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Polyandry

January 30, 2023

This article is about polyandrous marriage practices. For polyandrous animal mating, see Polyandry in nature.

Polyandry (/ˈpɒliˌændri, ˌpɒliˈæn-/; from Ancient Greek πολύ (polú) 'many', and ἀνήρ (anḗr) 'man') is a form of polygamy in which a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time. Polyandry is contrasted with polygyny, involving one male and two or more females. If a marriage involves a plural number of "husbands and wives" participants of each gender, then it can be called polygamy,[1] group or conjoint marriage.[2] In its broadest use, polyandry refers to sexual relations with multiple males within or without marriage.

Of the 1,231 societies listed in the 1980 Ethnographic Atlas, 186 were found to be monogamous, 453 had occasional polygyny, 588 had more frequent polygyny, and 4 had polyandry.[3] Polyandry is less rare than this figure suggests, as it considered only those examples found in the Himalayan mountain region (8 societies). More recent studies have found more than 4 other societies practicing polyandry.[4]

Fraternal polyandry is practiced among Tibetans in Nepal and parts of China, in which two or more brothers are married to the same wife, with the wife having equal "sexual access" to them.[5][6] It is associated with partible paternity, the cultural belief that a child can have more than one father.[4] Several ethnic groups practicing polyandry in India identify their customs with their descent from Draupadi, a central character of the Mahabharta who was married to five brothers, although local practices may not be fraternal themselves.

Polyandry is believed to be more likely in societies with scarce environmental resources. It is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival.[6][7] It is a rare form of marriage that exists not only among peasant families but also among the elite families.[8] For example, polyandry in the Himalayan mountains is related to the scarcity of land. The marriage of all brothers in a family to the same wife allows family land to remain intact and undivided. If every brother married separately and had children, family land would be split into unsustainable small plots. In contrast, very poor persons not owning land were less likely to practice polyandry in Buddhist Ladakh and Zanskar.[6][verification needed] In Europe, the splitting up of land was prevented through the social practice of impartible inheritance. With most siblings disinherited, many of them became celibate monks and priests.[9]

Polyandrous mating systems are also a common phenomenon in the animal kingdom.[10]

Types

Successional polyandry

Unlike in fraternal polyandry where a woman will receive a number of husbands simultaneously, in successional polyandry a woman will acquire one husband after another in sequence.

This form is flexible. These men may or may not be related. And it may or may not incorporate a hierarchical system, where one husband is considered primary and may be allotted certain rights or privileges not awarded to secondary husbands, such as biologically fathering a child.

In cases where one husband has a primary role, the secondary husbands have the power to succeed the primary if he were to become severely ill or be away from the home for a long period of time or is otherwise rendered incapable of fulfilling his husbandly duties.

Successional polyandry can likewise be egalitarian, where all husbands are equal in status and receive the same rights and privileges. In this system, each husband will have a wedding ceremony and share the paternity of whatever children she may bear.

Associated polyandry

Another form of polyandry is a combination of polyandry and polygyny; whereas women are married to several men simultaneously and the same men may marry other women. It is found in some tribes of native Africa as well as villages in northern Nigeria and the northern Cameroons. Usually, one of the woman's husbands will be chosen to be the husband of a woman from another tribe who would also have many husbands; this double-polyandrous union serves to form a marital alliance between tribes.

Other Classifications: Equal polygamy, Polygynandry

The system results in less land fragmentation, and a diversification of domestic activities.

Fraternal polyandry

See also: Polyandry in Tibet

Fraternal polyandry (from the Latin frater—brother), also called adelphic polyandry (from the Greek ἀδελφός—brother), is a form of polyandry in which a woman is married to two or more men who are brothers. Fraternal polyandry was (and sometimes still is) found in certain areas of Tibet, Nepal, and Northern India, as well as some central African cultures[11] where polyandry was accepted as a social practice.[6][12] The Toda people of southern India practice fraternal polyandry, but monogamy has become prevalent recently.[13] In contemporary Hindu society, polyandrous marriages in agrarian societies in the Malwa region of Punjab seem to occur to avoid division of farming land.[14]

Fraternal polyandry achieves a similar goal to that of primogeniture in 19th-century England. Primogeniture dictated that the eldest son inherited the family estate, while younger sons had to leave home and seek their own employment. Primogeniture maintained family estates intact over generations by permitting only one heir per generation. Fraternal polyandry also accomplishes this, but does so by keeping all the brothers together with just one wife so that there is only one set of heirs per generation.[15] This strategy appears less successful the larger the fraternal sibling group is.[16]

Some forms of polyandry appear to be associated with a perceived need to retain aristocratic titles or agricultural lands within kin groups, and/or because of the frequent absence, for long periods, of a man from the household. In Tibet the practice was particularly popular among the priestly Sakya class.

The female equivalent of fraternal polyandry is sororate marriage.

Partible paternity

Anthropologist Stephen Beckerman points out that at least 20 tribal societies accept that a child could, and ideally should, have more than one father, referring to it as "partible paternity".[17] This often results in the shared nurture of a child by multiple fathers in a form of polyandric relation to the mother, although this is not always the case.[18] One of the most well known examples is that of Trobriand "virgin birth". The matrilineal Trobriand Islanders recognize the importance of sex in reproduction but do not believe the male makes a contribution to the constitution of the child, who therefore remains attached to their mother's lineage alone. The mother's non-resident husbands are not recognized as fathers, although the mother's co-resident brothers are, since they are part of the mother's lineage.

Culture

According to inscriptions describing the reforms of the Sumerian king Urukagina of Lagash (ca. 2300 BC), the earlier custom of polyandry in his country was abolished, on pain of the woman taking multiple husbands being stoned with stones upon which her crime was written.[19]

An extreme gender imbalance has been suggested as a justification for polyandry. For example, the selective abortion of female children in India has led to a significant margin in sex ratio and, it has been suggested, results in related men "sharing" a wife.[20]

Known cases

Polyandry in Tibet was a common practice and continues to a lesser extent today. A survey of 753 Tibetan families by Tibet University in 1988 found that 13% practiced polyandry.[21] Polyandry in India still exists among minorities, and also in Bhutan, and the northern parts of Nepal. Polyandry has been practised in several parts of India, such as Rajasthan, Ladakh and Zanskar, in the Jaunsar-Bawar region in Uttarakhand, among the Toda of South India.[6][22]

It also occurs or has occurred in Nigeria, the Nymba,[22][clarification needed] Irigwe [23] and some pre-contact Polynesian societies,[24] though probably only among higher caste women.[25] It is also encountered in some regions of Yunnan and Sichuan regions of China, among the Mosuo people in China (who also practice polygyny as well), and in some sub-Saharan African such as the Maasai people in Kenya and northern Tanzania[26] and American indigenous communities. The Guanches, the first known inhabitants of the Canary Islands, practiced polyandry until Spanish colonization.[27] The Zo'e tribe in the state of Pará on the Cuminapanema River, Brazil, also practice polyandry.[28]

Africa

  • In the Lake Region of Central Africa, "Polygyny ... was uncommon. Polyandry, on the other hand, was quite common."[29]
  • Among the Irigwe of Northern Nigeria, women have traditionally acquired numerous spouses called "co-husbands".
  • In August 2013, two Kenyan men entered into an agreement to marry a woman with whom they had both been having an affair. Kenyan law does not explicitly forbid polyandry, although it is not a common custom.[30]

Asia

See also: Polyandry in India and Polyandry in Tibet
  • In the reign of Urukagina of Lagash, "Dyandry, the marriage of one woman to two men, is abolished."[31]
  • M. Notovitck mentioned polyandry in Ladakh or Little 'Tibet' in his record of his journey to Tibet. ("The Unknown life of Jesus Christ" by Virchand Gandhi).
  • Polyandry was widely (and to some extent still is) practised in Lahaul-Spiti situated in isolation in the high Himalayas in India.
  • Prior to Islam, in Arabia (southern) "All the kindred have their property in common ...; all have one wife" whom they share.[32]
  • The Hoa-tun (Hephthalites, White Huns) "living to the north of the Great Wall ... practiced polyandry."[33] Among the Hephthalites, "the practice of several husbands to one wife, or polyandry, was always the rule, which is agreed on by all commentators. That this was plain was evidenced by the custom among the women of wearing a hat containing a number of horns, one for each of the subsequent husbands, all of whom were also brothers to the husband. Indeed, if a husband had no natural brothers, he would adopt another man to be his brother so that he would be allowed to marry."[34]
  • "Polyandry is very widespread among the Sherpas."[35]
  • In Bhutan in 1914, polyandry was "the prevailing domestic custom".[36] Nowadays polyandry is rare, but still found for instance among the Brokpas of the Merak-Sakten region.[37]
  • In several villages in Nyarixung Township, Xigaze, Tibet, up to 90% of families practiced polyandry in 2008.[38]
  • Among the Gilyaks of Sakhalin Island "polyandry is also practiced."[39]
  • Fraternal polyandry was permitted in Sri Lanka under Kandyan Marriage law, often described using the euphemism eka-ge-kama (literally "eating in one house").[40][disputed – discuss] Associated Polyandry, or polyandry that begins as monogamy, with the second husband entering the relationship later, is also practiced[41] and is sometimes initiated by the wife.[42]
  • Polyandry was common in Sri Lanka, until it was banned by the British in 1859.[43]

Europe

 
Sepulcral inscription for Allia Potestas, Museo Epigrafico, Terme di Diocleziano, Rome
  • Reporting on the mating patterns in ancient Greece, specifically Sparta, Plutarch writes: "Thus if an older man with a young wife should take a liking to one of the well-bred young men and approve of him, he might well introduce him to her so as to fill her with noble sperm and then adopt the child as his own. Conversely a respectable man who admired someone else’s wife noted for her lovely children and her good sense, might gain the husband’s permission to sleep with her thereby planting in fruitful soil, so to speak, and producing fine children who would be linked to fine ancestors by blood and family."[44]
  • "According to Julius Caesar, it was customary among the ancient Britons for brothers, and sometimes for fathers and sons, to have their wives in common."[45]
  • "Polyandry prevailed among the Lacedaemonians according to Polybius."[46] (Polybius vii.7.732, following Timæus)[47]
  • "The matrons of Rome flocked in great crowds to the Senate, begging with tears and entreaties that one woman should be married to two men."[48]
  • The gravestone of Allia Potestas, a woman from Perusia, describes how she lived peacefully with two lovers, one of whom immortalized her in this famous epigraphic eulogy, dating (probably) from the second century.[49]

North America

Oceania

  • Among the Kanak of New Caledonia, "every woman is the property of several husbands. It is this collection of husbands, having one wife in common, that...live together in a hut, with their common wife."[52]
  • Marquesans had "a society in which households were polyandrous".[53]
  • Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind[54] reported in 1896 that in the New Hebrides there was a kind of convention in cases of widowhood, that two widowers shall live with one widow.

South America

  • "The Bororos ... among them...there are also cases of polyandry."[55]
  • "The Tupi-Kawahib also practice fraternal polyandry."[56]
  • "...up to 70 percent of Amazonian cultures may have believed in the principle of multiple paternity"[57]
  • Mapuche polyandry is rare but not unheard of.[58] The men are often brothers.[58]

Religious attitudes

Hinduism

 
Draupadi with her five husbands – the Pandavas. The central figure is Yudhishthira; the two to his left are Bhima and Arjuna . Nakula and Sahadeva, the twins, are to his right. Their wife, at far right, is Draupadi. Deogarh, Dashavatara Hindu Temple.

There is at least one reference to polyandry in the ancient Hindu epic Mahabharata. Draupadi married the five Pandava brothers, as this is what she chose in a previous life. This ancient text remains largely neutral to the concept of polyandry, accepting this as her way of life.[59] However, in the same epic, when questioned by Kunti to give an example of polyandry, Yudhishthira cites Gautam-clan Jatila (married to seven Saptarishis) and Hiranyaksha's sister Pracheti (married to ten brothers), thereby implying a more open attitude toward polyandry in Hindu society.[60]

Judaism

The Hebrew Bible contains no examples of women married to more than one man,[61][62] but its description of adultery clearly implies that polyandry is unacceptable[63][64] and the practice is unknown in Jewish tradition.[65][66] In addition, the children from other than the first husband are considered illegitimate (i.e., mamzers), unless he has already divorced her or died,[67] being a product of an adulterous relationship.

Christianity

Most Christian denominations in the Western world strongly advocate monogamous marriage, and a passage from the Pauline epistles[68] can be interpreted as forbidding polyandry.

Latter-Day Saints

Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, and other early Latter-day Saints, practiced polygamous marriages with several women who were already married to other men. The practice was officially ended with the 1890 Manifesto. Polyandrous marriages did exist, albeit in significantly less numbers, in early LDS history.[69][70]

Islam

Although Islamic marital law allows men to have up to four wives, polyandry is not allowed in Islam or Islamic scriptures.[71][72][71][73]

In biology

Main article: Polyandry in nature

Polyandrous behavior exists in the animal kingdom, occurring for example in certain insects, fish, birds, and mammals.

See also

Types of mating, marriage and lifestyle:

References

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Further reading

  • Levine, Nancy, The Dynamics of Polyandry: Kinship, domesticity and population on the Tibetan border, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. ISBN 0-226-47569-7, ISBN 978-0-226-47569-1
  • Peter, Prince of Greece, A Study of Polyandry, The Hague, Mouton, 1963.
  • Beall, Cynthia M.; Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1981). "Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry: A Test of Sociobiological Theory". American Anthropologist. 83 (1): 898–901. doi:10.1525/aa.1982.84.4.02a00170.
  • Gielen, U. P. (1993). Gender Roles in traditional Tibetan cultures. In L. L. Adler (Ed.), International handbook on gender roles (pp. 413–437). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Goldstein, M. C. (1971). "Stratification, Polyandry, and Family Structure in Central Tibet". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 27 (1): 64–74. doi:10.1086/soutjanth.27.1.3629185. JSTOR 3629185. S2CID 146900571.
  • Crook, J., & Crook, S. 1994. "Explaining Tibetan polyandry: Socio-cultural, demographic, and biological perspectives". In J. Crook, & H. Osmaston (Eds.), Himayalan Buddhist Villages (pp. 735–786). Bristol, UK: University of Bristol.
  • Goldstein, M. C. (1971). "Stratification, Polyandry, and Family Structure in Central Tibet". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 27 (1): 64–74. doi:10.1086/soutjanth.27.1.3629185. JSTOR 3629185. S2CID 146900571.
  • Goldstein, M. C. (1976). "Fraternal Polyandry and Fertility in a High Himalayan Valley in Northwest Nepal". Human Ecology. 4 (3): 223–233. doi:10.1007/bf01534287. JSTOR 4602366. S2CID 153817518.
  • Lodé, Thierry (2006) La Guerre des sexes chez les animaux. Paris: Eds O. Jacob. ISBN 2-7381-1901-8
  • Smith, Eric Alden (1998). "Is Tibetan polyandry adaptive?" (PDF). Human Nature. 9 (3): 225–261. doi:10.1007/s12110-998-1004-3. PMID 26197483. S2CID 3022928.
  • Trevithick, Alan (1997). "On a Panhuman Preference for Monandry: Is Polyandry an Exception?". Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 28 (3): 154–81.

External links

 
Look up polyandry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

January 30, 2023
polyandry, this, article, about, polyandrous, marriage, practices, polyandrous, animal, mating, nature, from, ancient, greek, πολύ, polú, many, ἀνήρ, anḗr, form, polygamy, which, woman, takes, more, husbands, same, time, contrasted, with, polygyny, involving, . This article is about polyandrous marriage practices For polyandrous animal mating see Polyandry in nature Polyandry ˈ p ɒ l i ˌ ae n d r i ˌ p ɒ l i ˈ ae n from Ancient Greek poly polu many and ἀnhr anḗr man is a form of polygamy in which a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time Polyandry is contrasted with polygyny involving one male and two or more females If a marriage involves a plural number of husbands and wives participants of each gender then it can be called polygamy 1 group or conjoint marriage 2 In its broadest use polyandry refers to sexual relations with multiple males within or without marriage Of the 1 231 societies listed in the 1980 Ethnographic Atlas 186 were found to be monogamous 453 had occasional polygyny 588 had more frequent polygyny and 4 had polyandry 3 Polyandry is less rare than this figure suggests as it considered only those examples found in the Himalayan mountain region 8 societies More recent studies have found more than 4 other societies practicing polyandry 4 Fraternal polyandry is practiced among Tibetans in Nepal and parts of China in which two or more brothers are married to the same wife with the wife having equal sexual access to them 5 6 It is associated with partible paternity the cultural belief that a child can have more than one father 4 Several ethnic groups practicing polyandry in India identify their customs with their descent from Draupadi a central character of the Mahabharta who was married to five brothers although local practices may not be fraternal themselves Polyandry is believed to be more likely in societies with scarce environmental resources It is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival 6 7 It is a rare form of marriage that exists not only among peasant families but also among the elite families 8 For example polyandry in the Himalayan mountains is related to the scarcity of land The marriage of all brothers in a family to the same wife allows family land to remain intact and undivided If every brother married separately and had children family land would be split into unsustainable small plots In contrast very poor persons not owning land were less likely to practice polyandry in Buddhist Ladakh and Zanskar 6 verification needed In Europe the splitting up of land was prevented through the social practice of impartible inheritance With most siblings disinherited many of them became celibate monks and priests 9 Polyandrous mating systems are also a common phenomenon in the animal kingdom 10 Contents 1 Types 1 1 Successional polyandry 1 2 Associated polyandry 1 3 Fraternal polyandry 1 4 Partible paternity 2 Culture 3 Known cases 3 1 Africa 3 2 Asia 3 3 Europe 3 4 North America 3 5 Oceania 3 6 South America 4 Religious attitudes 4 1 Hinduism 4 2 Judaism 4 3 Christianity 4 4 Latter Day Saints 4 5 Islam 5 In biology 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksTypes EditSuccessional polyandry Edit Unlike in fraternal polyandry where a woman will receive a number of husbands simultaneously in successional polyandry a woman will acquire one husband after another in sequence This form is flexible These men may or may not be related And it may or may not incorporate a hierarchical system where one husband is considered primary and may be allotted certain rights or privileges not awarded to secondary husbands such as biologically fathering a child In cases where one husband has a primary role the secondary husbands have the power to succeed the primary if he were to become severely ill or be away from the home for a long period of time or is otherwise rendered incapable of fulfilling his husbandly duties Successional polyandry can likewise be egalitarian where all husbands are equal in status and receive the same rights and privileges In this system each husband will have a wedding ceremony and share the paternity of whatever children she may bear Associated polyandry Edit Another form of polyandry is a combination of polyandry and polygyny whereas women are married to several men simultaneously and the same men may marry other women It is found in some tribes of native Africa as well as villages in northern Nigeria and the northern Cameroons Usually one of the woman s husbands will be chosen to be the husband of a woman from another tribe who would also have many husbands this double polyandrous union serves to form a marital alliance between tribes Other Classifications Equal polygamy PolygynandryThe system results in less land fragmentation and a diversification of domestic activities Fraternal polyandry Edit See also Polyandry in Tibet Fraternal polyandry from the Latin frater brother also called adelphic polyandry from the Greek ἀdelfos brother is a form of polyandry in which a woman is married to two or more men who are brothers Fraternal polyandry was and sometimes still is found in certain areas of Tibet Nepal and Northern India as well as some central African cultures 11 where polyandry was accepted as a social practice 6 12 The Toda people of southern India practice fraternal polyandry but monogamy has become prevalent recently 13 In contemporary Hindu society polyandrous marriages in agrarian societies in the Malwa region of Punjab seem to occur to avoid division of farming land 14 Fraternal polyandry achieves a similar goal to that of primogeniture in 19th century England Primogeniture dictated that the eldest son inherited the family estate while younger sons had to leave home and seek their own employment Primogeniture maintained family estates intact over generations by permitting only one heir per generation Fraternal polyandry also accomplishes this but does so by keeping all the brothers together with just one wife so that there is only one set of heirs per generation 15 This strategy appears less successful the larger the fraternal sibling group is 16 Some forms of polyandry appear to be associated with a perceived need to retain aristocratic titles or agricultural lands within kin groups and or because of the frequent absence for long periods of a man from the household In Tibet the practice was particularly popular among the priestly Sakya class The female equivalent of fraternal polyandry is sororate marriage Partible paternity Edit Anthropologist Stephen Beckerman points out that at least 20 tribal societies accept that a child could and ideally should have more than one father referring to it as partible paternity 17 This often results in the shared nurture of a child by multiple fathers in a form of polyandric relation to the mother although this is not always the case 18 One of the most well known examples is that of Trobriand virgin birth The matrilineal Trobriand Islanders recognize the importance of sex in reproduction but do not believe the male makes a contribution to the constitution of the child who therefore remains attached to their mother s lineage alone The mother s non resident husbands are not recognized as fathers although the mother s co resident brothers are since they are part of the mother s lineage Culture EditAccording to inscriptions describing the reforms of the Sumerian king Urukagina of Lagash ca 2300 BC the earlier custom of polyandry in his country was abolished on pain of the woman taking multiple husbands being stoned with stones upon which her crime was written 19 An extreme gender imbalance has been suggested as a justification for polyandry For example the selective abortion of female children in India has led to a significant margin in sex ratio and it has been suggested results in related men sharing a wife 20 Known cases EditPolyandry in Tibet was a common practice and continues to a lesser extent today A survey of 753 Tibetan families by Tibet University in 1988 found that 13 practiced polyandry 21 Polyandry in India still exists among minorities and also in Bhutan and the northern parts of Nepal Polyandry has been practised in several parts of India such as Rajasthan Ladakh and Zanskar in the Jaunsar Bawar region in Uttarakhand among the Toda of South India 6 22 It also occurs or has occurred in Nigeria the Nymba 22 clarification needed Irigwe 23 and some pre contact Polynesian societies 24 though probably only among higher caste women 25 It is also encountered in some regions of Yunnan and Sichuan regions of China among the Mosuo people in China who also practice polygyny as well and in some sub Saharan African such as the Maasai people in Kenya and northern Tanzania 26 and American indigenous communities The Guanches the first known inhabitants of the Canary Islands practiced polyandry until Spanish colonization 27 The Zo e tribe in the state of Para on the Cuminapanema River Brazil also practice polyandry 28 Africa Edit In the Lake Region of Central Africa Polygyny was uncommon Polyandry on the other hand was quite common 29 Among the Irigwe of Northern Nigeria women have traditionally acquired numerous spouses called co husbands In August 2013 two Kenyan men entered into an agreement to marry a woman with whom they had both been having an affair Kenyan law does not explicitly forbid polyandry although it is not a common custom 30 Asia Edit See also Polyandry in India and Polyandry in Tibet In the reign of Urukagina of Lagash Dyandry the marriage of one woman to two men is abolished 31 M Notovitck mentioned polyandry in Ladakh or Little Tibet in his record of his journey to Tibet The Unknown life of Jesus Christ by Virchand Gandhi Polyandry was widely and to some extent still is practised in Lahaul Spiti situated in isolation in the high Himalayas in India Prior to Islam in Arabia southern All the kindred have their property in common all have one wife whom they share 32 The Hoa tun Hephthalites White Huns living to the north of the Great Wall practiced polyandry 33 Among the Hephthalites the practice of several husbands to one wife or polyandry was always the rule which is agreed on by all commentators That this was plain was evidenced by the custom among the women of wearing a hat containing a number of horns one for each of the subsequent husbands all of whom were also brothers to the husband Indeed if a husband had no natural brothers he would adopt another man to be his brother so that he would be allowed to marry 34 Polyandry is very widespread among the Sherpas 35 In Bhutan in 1914 polyandry was the prevailing domestic custom 36 Nowadays polyandry is rare but still found for instance among the Brokpas of the Merak Sakten region 37 In several villages in Nyarixung Township Xigaze Tibet up to 90 of families practiced polyandry in 2008 38 Among the Gilyaks of Sakhalin Island polyandry is also practiced 39 Fraternal polyandry was permitted in Sri Lanka under Kandyan Marriage law often described using the euphemism eka ge kama literally eating in one house 40 disputed discuss Associated Polyandry or polyandry that begins as monogamy with the second husband entering the relationship later is also practiced 41 and is sometimes initiated by the wife 42 Polyandry was common in Sri Lanka until it was banned by the British in 1859 43 Europe Edit Sepulcral inscription for Allia Potestas Museo Epigrafico Terme di Diocleziano Rome Reporting on the mating patterns in ancient Greece specifically Sparta Plutarch writes Thus if an older man with a young wife should take a liking to one of the well bred young men and approve of him he might well introduce him to her so as to fill her with noble sperm and then adopt the child as his own Conversely a respectable man who admired someone else s wife noted for her lovely children and her good sense might gain the husband s permission to sleep with her thereby planting in fruitful soil so to speak and producing fine children who would be linked to fine ancestors by blood and family 44 According to Julius Caesar it was customary among the ancient Britons for brothers and sometimes for fathers and sons to have their wives in common 45 Polyandry prevailed among the Lacedaemonians according to Polybius 46 Polybius vii 7 732 following Timaeus 47 The matrons of Rome flocked in great crowds to the Senate begging with tears and entreaties that one woman should be married to two men 48 The gravestone of Allia Potestas a woman from Perusia describes how she lived peacefully with two lovers one of whom immortalized her in this famous epigraphic eulogy dating probably from the second century 49 North America Edit Aleut people in the 19th century 50 During the most abusive times of the slave economy in Saint Domingue during the Haitian Revolution mortality was so high that women practised polyandry citation needed Inuit 51 Oceania Edit Among the Kanak of New Caledonia every woman is the property of several husbands It is this collection of husbands having one wife in common that live together in a hut with their common wife 52 Marquesans had a society in which households were polyandrous 53 Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind 54 reported in 1896 that in the New Hebrides there was a kind of convention in cases of widowhood that two widowers shall live with one widow South America Edit The Bororos among them there are also cases of polyandry 55 The Tupi Kawahib also practice fraternal polyandry 56 up to 70 percent of Amazonian cultures may have believed in the principle of multiple paternity 57 Mapuche polyandry is rare but not unheard of 58 The men are often brothers 58 Religious attitudes EditThis section uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources with multiple points of view September 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Hinduism Edit Draupadi with her five husbands the Pandavas The central figure is Yudhishthira the two to his left are Bhima and Arjuna Nakula and Sahadeva the twins are to his right Their wife at far right is Draupadi Deogarh Dashavatara Hindu Temple There is at least one reference to polyandry in the ancient Hindu epic Mahabharata Draupadi married the five Pandava brothers as this is what she chose in a previous life This ancient text remains largely neutral to the concept of polyandry accepting this as her way of life 59 However in the same epic when questioned by Kunti to give an example of polyandry Yudhishthira cites Gautam clan Jatila married to seven Saptarishis and Hiranyaksha s sister Pracheti married to ten brothers thereby implying a more open attitude toward polyandry in Hindu society 60 Judaism Edit The Hebrew Bible contains no examples of women married to more than one man 61 62 but its description of adultery clearly implies that polyandry is unacceptable 63 64 and the practice is unknown in Jewish tradition 65 66 In addition the children from other than the first husband are considered illegitimate i e mamzers unless he has already divorced her or died 67 being a product of an adulterous relationship Christianity Edit Most Christian denominations in the Western world strongly advocate monogamous marriage and a passage from the Pauline epistles 68 can be interpreted as forbidding polyandry Latter Day Saints Edit Joseph Smith and Brigham Young and other early Latter day Saints practiced polygamous marriages with several women who were already married to other men The practice was officially ended with the 1890 Manifesto Polyandrous marriages did exist albeit in significantly less numbers in early LDS history 69 70 Islam Edit Although Islamic marital law allows men to have up to four wives polyandry is not allowed in Islam or Islamic scriptures 71 72 71 73 In biology EditMain article Polyandry in nature Polyandrous behavior exists in the animal kingdom occurring for example in certain insects fish birds and mammals See also EditLegal status of polygamy Matrilineality Polyandry in India Polyandry in Tibet Sacred prostitution Sexual conflict Sexy son hypothesis Sperm competitionTypes of mating marriage and lifestyle Bigamy Cuckold Eusociality Group marriage Monogamy Non monogamy Open marriage Polyamory Polygamy Polygynandry PolygynyReferences Edit McCullough Derek Hall David S 27 February 2003 Polyamory What it is and what it isn t Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality 6 Archived from the original on 10 December 2020 Retrieved 30 July 2015 Zeitzen Miriam Koktvedgaard 2008 Polygamy a cross cultural analysis Berg p 3 ISBN 978 1 84520 220 0 Archived from the original on 2020 08 01 Retrieved 2017 06 08 Ethnographic Atlas Codebook Archived 2012 11 18 at the Wayback Machine derived from George P Murdock s Ethnographic Atlas recording the marital composition of 1 231 societies from 1960 to 1980 a b Starkweather Katherine Hames Raymond 2012 A survey of non classical polyandry Human Nature Hawthorne N Y 23 2 149 150 doi 10 1007 s12110 012 9144 x PMID 22688804 S2CID 2008559 Archived from the original on 2019 12 04 Retrieved 2020 11 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Tribune Archived from the original on 4 August 2020 Retrieved 19 August 2008 Levine Nancy The Dynamics of Polyandry Kinship domesticity and population on the Tibetan border Chicago University of Chicago Press 1988 page needed Sidner Sara Brothers Share Wife to Secure Family Land CNN Archived from the original on 2020 01 26 Retrieved 2008 10 24 Modern Draupadis exist in Mansa villages India News Times of India The Times of India Goldstein Melvyn 1987 Natural History Natural History Magazine pp 39 48 Levine Nancy Silk Joan B 1997 Why Polyandry Fails Sources of Instability in Polyandrous marriages Current Anthropology 38 3 375 98 doi 10 1086 204624 S2CID 17048791 Beckerman S Valentine P eds 2002 The Theory and Practice of Partible Paternity in South America University Press of Florida Starkweather Katie 2009 A Preliminary Survey of Lesser Known Polyandrous Societies Nebraska Anthropologist Archived from the original on 2020 10 01 Retrieved 2013 08 04 Wink Walter October 15 2017 Engaging the Powers 25th Anniversary Edition Fortress Press p 40 ISBN 9781506438542 via Google Books Arsenault Chris 24 October 2011 Millions of aborted girls imbalance India Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 Retrieved 29 October 2011 While prospects for conflict are unclear other problems including human trafficking prostitution and polyandry men usually relatives sharing a wife are certain to get worse Ma Rong 2000 试论藏族的 一妻多夫 婚姻 PDF 民族学报 in Chinese 6 Archived PDF from the original on 31 July 2018 Retrieved 31 July 2018 a b Whittington Dee December 12 1976 Polyandry Practice Fascinates Prince The Palm Beach Post p 50 Retrieved October 14 2010 Sangree W H 1980 The persistence of polyandry in lrigwe Nigeria Journal of Comparative Family Studies 11 3 335 343 Goldman I 1970 Ancient Polynesian Society Chicago University of Chicago Press Thomas N 1987 Complementarity and History Misrecognizing Gender in the Pacific Oceania 57 4 261 270 doi 10 1002 j 1834 4461 1987 tb02221 x 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from the original on September 21 2021 Retrieved October 14 2010 1 Corinthians 7 Richard S Van Wagoner 1989 Mormon Polygamy A History Second ed Signature Books pp 41 49 242 ISBN 0941214796 Richard S Van Wagoner Fall 1985 Mormon Polyandry in Nauvoo PDF Dialogue A Journal of Mormon Thought Archived PDF from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2017 08 29 a b Rehman J 2007 The Sharia Islamic Family Laws and International Human Rights Law Examining the Theory and Practice of Polygamy and Talaq International Journal of Law Policy and the Family 21 1 114 doi 10 1093 lawfam ebl023 ISSN 1360 9939 Polyandry is not permitted so that Muslim women cannot have more than one husband at the same time Wing AK 2008 Twenty First Century Loving Nationality Gender and Religion in the Muslim World Fordham Law Review 76 6 2900 Muslim women can only marry one man no polyandry is allowed Ahmed Mufti M Mukarram 2005 Encyclopaedia of Islam Anmol Publications PVT LTD p 383 ISBN 978 81 261 2339 1 Retrieved October 14 2010 Further reading EditLevine Nancy The Dynamics of Polyandry Kinship domesticity and population on the Tibetan border Chicago University of Chicago Press 1988 ISBN 0 226 47569 7 ISBN 978 0 226 47569 1 Peter Prince of Greece A Study of Polyandry The Hague Mouton 1963 Beall Cynthia M Goldstein Melvyn C 1981 Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry A Test of Sociobiological Theory American Anthropologist 83 1 898 901 doi 10 1525 aa 1982 84 4 02a00170 Gielen U P 1993 Gender Roles in traditional Tibetan cultures In L L Adler Ed International handbook on gender roles pp 413 437 Westport CT Greenwood Press Goldstein M C 1971 Stratification Polyandry and Family Structure in Central Tibet Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 27 1 64 74 doi 10 1086 soutjanth 27 1 3629185 JSTOR 3629185 S2CID 146900571 Crook J amp Crook S 1994 Explaining Tibetan polyandry Socio cultural demographic and biological perspectives In J Crook amp H Osmaston Eds Himayalan Buddhist Villages pp 735 786 Bristol UK University of Bristol Goldstein M C 1971 Stratification Polyandry and Family Structure in Central Tibet Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 27 1 64 74 doi 10 1086 soutjanth 27 1 3629185 JSTOR 3629185 S2CID 146900571 Goldstein M C 1976 Fraternal Polyandry and Fertility in a High Himalayan Valley in Northwest Nepal Human Ecology 4 3 223 233 doi 10 1007 bf01534287 JSTOR 4602366 S2CID 153817518 Lode Thierry 2006 La Guerre des sexes chez les animaux Paris Eds O Jacob ISBN 2 7381 1901 8 Smith Eric Alden 1998 Is Tibetan polyandry adaptive PDF Human Nature 9 3 225 261 doi 10 1007 s12110 998 1004 3 PMID 26197483 S2CID 3022928 Trevithick Alan 1997 On a Panhuman Preference for Monandry Is Polyandry an Exception Journal of Comparative Family Studies 28 3 154 81 External links Edit Look up polyandry in Wiktionary the free dictionary Polyandry Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 22 11th ed 1911 Another example for polyandry in India Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Polyandry amp 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