belongs to red algae phylum of laver species (from which comes laverbread), comprising approximately 70 species.[2] It grows in the intertidal zone, typically between the upper intertidal zone and the splash zone in cold waters of temperate oceans. In East Asia, it is used to produce the sea vegetable products nori (in Japan) and gim (in Korea). There are considered to be 60–70 species of Porphyra worldwide[3] and seven around Britain and Ireland, where it has been traditionally used to produce edible sea vegetables on the Irish Sea coast.[4] The species Porphyra purpurea has one of the largest plastid genomes known, with 251 genes.[5]

Porphyra
Porphyra umbilicalis (right) and Porphyra purpurea (front), in Heligoland
Scientific classification
(unranked): Archaeplastida
Division: Rhodophyta
Class: Bangiophyceae
Order: Bangiales
Family: Bangiaceae
Genus: Porphyra
C.Agardh 1824
Species[1]

see text

Synonyms[1]

Conchocelis Batters 1892
Phyllona J.Hill 1773

Life cycle edit

Porphyra displays a heteromorphic alternation of generations.[6] The thallus we see is the haploid generation; it can reproduce asexually by forming spores which grow to replicate the original thallus. It can also reproduce sexually. Both male and female gametes are formed on the one thallus. The female gametes while still on the thallus are fertilized by the released male gametes, which are non-motile. The fertilized, now diploid, carposporangia after mitosis produce spores (carpospores) which settle, then bore into shells, germinate and form a filamentous stage. This stage was originally thought to be a different species of alga, and was referred to as Conchocelis rosea. That Conchocelis was the diploid stage of Porphyra was discovered in 1949 by the British phycologist Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker for the European species Porphyra umbilicalis.[7] It was later shown for species from other regions as well.[2][8]

Food edit

Most human cultures with access to Porphyra use it as a food or somehow in the diet, making it perhaps the most domesticated of the marine algae,[9] known as laver, rong biển (Vietnamese), nori (Japanese:海苔), amanori (Japanese),[10] zakai, gim (Korean:김),[10] zǐcài (Chinese:紫菜),[10] karengo, sloke or slukos.[3] The marine red alga Porphyra has been cultivated extensively in many Asian countries as an edible seaweed used to wrap the rice and fish that compose the Japanese food sushi and the Korean food gimbap. In Japan, the annual production of Porphyra species is valued at 100 billion yen (US$1 billion).[11]

P. umbilicalis is harvested from the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, where it has a variety of culinary uses, including laverbread.[12] In Hawaii, "the species P. atropurpurea is considered a delicacy, called Limu luau".[12] Porphyra was also harvested by the Southern Kwakiutl, Haida, Seechelt, Squawmish, Nuu-chah-nulth, Nuxalk, Tsimshian, and Tlingit peoples of the North American Pacific coast.[12]

Vitamin B12 edit

Porphyra contains vitamin B12 and one study suggests that it is the most suitable non-meat source of this essential vitamin.[13] In the view of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, however, it may not provide an adequate source of B12 for vegans.[14]

Species edit

Porphyra currently contains 57 confirmed species and 14 unconfirmed species.[15]

Confirmed edit

Unconfirmed edit

Following a major reassessment of the genus in 2011, many species previously included in Porphyra have been transferred to Pyropia: for example Pyropia tenera, Pyropia yezoensis, and the species from New Zealand Pyropia rakiura and Pyropia virididentata, leaving only five species out of seventy still within Porphyra itself.[16]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Guiry, Michael D. (2012). Porphyra. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2017). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=143808 on 2017-09-06
  2. ^ a b Brodie, J.A. and Irvine, L.M. 2003. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1 Part 3b. The Natural History Museum, London.ISBN 1 898298 87 4
  3. ^ a b Kain, J.M. 1991. Cultivation of attached seaweeds. in Guiry, M.D. and Blunden, G. 1992. Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester ISBN 0-471-92947-6
  4. ^ Hardy, F.G. and Guiry, M.D. 2006. A Check-list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, London. ISBN 3-906166-35-X
  5. ^ The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook: Organellar and Metabolic Processes Volum 2
  6. ^ Porphyra life cycle 2007-04-11 at the Wayback Machine [dead link]
  7. ^ Drew, Kathleen M. (1949). "Conchocelis-phase in the life-history of Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kütz". Nature. 164 (4174): 748–749. Bibcode:1949Natur.164..748D. doi:10.1038/164748a0. S2CID 4134419.
  8. ^ Thomas, D. 2002. Seaweeds. The Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 0-565-09175-1
  9. ^ Mumford, T.F. and Miura, A. 4.Porphyra as food: cultivation and economics. in Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. 1988. Algae and Human Affairs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-32115-8
  10. ^ a b c Abbott, Isabella A (1989). Lembi, Carole A.; Waaland, J. Robert (eds.). Algae and human affairs (Food and food products from seaweeds). Cambridge University Press, Phycological Society of America. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-521-32115-0.
  11. ^ Aoki, Y. and Kamei, Y. 2006 Preparation of recombinant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from the marine bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. ND137 for the production of protoplasts of Porphyra yezoensis Eur. J. Phycol. 41: 321-328.
  12. ^ a b c "Laver Seaweed – A Foraging Guide to Its Food, Medicine and Other Uses". eatweeds.co.uk. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  13. ^ Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Bito T, Teng F (May 2014). "Vitamin B₁₂-containing plant food sources for vegetarians". Nutrients. 6 (5): 1861–73. doi:10.3390/nu6051861. PMC 4042564. PMID 24803097. A nutritional analysis of six vegan children who had consumed vegan diets including brown rice and dried purple laver (nori) for 4–10 years suggested that the consumption of nori may prevent Vitamin B12 deficiency in vegans.
  14. ^ Melina V, Craig W, Levin S (2016). "Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets". J Acad Nutr Diet. 116 (12): 1970–1980. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025. PMID 27886704. S2CID 4984228. Fermented foods (such as tempeh), nori, spirulina, chlorella algae, and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B-12.39,40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sources— meaning B-12 fortified foods or B-12 containing supplements—or they could become deficient, as shown in case studies of vegan infants, children, and adults.
  15. ^ Michael D. Guiry (2024). "Porphyra C.Agardh, 1824". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  16. ^ Sutherland; et al. (October 2011). "A New Look at an Ancient Order: Generic Revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta)". J. Phycol. 47 (5): 1131–1151. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01052.x. PMID 27020195. S2CID 2779596.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Porphyra at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Porphyra at Wikispecies
  • Video footage of Laverbread or Bara Lawr

January 01, 1970
porphyra, color, known, greek, porphyra, tyrian, purple, some, species, previously, this, genus, have, been, reclassified, pyropia, pyropia, confused, with, porphyria, genus, coldwater, seaweeds, that, grow, cold, shallow, seawater, more, specifically, belongs. For the color known in Greek as porphyra see Tyrian purple For some species previously in this genus have been reclassified as pyropia see Pyropia Not to be confused with Porphyria Porphyra is a genus of coldwater seaweeds that grow in cold shallow seawater More specifically it belongs to red algae phylum of laver species from which comes laverbread comprising approximately 70 species 2 It grows in the intertidal zone typically between the upper intertidal zone and the splash zone in cold waters of temperate oceans In East Asia it is used to produce the sea vegetable products nori in Japan and gim in Korea There are considered to be 60 70 species of Porphyra worldwide 3 and seven around Britain and Ireland where it has been traditionally used to produce edible sea vegetables on the Irish Sea coast 4 The species Porphyra purpurea has one of the largest plastid genomes known with 251 genes 5 Porphyra Porphyra umbilicalis right and Porphyra purpurea front in Heligoland Scientific classification unranked Archaeplastida Division Rhodophyta Class Bangiophyceae Order Bangiales Family Bangiaceae Genus PorphyraC Agardh 1824 Species 1 see text Synonyms 1 Conchocelis Batters 1892 Phyllona J Hill 1773 Contents 1 Life cycle 2 Food 3 Vitamin B12 4 Species 4 1 Confirmed 4 2 Unconfirmed 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksLife cycle editPorphyra displays a heteromorphic alternation of generations 6 The thallus we see is the haploid generation it can reproduce asexually by forming spores which grow to replicate the original thallus It can also reproduce sexually Both male and female gametes are formed on the one thallus The female gametes while still on the thallus are fertilized by the released male gametes which are non motile The fertilized now diploid carposporangia after mitosis produce spores carpospores which settle then bore into shells germinate and form a filamentous stage This stage was originally thought to be a different species of alga and was referred to as Conchocelis rosea That Conchocelis was the diploid stage of Porphyra was discovered in 1949 by the British phycologist Kathleen Mary Drew Baker for the European species Porphyra umbilicalis 7 It was later shown for species from other regions as well 2 8 Food editMost human cultures with access to Porphyra use it as a food or somehow in the diet making it perhaps the most domesticated of the marine algae 9 known as laver rong biển Vietnamese nori Japanese 海苔 amanori Japanese 10 zakai gim Korean 김 10 zǐcai Chinese 紫菜 10 karengo sloke or slukos 3 The marine red alga Porphyra has been cultivated extensively in many Asian countries as an edible seaweed used to wrap the rice and fish that compose the Japanese food sushi and the Korean food gimbap In Japan the annual production of Porphyra species is valued at 100 billion yen US 1 billion 11 P umbilicalis is harvested from the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland where it has a variety of culinary uses including laverbread 12 In Hawaii the species P atropurpurea is considered a delicacy called Limu luau 12 Porphyra was also harvested by the Southern Kwakiutl Haida Seechelt Squawmish Nuu chah nulth Nuxalk Tsimshian and Tlingit peoples of the North American Pacific coast 12 Vitamin B12 editPorphyra contains vitamin B12 and one study suggests that it is the most suitable non meat source of this essential vitamin 13 In the view of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics however it may not provide an adequate source of B12 for vegans 14 Species editPorphyra currently contains 57 confirmed species and 14 unconfirmed species 15 Confirmed edit Porphyra akasakae A Miura 1977 Porphyra angusta Okamura amp Ueda 1932 Porphyra argentinensis M L Piriz 1981 Porphyra atropurpurea Olivi De Toni 1897 Porphyra augustinae Kutzing 1843 Porphyra autumnalis Zanardini 1860 Porphyra bulbopes Yendo Ueda 1932 Porphyra capensis Kutzing 1843 Porphyra ceylanica J Agardh 1883 Porphyra chauhanii C Anil Kumar amp M V N Panikkar 1995 Porphyra coccinea J Agardh Porphyra corallicola H Kucera amp G W Saunders 2012 Porphyra delicatula Welwitsch Porphyra dentimarginata Chu Chia yen amp Wang Su chuan 1960 Porphyra dioica J Brodie amp L M Irvine 1997 Porphyra fujianensis Zhang amp Wang 1993 Porphyra grateloupicola P L Crouan amp H M Crouan 1878 Porphyra guangdongensis C K Tseng amp T J Chang 1978 Porphyra inaequicrassa Perestenko 1980 Porphyra indica V Krishnamurthy amp M Baluswami 1984 Porphyra ionae R W Ricker 1987 Porphyra irregularis E Fukuhara 1968 Porphyra kanyakumariensis V Krishnamurthy amp M Baluswami 1984 Porphyra ledermannii Pilger 1911 Porphyra linearis Greville 1830 Porphyra longissima A Meynard M E Ramirez amp L Contreras Porcia 2018 Porphyra lucasii Levring 1953 Porphyra luchea A Meynard M E Ramirez amp L Contreras Porcia 2018 Porphyra malvanensis Anilkumar amp P S N Rao 2005 Porphyra marcosii P A Cordero 1976 Porphyra marginata C K Tseng amp T J Chang 1958 Porphyra microphylla Zanardini 1860 Porphyra monosporangia S Wang amp J Zhang 1980 Porphyra mumfordii S C Lindstrom amp K M Cole 1992 Porphyra njordii P M Pedersen 2011 Porphyra ochotensis Nagai 1941 Porphyra okamurae Ueda 1932 Porphyra okhaensis H V Joshi R M Oza amp A Tewari 1992 Porphyra oligospermatangia C K Tseng amp B F Zheng 1981 Porphyra plocamiestris R W Ricker 1987 Porphyra pujalsiae Coll amp E C Oliveira 1976 Porphyra punctata Y Yamada amp H Mikami 1956 Porphyra purpurea Roth C Agardh 1824 Porphyra qingdaoensi C K Tseng amp B F Zheng 1988 Porphyra ramosissima Pan amp Wang 1982 Porphyra rizzinii Coll amp E C Oliveira 1976 Porphyra roseana M Howe 1928 Porphyra schistothallus B F Zheng amp J Li Porphyra segregata Setchell amp Hus V Krishnamurthy 1972 Porphyra subtumens J Agardh Porphyra tanakae Pham Hoang Ho 1985 Porphyra tenuis B F Zheng amp J Li Porphyra tristanensis Baardseth 1941 Porphyra umbilicalis Kutzing 1843 Porphyra violacea J Agardh 1899 Porphyra vulgaris Kutzing 1843 Porphyra woolhouseae Harvey 1863 Unconfirmed edit Porphyra carnea Grunow 1889 Porphyra cordata Meneghini 1844 Porphyra cucullata De Notaris 1865 Porphyra grayana Reinsch 1875 Porphyra hospitans Zanardini 1855 Porphyra livida De Notaris 1846 Porphyra microphylla Reinsch 1878 Porphyra minor Zanardini 1847 Porphyra nobilis De Notaris 1846 or J Agardh 1883 Porphyra reniformis Meneghini 1849 Porphyra sericea Wulfen J Agardh 1883 Porphyra subtumens J Agardh ex R M Laing 1928 Porphyra tenuissima C Agardh ex Frauenfeld 1855 Following a major reassessment of the genus in 2011 many species previously included in Porphyra have been transferred to Pyropia for example Pyropia tenera Pyropia yezoensis and the species from New Zealand Pyropia rakiura and Pyropia virididentata leaving only five species out of seventy still within Porphyra itself 16 See also editGreen laverReferences edit a b Guiry Michael D 2012 Porphyra In Guiry M D amp Guiry G M 2017 AlgaeBase World wide electronic publication National University of Ireland Galway taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M D Guiry Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at http www marinespecies org aphia php p taxdetails amp id 143808 on 2017 09 06 a b Brodie J A and Irvine L M 2003 Seaweeds of the British Isles Volume 1 Part 3b The Natural History Museum London ISBN 1 898298 87 4 a b Kain J M 1991 Cultivation of attached seaweeds in Guiry M D and Blunden G 1992 Seaweed Resources in Europe Uses and Potential John Wiley and Sons Chichester ISBN 0 471 92947 6 Hardy F G and Guiry M D 2006 A Check list and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland British Phycological Society London ISBN 3 906166 35 X The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook Organellar and Metabolic Processes Volum 2 Porphyra life cycle Archived 2007 04 11 at the Wayback Machine dead link Drew Kathleen M 1949 Conchocelis phase in the life history of Porphyra umbilicalis L Kutz Nature 164 4174 748 749 Bibcode 1949Natur 164 748D doi 10 1038 164748a0 S2CID 4134419 Thomas D 2002 Seaweeds The Natural History Museum London ISBN 0 565 09175 1 Mumford T F and Miura A 4 Porphyra as food cultivation and economics in Lembi C A and Waaland J R 1988 Algae and Human Affairs Cambridge University Press Cambridge ISBN 0 521 32115 8 a b c Abbott Isabella A 1989 Lembi Carole A Waaland J Robert eds Algae and human affairs Food and food products from seaweeds Cambridge University Press Phycological Society of America p 141 ISBN 978 0 521 32115 0 Aoki Y and Kamei Y 2006 Preparation of recombinant polysaccharide degrading enzymes from the marine bacterium Pseudomonas sp ND137 for the production of protoplasts of Porphyra yezoensis Eur J Phycol 41 321 328 a b c Laver Seaweed A Foraging Guide to Its Food Medicine and Other Uses eatweeds co uk 30 August 2018 Retrieved 22 March 2021 Watanabe F Yabuta Y Bito T Teng F May 2014 Vitamin B containing plant food sources for vegetarians Nutrients 6 5 1861 73 doi 10 3390 nu6051861 PMC 4042564 PMID 24803097 A nutritional analysis of six vegan children who had consumed vegan diets including brown rice and dried purple laver nori for 4 10 years suggested that the consumption of nori may prevent Vitamin B12 deficiency in vegans Melina V Craig W Levin S 2016 Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Vegetarian Diets J Acad Nutr Diet 116 12 1970 1980 doi 10 1016 j jand 2016 09 025 PMID 27886704 S2CID 4984228 Fermented foods such as tempeh nori spirulina chlorella algae and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B 12 39 40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sources meaning B 12 fortified foods or B 12 containing supplements or they could become deficient as shown in case studies of vegan infants children and adults Michael D Guiry 2024 Porphyra C Agardh 1824 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Retrieved 17 April 2024 Sutherland et al October 2011 A New Look at an Ancient Order Generic Revision of the Bangiales Rhodophyta J Phycol 47 5 1131 1151 doi 10 1111 j 1529 8817 2011 01052 x PMID 27020195 S2CID 2779596 External links edit nbsp Media related to Porphyra at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Porphyra at Wikispecies Video footage of Laverbread or Bara Lawr Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Porphyra amp oldid 1219459931, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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