Peruvian Air Force

The Peruvian Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea del Perú, FAP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with defending the nation and its interests through the use of air power. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations.

Peruvian Air Force
Fuerza Aérea del Perú
Badge of the Peruvian Air Force
Founded	28 January 1919; 105 years ago (1919-01-28)
Country	Peru
Type	Air force
Role	Aerial warfare
Part of	Peruvian Armed Forces
Nickname(s)	FAP
March	Himno de la Fuerza Aérea del Perú
Engagements	Colombia–Peru War Ecuadorian–Peruvian War Paquisha War Falklands War Cenepa War Internal conflict in Peru
Website	www.fap.mil.pe
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief	Dante Antonio Arévalo Abate
Chief of Staff	Julio Valdez Pomareda
Inspector General	Javier Ramírez Guillen
Insignia
Roundel
Fin flash
Aircraft flown
Attack	Su-25, A-37B
Fighter	MiG-29, Mirage 2000
Helicopter	Mil Mi-24, Mi-17
Patrol	C-26B
Reconnaissance	Learjet 36
Trainer	MB-339, EMB-312, Zlin 242L
Transport	An-32B, C-130 Hercules, Y-12, Boeing 737, DHC-6, PC-6

History

20th century

 

Peruvian Aeronautical Corps aircraft flying over a Peruvian ship during the 1941 war

On May 20, 1929, the aviation divisions of the Peruvian Army and Navy were merged into the Cuerpo de Aviación del Perú (Peruvian Aviation Corps, abbreviated CAP). During the Colombia-Peru War of 1933, its Vought O2U Corsair and Curtiss F11C Hawk planes fought in the Amazon region. The CAP lost three aircraft to the Colombian Air Force. The corps was renamed Cuerpo Aeronáutico del Perú (Peruvian Aeronautical Corps, also abbreviated CAP) on March 12, 1936.

Ecuadorian–Peruvian War

In 1941, the CAP participated in the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War. At that time, the CAP were equipped with Caproni Ca.114 and North American NA.50 Torito fighters, Douglas DB-8A-3P attack aircraft, and Caproni Ca.135 Tipo Peru and Caproni Ca.310 Libeccio bombers,^[1] among others.

The Peruvian Air Force had also established a paratroop unit during the war and used it to great effect by seizing the strategic Ecuadorian port city of Puerto Bolívar, on July 27, 1941, marking the first time in the Americas that airborne troops were used in combat.^[2]

Lieutenant José Quiñones Gonzales was a Peruvian pilot during the war. On July 23, 1941, his plane, a North American NA-50 fighter, was hit while performing a low-level attack on an Ecuadorian border post on the banks of the Zarumilla river. According to traditional Peruvian accounts, Quiñones, upon being hit by ground fire, crashed his damaged aircraft deliberately into the Ecuadorian anti-aircraft position, destroying it. He was promoted posthumously to captain, and is today considered a National Hero of Peru.^{[citation needed]}

Cold War

During the 1950s presidency of General Manuel A. Odría, the Peruvian Air Force was reorganized and on July 18, 1950, had its name changed to the Fuerza Aérea del Perú (Air Force of Peru, or FAP). Peru was an ally of the United States during this period, and was predominantly equipped with aircraft built in the US and Great Britain. By the end of General Odria's presidency, the FAP ushered in the Jet Age with the introduction of English Electric Canberra bombers and Hawker Hunter, Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star and North American F-86 Sabre fighters.

However, on October 3, 1968, a military junta led by pro-Soviet Peruvian Army General Juan Velasco Alvarado organized a swift and bloodless coup d'état against president Fernando Belaúnde Terry. Velasco aligned Peru more closely with the Soviet Bloc and relations with the United States deteriorated. The US declared an arms embargo in 1969, making it difficult to obtain spare parts for Peru's American weaponry. In the 1970s and 1980s, Peru turned to the Soviet Union for its military hardware. During this time, the FAP acquired several Soviet-made aircraft, including Sukhoi Su-22 fighters, Antonov An-26 and An-32 transport aircraft, as well as Mil Mi-8, Mi-17, Mi-25 and Mi-26 helicopters. Soviet advisors were also dispatched to Peru.

Velasco was overthrown by other military officers in 1975 and Belaúnde returned to power as a civilian president in 1980. The FAP purchased the French-made Mirage 5P and 5DP and the Mirage 2000 in 1984. Relations improved with the United States and the FAP obtained American aircraft like the Cessna A-37B Dragonfly attack aircraft, as well as Lockheed Corporation C-130 and L-100-20 Hercules transport aircraft.

Stagnation

 

Peruvian Air Force cadets during their graduation ceremony

The stagnation of the Peruvian economy during the late 1980s and early 1990s forced cost reductions and the downsizing of the fleet size. Budget cuts in training meant Peruvian pilots had a low number of annual flying hours (AFH) per pilot if compared to the 1970s. The number of annual flying hours is of course very important in estimating the individual skill and experience of the pilots of an air force: more annual flying hours suggests better trained pilots and general readiness. There are also a number of possible explanations for FAP's low AFH: concern over the aging of equipment, scarcity of spare parts – especially for the older aircraft – difficulties with worn airframes and the scarcity of fuel are all contributing factors. It is very likely however that some 'elite' pilots and regiments such as those based in Talara AFB and La Joya AFB received considerably more flying hours. Especially since those regiments until today are equipped with modern aircraft and tasked with homeland defence.

Cenepa War

The Peruvian Air Force participated in the 1995 Cenepa War against Ecuador's Air Force in the Amazon Basin. It provided aerial support to the Peruvian army, carrying out bombings with Mi-25 helicopters, Canberra bombers, A-37 and Su-22. Due to a lack of reliable roads, troops were transported by Mi-17 helicopters, L-100 Hercules, An-28 and An-32. During the course of the war, at least two helicopters were shot down.^[3]

Fujimori government

In 1997 and 1998 the FAP's outlook started to change for the better. In order to achieve Fujimori's militarily bold plans, it meant that FAP required a much-needed general overhaul and new purchases.^[4]

In 1997 the FAP acquired from Belarus 21 MiG-29 fighters and 18 Su-25 attack fighters. In 1998 an additional 3 MiG-29 fighters were bought from Russia, which, along with the 12 Mirage 2000 fighters purchased from France's Dassault Aviation in 1984, made a total of 54 fighters in Peru's inventory.

These purchases were expensive and a number of observers questioned their usefulness against more pressing security concerns at the time such as the fanatical Marxist guerillas, the Sendero Luminoso group (translated as Shining Path). On the other hand, the FAP still remembered the 1995 Cenepa War with Ecuador, and stationed its MiG-29s close to the border at Chiclayo AFB and Talara AFB.

21st Century

 

Various armed personnel of the Peruvian Air Force

Peru's Mirage 2000C/B and MiG-29S fighters form the backbone of its current multirole fighter fleet, alongside specialized Su-25 close air support jets. Its Mirage 2000Ps sit at La Joya AFB near the border with Bolivia and Chile; the 3 Andean countries have a minor 3-way maritime borders dispute, and residual tensions with historical foe Chile have been a long-running issue in Peru.

RAC MiG began the upgrade of FAP's MiG fleet to the MiG-29SMT external link standard in 2008. In 2009, Dassault began working with Peru on a comprehensive inspection of the Mirage fleet, coupled with some electronics modernization.

Since 2013 Peru is in talks with European suppliers as part of a long-term plan of replacing FAP's aging air force aircraft with second-hand Su-35s, Rafales or Eurofighters. Hitherto, FAP was exploring the possibility of buying as many as sixty Eurofighter Typhoon EF-2000 from Spain^[5] and sixty Sukhoi Su-35 from Russia.^[6] Cost was a major issue for Peruvian President Ollanta Humala, who was looking at competitively priced fighter jets that would fit the national budget. Peru is in hoping to buy 16 Eurofighters from Spain each for $61million. In 2014, Peru began to update the operations and mechanical equipment of its Cessna A-37 aircraft, replacing analog controls with new digital hardware.^[7] Peru has been evaluating multiple helicopters to modernize, replace previous utility helicopters and search and rescue operations with the Italian made, AW139. The purchase would consist of 12 helicopters for a total of $193million.

Following the unveiling of the KAI KF-21 Boramae in April 2021, The National Interest reported that Peru may be a potential customer for the 4.5 generation fighter.^[8]

Organization

 

Peruvian Cessna A-37 Dragonfly in 2015

Air Wing Nº 1

• Air Group Nº 6 – headquarters: Chiclayo
  • Air Squadron 612 ("Fighting Roosters" combat squadron operating MiG-29S | MiG-29SE | MiG-29SMP | MiG-29UBP)
• Air Group Nº 7 – headquarters: Piura
  • Air Squadron 711 ("Scorpions" combat squadron operating Cessna A-37 Dragonfly)
• Air Group Nº 11 – headquarters: Talara
  • Air Squadron 112 ("Tigers" combat squadron operating Su-25UB)

Air Wing Nº 2

• Air Group Nº 3 – headquarters: Callao
  • 315 Helicopter Squadron (operating MBB Bo 105)
  • Helicopter Squadron 332 (operating Bell 212, Agusta-Bell AB-412SP)
  • Helicopter Squadron 341 (operating Mi-8 MTV-1, Mi-17 H/1B | Mi-171Sh)
• Air Group Nº 8 – headquarters: Callao
  • Transport Squadron 841 (operating Boeing B-737-200 , Boeing 737-500)
  • Transport Squadron 842 (operating L-100-20 Hercules)
  • Transport Squadron 843 (operating An-32B)
  • Transport Squadron 844 (operating C-27J Spartan)
• Directorate of Air Surveillance and Recognition (DIVRA) & National Aerial Photography Service (SAN) – Headquarters: Lima
  • Air Squadron 330 (operating UAS FAP Mk1, Mk2, Mk3, Mk4, Drone FAP Mk5 and Mk6)
  • Air Squadron 331 (operating Learjet 35 equipped with metric aerial cameras Leica RC-30 and GPS Trimble R7 GNSS)
  • Air Squadron 334 (operating Fairchild C-26 Metroliner, Twin Commander 690B)
• EFOPI – Pilot Training School (former Air Group Nº 51) – Headquarters: Pisco

   

  Peruvian KAI KT-1P Woongbi

  • Air Squadron 510 (basic training operating Schweizer S-300C)
  • Air Squadron 511 (basic training operating Zlin Z-242)
  • Air Squadron 512 (basic training operating KAI KT-1P)
  • Air Squadron 513 (advanced training operating KAI KT-1P)

Air Wing Nº 3

• Grupo Aéreo Nº 2 – headquarters: Vítor (Arequipa)
  • Air Squadron 211 (Attack Helicopter Squadron "Dragons of the Air" operating Mi-25 D/DU and Mi-35 P)
• Grupo Aéreo Nº 4 – headquarters: La Joya (Arequipa)
  • Air Squadron 412 ("Hawks" combat squadron operating Mirage 2000 P/DP)
• Command School FAP – headquarters: La Joya (Arequipa)
• Puerto Maldonado Air Base
• Tacna Air Detachment

Air Wing Nº 4

• Air Group Nº 42 – headquarters: Iquitos
  • Air Squadron 421 (operating DHC-6 and Y-12)
  • Air Squadron 422 (operating PC-6)
• Santa Clara Air Base – headquarters: Iquitos

Personnel

 

SA-3 Pechora SAM on display at Las Palmas Airbase – 2006

Personnel (as of 2001)^[9]
Commissioned Officers	1,909
Non-commissioned officers	7,559
Cadets	325
NCO in training	296
Enlisted	7,880
Civilians	8,708
Total	17,969 (excl. civilians)

Ranks

Main article: Military ranks of Peru

Commissioned officers

Rank group	General / flag officers										Senior officers						Junior officers								Officer cadet
Peruvian Air Force^[10] v t e
			General del aire		Teniente general		Mayor general				Coronel		Comandante		Mayor		Capitán		Teniente			Alférez			Cadete F.A.P.

NCOs and enlisted

Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted
Peruvian Air Force^[10] v t e
	Suboficial primero			Suboficial segundo			Suboficial tercero		Sargento primero		Sargento segundo																Cabo								Avionero

Equipment

Aircraft

 

An Air Force MiG-29 at Halcon-Condor 2010 festival

 

A Boeing 737 sits on the tarmac at Jorge Chávez International Airport

 

A Mi-35 in flight

 

An Aermacchi MB-339 on the taxi way

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Variant	In service	Notes
Combat aircraft
MiG-29	Russia	multirole		9^[11]	2 provide conversion training
Sukhoi Su-25	Russia	attack		18^[11]	2 provide conversion training
Cessna A-37	United States	attack		24^[11]
Dassault Mirage 2000	France	multirole	2000P	12^[11]	2 2000DP’s provide conversion training
Tanker
KC-130 Hercules	United States	aerial refueling / transport	KC-130H	2^[12]
Reconnaissance
C-26 Metroliner	United States	surveillance / COMINT		3^[11]	donated by the U.S. for anti-drug operations^[13]
Learjet 35	United States	photomapping	U-36	1^[11]
Transport
Boeing 737	United States	VIP		1^[11]
Piper PA-34	United States	utility		2^[11]
C-27J Spartan	Italy	transport		4^[11]
Antonov An-32	Ukraine	transport		3^[11]
DHC-6 Twin Otter	Canada	utility transport		14^[11]	STOL capable aircraft
Lockheed L-100	United States	transport		3^[11]
Harbin Y-12	China	utility transport		2
Pilatus PC-6	Switzerland	utility / transport		1^[11]	STOL capable aircraft
Helicopters
Bell 412	United States	utility		3^[11]
Mil Mi-17	Russia	utility	Mi-17/171	11^[11]	8 on order^[14]
Mil Mi-24	Russia	attack	Mi-24/35	16^[11]
MBB Bo 105	Germany	utility		2^[11]
SH-3 Sea King	Spain	Airborne early warning	SH-3H		6 on order^[15]
Trainer aircraft
Zlín Z 42	Czech Republic	trainer	Z 242	3^[11]
CH2000	United States	trainer		6	11 on order^[11]
Piper PA-44	United States	multi-engine trainer		1^[11]
Sikorsky S-300	United States	rotorcraft trainer		4^[11]
Enstrom 280	United States	rotorcraft trainer		2	2 on order^[11]
KT-1 Woongbi	Republic of Korea	primary trainer	KT-1P	20^[11]
Aermacchi MB-339	Italy	jet trainer		5^[11]
UAV
UAV FAP	Peru	Reconnaissance		5

Infantry weapons

 

The M4 carbine

Name	Origin	Type	Variant	Notes
Small arms
Vektor SP1^[16]	South Africa	semi-auto pistol
AKM^[16]	Soviet Union	assault rifle
M4 carbine^[16]	United States	assault rifle	M4A1
IMI Galil^[16]	Israel	assault rifle
Milkor BXP^[16]	South Africa	submachine gun
Uzi^[16]	Israel	submachine gun
Air defense
9K38 Igla^[16]	Russia	MANPADS
Javelin^[17]	United Kingdom	MANPADS
Armor
BTR-60^[16]	Soviet Union	Armoured personnel carrier		amphibious capable vehicle
BRDM-2^[16]	Soviet Union	Armoured personnel carrier	Malyutka	amphibious capable vehicle

See also

• Cenepa War
• Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
• Falso Paquisha War
• José Quiñones Gonzales

Notes

1. Acig.org: The Most Powerful Air Force in Latin America
2. The paratroopers were dropped from Italian Caproni Ca.111 bomber-transports. Skydiving in Peru by General Alberto Thorndike Elmore
3. Long, William R. (February 8, 1995). "Peru, Ecuador Battle on Small but Deadly Scale : Latin America: As peace talks hit snag, platoon-size units continue war in Amazon rain forest". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
4. Diario La Republica http://www.ecuadorinmediato.com/Noticias/news_user_view/investigacion_peruana_corrupcion_impidio_bombardear_ecuador_2da_parte--11212
5. Missing2013-02-04t13:00:00+00:00, Name. "Spain offers Eurofighters to Peru". Flight Global. Retrieved June 30, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
6. "Peru mulls replacing aged air force jets". UPI. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
7. "Peruvian Air Force Upgrades Fifth A-37B Aircraft". Dialogo Americas. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
8. Roblin, Sebastien (April 13, 2021). "Korea's New KF-21 Jet Isn't A Stealth Fighter—But Could Evolve Into One". The National Interest. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
9. . Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007., based on Supreme Decree DS No. 69 DE/SG of 2001.
10. "Grados Militares". ccffaa.mil.pe (in Spanish). Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
11. "World Air Forces 2022". Flightglobal Insight. 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
12. "Peru receives two former Spanish KC-130H tankers". February 15, 2021.
13. Administrator. "Demora en la entrega de dos aviones C-26 modificados para la Fuerza Aérea del Perú". Retrieved December 24, 2014.
14. "Peruvian Air Force (2021)".
15. "Peruvian Air Force (2021)".
16. Montes, Julio A. (August 2011). "Peruvian Small Arms: Gunning for the Shining Path" (PDF). Small Arms Defense Journal: 25–29.
17. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2021). "The Military Balance 2021". The Military Balance.

Sources

• Cobas, Efraín, Las Fuerzas Armadas Peruanas en el Siglo XXI. CESLA, 2003.
• Marchessini, Alejo, "La Fuerza Aérea del Perú"; Defensa 295: 30–42 (November 2002).
• Marchessini, Alejo, "La aviación de combate de origen ruso de la FAP"; Defensa 342: 34–36 (October 2006).
• Marchessini, Alejo, "El Servicio de Material de Guerra de la FAP"; Defensa 355: 48–50 (November 2007).

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peruvian Air Force.

• Official Air Force of Peru Website
• Peruvian military aircraft Order of Battle
• at Scramble