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Embraer EMB 312 Tucano

January 01, 1970

The Embraer EMB 312 Tucano (English: Toucan) is a low-wing, tandem-seat, single-turboprop, basic trainer and counter-insurgency aircraft that was developed in Brazil. The Brazilian Air Force sponsored the EMB-312 project at the end of 1978. Design and development work began in 1979 on a low-cost, relatively simple, new basic trainer with innovative features which eventually became the international standard for basic training aircraft.[3] The prototype first flew in 1980, and initial production units were delivered in 1983.[3]

EMB 312 Tucano
A Peruvian AT-27
Role Trainer and light attack Aircraft
National origin Brazil
Manufacturer Embraer
First flight 16 August 1980
Introduction September 1983
Status In Service
Primary users Brazilian Air Force
Egyptian Air Force
Argentine Air Force
Produced 1980–1996[1]
Number built 624[2]
Variants Short Tucano
Developed into Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano

Production was initially supported by a local order for 118 aircraft, with options for an additional 50 units in October 1980. It was later matched by an Egyptian licence-produced purchase in 1993 and subsequently by a variant known as the Short Tucano, which was licence-produced in the United Kingdom.[4] The Tucano made inroads into the military trainer arena and became one of Embraer's first international marketing successes. A total of 664 units were produced (504 by Embraer and 160 by Short Brothers), flying in 16 air forces over five continents.[1]

Development edit

Background edit

The Brazilian military government considered aircraft strategic equipment, and in an effort to reduce dependency from foreign companies, the state-owned Embraer was established in 1969.[5] A production license to assemble the MB.326 was acquired in 1970 to familiarize the company with military design,[4] and in 1973, the Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante was introduced with two Pratt & Whitney PT6A engines.[6]

After all-jet training program trials during the 1950s, a variety of propeller-driven aircraft were used for pilot training during the 1960s and 1970s.[7] In the 1970s, oil prices rapidly increased with the price of a crude oil barrel having risen from $3 in 1973 to $36 by 1980,[8] deflating the Brazilian economy. At that time, the Brazilian Air Force operated the J69-powerered Cessna T-37C,[9] which was a 1950s design and following the 1970s energy crisis, became expensive to operate.[10] In 1977, the Brazilian Air Force expressed a desire to replace the T-37,[11] specifying that the replacement would need to be cheap to operate, designed to closely imitate the characteristics of jet aircraft[12] and should have ejection seats.[11]

During the 1970s the Brazilian Air Force operated over 100 piston-powered Neiva Universal basic trainers.[13] Encouraged to undertake a follow-on project known as "Universal II", Indústria Aeronáutica Neiva rolled out the prototype N621A (YT-25A) in 1975 with an extended body, four hard points,[14] and the more powerful 400 hp Lycoming IO-720-A1A engine which drove a three-bladed Hartzell propeller.[15] The YT-25B prototype, a further modified version with six hard points,[16] flew on 22 October 1978,[14] but it did not meet requirements since the type was slower and smaller, and had side-by-side seats and a rear jump seat.[17] Two years later, the company was acquired by Embraer.[18] In 1973, designer Joseph Kovács moved from Neiva to Embraer,[19] bringing with him a number of studies based on the Neiva Universal, including a development of the tandem-seat, turboprop Carajá.[20]

Responding to requirements edit

In early 1977, Embraer forwarded two proposals for the Brazilian Air Force trainer requirement: the Lycoming TIO-541-powered EMB-301 basic trainer based on the Neiva Universal and the PT6A-powered[21] EMB-311 counter-insurgency aircraft based on the Carajá.[20] None of the proposals was acceptable to the Air Force, but interest was expressed in the higher-performance EMB-311.[22] Later on that same year, the Ministry of Aeronautics (Ministério da Aeronáutica) released a new requirement.[22] Therefore, in January 1978, Embraer's design team, which was led by Guido Fontegalante Pessotti and included Joseph Kovacs, commenced to redesign the EMB-311 to produce the EMB-312.[23]

On 6 December 1978, Embraer was officially awarded a contract to produce two prototypes and two airframes for fatigue tests.[24] The specifications were concluded in February 1979,[25] and the main differences from the EMB-311 were the more powerful PT6A-25C engine, raised rear cockpit, and the addition of ejection seats.[20] Eventually, the original specifications underwent a major modification, including a smaller fuselage with an upright cruciform tail instead of a swept-back tail; a more domed canopy; extended elevators; greater distance between the nosewheel and back wheel; reduction of the wing root; and an increased wingspan, tailplane, and landing gear.[20] By late 1979, a full-scale mock-up was built with a cockpit for the evaluation of flight instruments, and a subscale, radio-controlled research model was designed to evaluate the free-flight characteristics before building a full-scale prototype.[20]

Within 21 months of the contract having been signed, the first prototype took flight on 16 August 1980, bearing the FAB serial 1300.[26] The second prototype flew for the first time on 10 December 1980,[27] implementing system accessibility enhancements to trim down maintenance overheads.[28] Weapons captive flight trials resulted in the addition of a fin fillet to improve lateral stability.[29] In August 1982, the second prototype was lost during clearance trials, in which full rudder was applied when the type exceeded the maximum designed diving speed (Vd) of 539 kilometres per hour (291 kn; 335 mph) by 64.7 kilometres per hour (34.9 kn; 40.2 mph), causing the leading edge skin to tear apart, followed by a −30g dive, resulting in a complete disintegration of the airframe. Both the pilot and co-pilot were able to safely eject.[11][30] The tailplane leading edge of the first prototype was modified,[30] and requirements were cleared in 1983, after which it achieved a maximum diving speed of 607.5 kilometres per hour (328.0 kn; 377.5 mph).[31]

A third prototype YT-27, further modified from the previous two prototypes, received the civilian registration mark PP-ZDK, and flew on 16 August 1982.[32] The following month, the prototype made its international debut at the Farnborough Airshow, crossing the Atlantic just a few days after its maiden flight. The type was designated by the Brazilian Air Force as the T-27 for training purposes and the AT-27 for ground attack in counter-insurgency missions.[33] Inspired by one of the most well-known birds in the Amazon rainforest, a Brazilian Air Force cadet suggested the aircraft be named the "Tucano" (English: toucan), and this was approved on 23 October 1981.[33]

Further development edit

 
A Short Tucano development aircraft on public display, June 1991

EMB-312S edit

Main article: Short Tucano

An agreement was signed in May 1984 between Embraer and Short Brothers to modify the EMB 312 to meet a Royal Air Force requirement for a high-performance, turbo-prop trainer to replace the BAC Jet Provost issued in 1983.[34] Short Brothers was responsible for the final assembly and licence-built 60% of the aircraft parts, although the wings, landing gear, and canopy were built in Brazil.[35]

In March 1985, after a competition with other types, the Short Tucano was declared the winner, with an order worth £126 million for 130 aircraft and an option for a further 15.[34] As well as production for the Royal Air Force, the Short Tucano was exported to Kenya (12 Tucano Mk.51s) and Kuwait (16 Tucano Mk.52s).[24]

EMB-312H edit

 
The stretched EMB-312H (s/n 161) had a more powerful engine and was dubbed the "Super Tucano".

During the mid-1980s, as Embraer was working on the Short Tucano, the company also developed a new version designated the EMB-312G1. Also using a Garrett engine, the EMB-312G1 prototype flew for the first time in July 1986.[1] However, the Brazilian Air Force showed no interest, and the project was dropped.[1] Nonetheless, the lessons from recent combat use of the aircraft in Peru and Venezuela led Embraer to continue the studies. It also researched a helicopter attack version designated as the "helicopter killer" or EMB-312H.[1] The study was stimulated by the unsuccessful bid for the Joint Primary Aircraft Training System program, in which Embraer teamed with Northrop Grumman. In 1991, one existing demo EMB-312 aircraft was modified as proof-of-concept prototype. The aircraft featured a 1.37-m (4.49-ft) fuselage extension with the addition of sections fore and aft of the cockpit to restore its centre of gravity and stability, a strengthened airframe, cockpit pressurization, and stretched nose to house the more powerful PT6A-67R (1.424 Shp) engine.[36] The PT-ZTW, s/n 161, flew in September 1991.[1] Two new prototypes EMB-312H with the PT6A-68A (1.250 Shp) engine were built in 1993. The second prototype PT-ZTV, s/n 454 (later PP-ZTV) flew for the first time in May 1993. It featured a reinforced wing skin developed for the model F, an improved glass cockpit, full pressurization system, electrical swing back canopy opening and zero-zero ejections seats. The third prototype PT(PP)-ZTF, s/n 455, flew in October 1993, as a twin of the s/n 454.[36] The EMB-312H's design later served as a starting point for the EMB-314 Super Tucano, dubbed the ALX, and adopted by the Brazilian Air Force as the A-29.[36]

Design edit

 
The EMB-312F's frameless canopy features an integral centre windshield to provide rear seat slipstream protection during an emergency.

Many features of the EMB-312 became standard in later basic-training aircraft designs.[37] It was the first turboprop trainer developed from the beginning with military jet capability. A Martin-Baker Mk8L was fitted. It was Embraer's first aircraft with tandem seats designed with a raised rear seat optimized for an uninterrupted view from the rear cockpit[11] and a frameless bubble canopy for unobstructed visibility.[38] Major aircraft features include an automatic torque control system and the jet-like, single-lever throttle which combined both engine power and propeller pitch, assuring smooth and rapid acceleration and deceleration.[37]

The aircraft is fitted with a retractable tricycle undercarriage with steerable nosewheels,[37] allowing a fairly large[clarification needed] crab angle during cross-wind landing.[39] The reverse pitch control with which the aircraft is fitted allows the constant-speed mechanism to be manually overridden to reverse the blade pitch angle, thus providing excellent ground-handling characteristics, helping to slow down the plane to shorten the landing run.[40] This control also allows the aircraft to back up on its own during taxiing.[41]

High manoeuvrability, stability at low speeds, and four underwing pylons providing for up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) of ordnance, allow the training aircraft to engage in tactical bombing campaigns in low-intensity conflict or counterinsurgency environments and in counternarcotics interceptions.[42] The type can carry up to 694 litres (183 US gal) of fuel internally;[43] additionally, two fuel tanks of 660 litres (170 US gal) can be fitted to underwing weapon stations for extended endurance,[9] enabling up to nine flight hours.[44]

Operational history edit

Angola edit

The National Air Force of Angola (Força Aérea Nacional Angolana, FANA) received eight new AT-27s in 1998.[45] Six more AT-27s were purchased four years later from the Peruvian Air Force.[45] The AT-27s were assigned to carry out air strikes and surveillance missions during the Angolan Civil War.[46][47] Two further stored EMB-312 demonstrators (s/n 055 and s/n149) were delivered[48] to cover aircraft losses during the war.[45]

Argentina edit

In June 1987, the Argentine Air Force received the first batch of 15 aircraft from a total of 30 aircraft on order,[48] and the type was assigned to replace the Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris.[49] Based at the Military Aviation School in Cordoba, the Tucanos were used as trainer aircraft for the Joint Basic Course of Military Aviation program, producing pilots for the Argentine Air Force, Navy, and Army.[33] In the first 25 years of its service with the Argentine Air Force, the aircraft accumulated 104,000 flight hours and trained over 800 pilots.[50] FAdeA is developing the IA-73, a primary trainer to replace EMB-312 Tucano.[51] The type aircraft will be relocated to the northern Argentina, where they will be armed and used for air interdiction and surveillance role.[52]

Brazil edit

 
Brazilian Air Force T-27

A total of 118 T-27s were purchased by the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) with an option for a further 50 aircraft.[53] On 29 September 1983, the first units were delivered as an aerobatic demonstration aircraft for the FAB Demonstration Squadron, the "Smoke Squadron" (Esquadrilha da Fumaça), and the first demonstration took place in December the same year.[54] In 1990, the FAB confirmed an order of 10 units from the 50 options held from the original Tucano contract in 1980.[55] Eventually, the FAB received the remaining 40 aircraft, raising the total number of delivered units to 168.[56]

As part of the FAB's four-year pilot-training program at the Academia da Força Aérea (AFA), the EMB-312 is flown on the last year as an advanced training vector.[57] After flying 75 hours on the Neiva Universal basic training aircraft, the student pilots progress to fly 125 hours of advanced training on the Tucano, in which cadets learn to dominate the airplane with acrobatics, precision manoeuvring, instrumental flight, and fly-pasts.[57] Brazilian Naval Aviation cadets are required to fly 100 hours on the Tucano at the AFA during the first stage of the three-year training program.[58] According to a Brazilian Air Force brigadier, the AFA Tucanos are forecast to be withdrawn in 2022.[59]

During Operation Traira in February 1991, six Tucanos were used for close air support against a group of 40 rebels from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), which had seized a Brazilian military detachment.[60] AT–27s were extensively used in the Amazon for border patrols and interception of illicit flights, jointly operating with SIVAM (Amazon Surveillance System).[61]

Colombia edit

 
Colombian Tucano

Fourteen AT-27s were ordered in 1992, and delivery of the first six units took place in December of the same year, followed by seven more units arriving later that same month.[62] Assigned to the Combat 212 Squadron,[63] the aircraft were initially conceived as trainers, although the type was soon additionally assigned to perform close air support and air superiority missions as part of counter-insurgency operations during the long-standing and brutal fight with the FARC.[63] The type performed dozens of operations including Vuelo de Angel, Thanatos, Fenix and Júpiter.[63] Over 50,000 flight hours have been completed since the type's introduction without a single loss.[64]

In 1998, with Peruvian Air Force assistance, night vision goggles were integrated into the aircraft to perform night missions.[62] The war scenario led the Air Force to push the type beyond its designed horizon to overcome its operational limits and role-playing as a real battlefield maturing test platform, providing valuable lessons which unfolded into new requirements that were implemented in the Super Tucano design.[64]

In 2011, Embraer began a three-year program to locally uprate 14 EMB-312s.[65] A part of the Strategic Development Plan (Plan Estratégico Institucional, or PEI) 2011–2030[66] designed to extend the type's lifespan by 15 years,[65] the structural retrofit program involves fitting the airframe with new wings and landing gear.[67] Fresh avionics will be installed with the up-to-date Rockwell Collins Inertial Navigation System and ACARS),[67] while Cobham will supply modern multi-function displays, flight management systems and the engine-indicating and crew-alerting system.[68] The first prototype will be designed and produced by Embraer in Brazil, while remaining work will be completed at the Corporation of the Colombian Aeronautic Industry SA (Corporación de la Industria Aeronáutica Colombiana S.A.)[67]

Egypt edit

In December 1983, a US$181 million contract was signed for 10 complete aircraft plus a further 110 aircraft in kit form.[42] The joint Egyptian/Iraqi purchase involved an extensive technology transfer program which included the manufacturing of some aircraft parts and final assembly at Heliopolis Air Works in Helwan,[4] becoming Embraer's first experience in assembling aircraft abroad.[42] Eighty of the 110 units built in Egypt were delivered to Iraq. The first aircraft arrived in late 1984 and the first unit assembled in Egypt was delivered in 1985. An additional order for 14 aircraft was made in 1989, bringing the total to 54 Tucanos. The EMB312 Tucano trainers were flown with 6 squadron, 25 squadron and 35 squadron. No. 6 Squadron retired their Tucanos and transformed to the E-June UAV at Kom Awshim. In 2023 the Tucanos still operate from Inshas (25 Sqn), Ismaïla (25 Sqn) and Hurghada (35 Sqn) for pilot training at the AT-802 Air Tractor.[36][69]

France edit

 
French Air Force EMB-312 Tucano

Following a world trend towards the replacement of jet trainers with lower-cost, turboprop trainers, in July 1990 the French Air Force initially ordered 80 slightly modified variants, designated as the EMB-312F.[70] The two-year-long negotiation deal was an offset for 36 AS365s and 16 AS350s bought by the Brazilian Army and 30 AS355 Ecureuils for the Brazilian Navy.[71] Two preproduction aircraft were built for a year-long evaluation process at the General Directorate for Armament, the first preproduction EMB-312F flew in April 1993.[70] The model had a ventral airbrake and a French COMM system. The total number of aircraft ordered was reduced to 50, with commissioning of the first production model taking place in 1995.[70] The aircraft were based in Salon-de-Provence, replacing the Fouga Magister which had provided training for Air Force students for nearly 40 years.[72] Following the type's introduction, the Air Force training scheme began with the Epsilon, continued on the Tucano and culminated with the Alpha Jet for lead-in fighter training.[71] After 15 years in service, the French Tucano fleet was withdrawn on 22 July 2009,[73] despite the fact that most aircraft had only reached half of their potential operational life.[74]

Honduras edit

 
Honduran AT-27 at Hector C. Moncada Air Base

Honduras, the Tucano's first foreign customer, purchased the type to replace the North American T-28 Trojan. Twelve EMB-312s were received between 1982 and 1983.[75] The aircraft are used for both advanced training and patrolling Honduran airspace for illegal flights.[76]

On 14 April 2003, the type was used to shoot down an Aero Commander 500 with 7.62 mm (0.30 in) machine gun pods. The two Colombian occupants died during the crash, while 942 kilograms (2,077 lb) of cocaine were collected from the wreckage.[77] In August 2010, a Piper Seneca aircraft coming from Colombia was tracked down by an AT-27. Five criminals were arrested and 550 kilograms (1,210 lb) of cocaine were seized.[78] Three months later, a Tucano was used to intercept an aircraft with 550 kilograms (1,210 lb) of cocaine.[79]

In February 2012, the military of Honduras and Embraer began a study of the aging AT-27 cells for a possible reconditioning program.[80] Later on that month, the Honduras defence minister disclosed that the reconditioning of six aircraft would cost US$10 million.[81] In May of the same year, a Tucano intercepted an aircraft from which 400 kilograms (880 lb) of cocaine were seized.[82] In the following month, a Honduran Tucano shot down a drug-smuggling, twin-engined prop Cessna over the Bay Islands, killing the two occupants, including an undercover DEA agent.[83] Honduran law does not permit shooting down illegal flights,[84] so the event led to the dismissal of the Honduran general who ordered the attack.[83]

Iran edit

 
Iranian Revolutionary Guard Air Force Embraer EMB-312 Tucano at the 2014 Kish Air Show

Iran received 25 aircraft between 1989 and 1991.[85] Between 2000 and 2001, the IRGC used Tucanos against Taliban positions and in drug-busting operations in the eastern Iranian borders.[86][87]

Iraq edit

Iraq bought 80 aircraft produced under license by Helwan,[75] with deliveries being completed in 1987.[53] Following the end of the Gulf and Iraq wars, Iraq had no EMB-312 in its inventory.[88]

Mauritania edit

 
Mauritanian EMB-312F

In 2011, the Islamic Air Force of Mauritania received pilot training from the French Air Force and four ex-French EMB-312Fs, which still had two-thirds of their structural life,[74] were delivered.[89] The aircraft underwent a complete overhaul before being delivered, receiving wing hard points for gun pods and new radios.[74] The type is based at Atar in the northwest of the country, where they are used in attack missions against Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) guerrillas.[74] In March 2012, Mauritanian EMB-312Fs intruded into Mali air space while attacking AQIM terrorist targets inside Mali; the two countries are cooperating in military action against these terrorists.[90]

Paraguay edit

 
Paraguayan AT-27

Paraguay received six aircraft in 1987.[91] Six more were purchased in the late 1990s, but the deal fell through, and these machines ended up being the second batch sold to Angola.[49] On 29 December 2010, three used ex-Brazilian aircraft were exchanged for four EMB-326GB (Xavante) trainer aircraft and one Boeing-707 transport aircraft.[92][93] In 2011, the Paraguayan Tucanos with assistance from the Brazilian Air Force, went through a complete engine overhaul.[94]

The 3o Escuadrón de caza "Moros" in Asunción operates the Tucanos in counter-insurgency missions, forming the squads "Gamma" and "Omega" since 1996.[95] In April 2011, Paraguayan Tucano fitted with 20 mm autocannon gun pods and ferry tanks were deployed at Mariscal Estigarribia Air Base to monitor illicit flights entering Paraguayan airspace from Bolivia.[96]

Peru edit

In 1986, Peru ordered 20 Tucanos to replace the Cessna T-37 Tweet. Deliveries to the Peruvian Air Force commenced in April 1987 at the rate of two units per month; the last delivery took place in November 1987.[97] In 1991, an additional 10 Tucanos were purchased for antidrug operations, reaching a total of 30 aircraft, although six of them were resold to Angola in 2002.[98] The first EMB-312s took part in the Escuadrón de Instrucción básica No. 512 from the Air Academy as part of the Grupo de Entrenamiento 51 based at Las Palmas – Lima.[99] Another squadron of EMB-312s was assigned to Escuadrón Aéreo Táctico No. 514.[99] The first aircraft were painted in orange and white for trainers and gradually replaced by jungle camouflage, while a few were painted dark gray for night missions. Most of these aircraft were adorned with an aggressive shark's mouth.[99] The aircraft cockpit was later modified to suit night-vision goggles and forward-looking infrared sensors for night operations.[100] Since 1991, the FAP Tucanos were actively involved in ground attack operations over the Cenepa River on drug-busting operations, shooting down over 65 planes and performing attacks on several illicit ships.[99][101] Between 1992 and 2001, the Air Bridge Denial Program provided intelligence for the Air Force in counter-drug operations; during the program, at least nine civilian aircraft were shot down by AT-27s.[102] During the Cenepa War, loaded with four Mk.82 bombs and equipped with night-vision goggles, a fleet of Tucanos carried out a night bomber raid targeting Ecuadorian forces over the Cordillera del Cóndor at dawn on 5 February 1995.[103]

The aircraft were part of the 2002 Quiñones Plan, which was implemented in 2007 and aimed at putting unserviceable equipment back into service.[104] In March 2012, the Peruvian Air Force was considering an option to modernize 20 EMB-312s in a program jointly conducted by the Brazilian Air Force and Embraer under a wide-ranging defence agreement signed with the Brazilian defence ministry.[105]

Venezuela edit

 
Venezuelan Air Force AT-27

On 14 July 1986, the Venezuelan Air Force received the first four Embraer EMB-312 Tucano AT/T-27s from an order of 30 aircraft that was worth US$50 million.[106] A year later, the remaining aircraft were delivered, divided into two variants: 18 T-27s for training purposes and 12 AT-27s for tactical support.[107] The Tucanos were assigned to Grupo 14 at the Escuadrón de Entrenamiento No. 142 "Escorpiones" based in Maracay, to the Grupo 13 at the Escuadrón de Operaciones Especiales No. 131 "Zorros" based in Barcelona, and Grupo de Operaciones Especiales No. 15 at the Escuadrón No.152 "Avispones" based in Maracaibo.[108] The AT-27s, along with the OV-10 Broncos, were actively involved in many antiguerrilla, antinarcotic, and antikidnapping campaigns close to the Colombian borders.[108]

On 27 November 1992, the aircraft were used by mutineering officers who staged a coup d'état against President Carlos Andrés Pérez. The rebels dropped bombs and launched rockets against police and government buildings in Caracas.[107] One EMB-312 and two OV-10 Broncos were shot down during the uprising by F-16s flown by loyalist pilots.[107] A lot of 12 is scheduled to be refurbished in Venezuela as of 2013.[109]

Variants edit

EMB-312A edit

The standard production model with fatigue life of 8,000 hours:[26]

  • Tucano YT-27
    Pre-series prototypes
  • Tucano T-27
    Two-seat basic-training variant
  • Tucano AT-27
    Two-seat light-attack variant

EMB-312F edit

An uprated version built for the French Air Force, the EMB-312F is equipped with Telecommunications Electronique Aeronautique et Maritime (TEAM SA, part of Cobham plc) avionics,[110] Thomson-CSF (now Thales Group) navigation aids,[71] increased fatigue life, propeller and canopy de-icing system and a ventral airbrake.[111] The first EMB-312F flew on 7 April 1993.[citation needed]

 
Tucano Mk.51 (ZH209) on display at Farnborough Airshow in September 1990.

EMB-312S edit

Also known as the Short Tucano, the EMB-312S is an uprated, licence-produced trainer version built at Short Brothers of Belfast in Northern Ireland for the Royal Air Force and licensed for export.[26] The type features a more powerful Honeywell 820 kW (1,100 shp) Garrett TPE331-12B engine with four-blade, variable-pitch propeller,[26] custom avionics, structural strengthening expanding fatigue life to 12,000hr,[112] two-piece canopy for better bird strike proofing, pressurized cabin, a ventral airbrake, aerodynamic changes to the wing, better wheel brakes, and an optional armament capability.[113]

  • Tucano T.1
    Original version of the Short Tucano used by the RAF.
  • Tucano Mk.51
    Export variant for Kenya Air Force.
  • Tucano Mk.52
    Export variant for Kuwait Air Force.

EMB-312G1 edit

A prototype built in 1986 with Garrett engine[1]

EMB-312H edit

A Northrop/Embraer developed prototype for USAF (JPATS) competition for an advanced trainer, from which derived the EMB-314 Super Tucano (ALX) now in production for FAB.[114]

Operators edit

 
Map with EMB 312 operators in blue, Short Tucano operators in light blue and former operators in red
 
A Brazilian Air Force Academy Tucano received a special painting to celebrate 30 years of service within the Brazilian Air Force.
  Angola
  Argentina
  Brazil
  • Brazilian Air Force – 102 EMB-312[115]
    • Smoke Squadron (EDA)
    • Brazilian Air Force Academy (Academia da Força Aérea) (AFA)
    • First Squadron of the Fourteenth Aviation Group (1º/14º GAv) Esquadrão "Pampa" at Canoas
    • Second Squadron of the Fourteenth Aviation Group (2º/14º GAv) at Canoas
    • First Squadron of the First Aviation Group (1°/1° GAv) Esquadrão "Jambock" at Santa Cruz
    • Second Squadron of the First Aviation Group (2°/1° GAv) Esquadrão "Pif-Faf" at Santa Cruz
    • Third Squadron of the Third Aviation Group (3º/3º GAV) Esquadrão "Flecha" at Campo Grande
    • Seventh Regional Air Command HQ Flight at Boa Vista
    • Seventh Regional Air Command HQ Flight at Porto Velho
    • Fifth Regional Air Command HQ Flight at Natal
  Central African Republic
  Colombia
  Egypt
  • Egyptian Air Force – 54 EMB-312[115]
    • 102 Tactical Air Wing at Ismailia/Hurghada
      • 6 Squadron (Bilbeis, wfu) --> E-June UAV (Kom Awshim)
      • 25 Squadron (Inshas and Ismaila)
      • 35 Squadron (Hurghada)
  Honduras
  Iran
  Kenya
  Mauritania
  Mozambique
  Paraguay
  Peru
  Venezuela

Former operators edit

  France
  Kuwait
  Iraq
  United Kingdom

Aircraft on display edit

 
French AF, EMB-312F MSN 312499, at the Musée Européen de l'Aviation de Chasse d'Ancône (France)

The Embraer EMB 312F MSN 312496,[118] a former aircraft of the Armée de l'Air is on display in Musée de l'air et de l'espace from 2014[119] in a typical French livery.

The Embraer EMB 312F MSN 312499, is on display at the Musée Européen de l'Aviation de Chasse d'Ancône.

Short/Embraer EMB 312S prototype MSN 312007 G-BTUC (ex PP-ZTC) is on display at Ulster Aviation Collection, Long Kesh airfield near Belfast



Specifications (standard EMB 312) edit

 
Brazilian Air Force EMB-312 Cockpit

Data from Air International, Vol. 26, Issue 6,[120] and armament data from Air International, Vol. 24, Issue 1.[121]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 9.86 m (32 ft 4 in)
  • Wingspan: 11.14 m (36 ft 7 in)
  • Height: 3.4 m (11 ft 2 in)
  • Wing area: 19.4 m2 (209 sq ft)
  • Airfoil: root: NACA 63A415; tip: NACA 63A212[122]
  • Empty weight: 1,810 kg (3,990 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 3,175 kg (7,000 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 694 litres (183 US gal; 153 imp gal)[43]
  • Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-25C turboprop engine, 552 kW (740 hp) [123]
  • Propellers: 4-bladed constant-speed propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 458 km/h (285 mph, 247 kn) at 4,115 metres (13,501 ft)
  • Cruise speed: 441 km/h (274 mph, 238 kn)
  • Stall speed: 124 km/h (77 mph, 67 kn)
  • Never exceed speed: 539 km/h (335 mph, 291 kn)
  • Range: 1,916 km (1,191 mi, 1,035 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 8,750 m (28,710 ft)
  • g limits: +6 /-3
  • Wing loading: 164 kg/m2 (34 lb/sq ft)

Armament

  • Guns: ** Gun pods:
      • AN/M-B machine gun
      • 12,7 mm machine gun
      • 7,62 mm machine gun (500 rounds)
    • Rocket Machine Gun pod:
      • RMP LC with a 12.7mm M3P and (4x) 70 mm[124]
  • Hardpoints: 4 under-wing pylons with a capacity of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb)
  • Rockets: ** 127 mm HVAR ground rockets
    • Rocket pods:
      • SBAT (7x) 37 mm
      • SBAT (7x) 70 mm
  • Bombs: ** General-purpose bomb:
  • Others:
    • Ferry tanks: 2x 660 litres (170 US gal)[9] or 330 litres (87 US gal)[125]

See also edit

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g (in Portuguese). Contato Radar. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Embraer EMB 312 Tucano.
  • Peruvian Tucanos 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  • Tucano photos at airliners.net
  • History of Brazilian Air Force 1 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine

January 01, 1970
embraer, tucano, english, toucan, wing, tandem, seat, single, turboprop, basic, trainer, counter, insurgency, aircraft, that, developed, brazil, brazilian, force, sponsored, project, 1978, design, development, work, began, 1979, cost, relatively, simple, basic. The Embraer EMB 312 Tucano English Toucan is a low wing tandem seat single turboprop basic trainer and counter insurgency aircraft that was developed in Brazil The Brazilian Air Force sponsored the EMB 312 project at the end of 1978 Design and development work began in 1979 on a low cost relatively simple new basic trainer with innovative features which eventually became the international standard for basic training aircraft 3 The prototype first flew in 1980 and initial production units were delivered in 1983 3 EMB 312 Tucano A Peruvian AT 27 Role Trainer and light attack Aircraft National origin Brazil Manufacturer Embraer First flight 16 August 1980 Introduction September 1983 Status In Service Primary users Brazilian Air ForceEgyptian Air Force Argentine Air Force Produced 1980 1996 1 Number built 624 2 Variants Short Tucano Developed into Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano Production was initially supported by a local order for 118 aircraft with options for an additional 50 units in October 1980 It was later matched by an Egyptian licence produced purchase in 1993 and subsequently by a variant known as the Short Tucano which was licence produced in the United Kingdom 4 The Tucano made inroads into the military trainer arena and became one of Embraer s first international marketing successes A total of 664 units were produced 504 by Embraer and 160 by Short Brothers flying in 16 air forces over five continents 1 Contents 1 Development 1 1 Background 1 2 Responding to requirements 1 3 Further development 1 3 1 EMB 312S 1 3 2 EMB 312H 2 Design 3 Operational history 3 1 Angola 3 2 Argentina 3 3 Brazil 3 4 Colombia 3 5 Egypt 3 6 France 3 7 Honduras 3 8 Iran 3 9 Iraq 3 10 Mauritania 3 11 Paraguay 3 12 Peru 3 13 Venezuela 4 Variants 4 1 EMB 312A 4 2 EMB 312F 4 3 EMB 312S 4 4 EMB 312G1 4 5 EMB 312H 5 Operators 5 1 Former operators 6 Aircraft on display 7 Specifications standard EMB 312 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Notes 9 2 Bibliography 10 External linksDevelopment editBackground edit The Brazilian military government considered aircraft strategic equipment and in an effort to reduce dependency from foreign companies the state owned Embraer was established in 1969 5 A production license to assemble the MB 326 was acquired in 1970 to familiarize the company with military design 4 and in 1973 the Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante was introduced with two Pratt amp Whitney PT6A engines 6 After all jet training program trials during the 1950s a variety of propeller driven aircraft were used for pilot training during the 1960s and 1970s 7 In the 1970s oil prices rapidly increased with the price of a crude oil barrel having risen from 3 in 1973 to 36 by 1980 8 deflating the Brazilian economy At that time the Brazilian Air Force operated the J69 powerered Cessna T 37C 9 which was a 1950s design and following the 1970s energy crisis became expensive to operate 10 In 1977 the Brazilian Air Force expressed a desire to replace the T 37 11 specifying that the replacement would need to be cheap to operate designed to closely imitate the characteristics of jet aircraft 12 and should have ejection seats 11 During the 1970s the Brazilian Air Force operated over 100 piston powered Neiva Universal basic trainers 13 Encouraged to undertake a follow on project known as Universal II Industria Aeronautica Neiva rolled out the prototype N621A YT 25A in 1975 with an extended body four hard points 14 and the more powerful 400 hp Lycoming IO 720 A1A engine which drove a three bladed Hartzell propeller 15 The YT 25B prototype a further modified version with six hard points 16 flew on 22 October 1978 14 but it did not meet requirements since the type was slower and smaller and had side by side seats and a rear jump seat 17 Two years later the company was acquired by Embraer 18 In 1973 designer Joseph Kovacs moved from Neiva to Embraer 19 bringing with him a number of studies based on the Neiva Universal including a development of the tandem seat turboprop Caraja 20 Responding to requirements edit In early 1977 Embraer forwarded two proposals for the Brazilian Air Force trainer requirement the Lycoming TIO 541 powered EMB 301 basic trainer based on the Neiva Universal and the PT6A powered 21 EMB 311 counter insurgency aircraft based on the Caraja 20 None of the proposals was acceptable to the Air Force but interest was expressed in the higher performance EMB 311 22 Later on that same year the Ministry of Aeronautics Ministerio da Aeronautica released a new requirement 22 Therefore in January 1978 Embraer s design team which was led by Guido Fontegalante Pessotti and included Joseph Kovacs commenced to redesign the EMB 311 to produce the EMB 312 23 On 6 December 1978 Embraer was officially awarded a contract to produce two prototypes and two airframes for fatigue tests 24 The specifications were concluded in February 1979 25 and the main differences from the EMB 311 were the more powerful PT6A 25C engine raised rear cockpit and the addition of ejection seats 20 Eventually the original specifications underwent a major modification including a smaller fuselage with an upright cruciform tail instead of a swept back tail a more domed canopy extended elevators greater distance between the nosewheel and back wheel reduction of the wing root and an increased wingspan tailplane and landing gear 20 By late 1979 a full scale mock up was built with a cockpit for the evaluation of flight instruments and a subscale radio controlled research model was designed to evaluate the free flight characteristics before building a full scale prototype 20 Within 21 months of the contract having been signed the first prototype took flight on 16 August 1980 bearing the FAB serial 1300 26 The second prototype flew for the first time on 10 December 1980 27 implementing system accessibility enhancements to trim down maintenance overheads 28 Weapons captive flight trials resulted in the addition of a fin fillet to improve lateral stability 29 In August 1982 the second prototype was lost during clearance trials in which full rudder was applied when the type exceeded the maximum designed diving speed Vd of 539 kilometres per hour 291 kn 335 mph by 64 7 kilometres per hour 34 9 kn 40 2 mph causing the leading edge skin to tear apart followed by a 30g dive resulting in a complete disintegration of the airframe Both the pilot and co pilot were able to safely eject 11 30 The tailplane leading edge of the first prototype was modified 30 and requirements were cleared in 1983 after which it achieved a maximum diving speed of 607 5 kilometres per hour 328 0 kn 377 5 mph 31 A third prototype YT 27 further modified from the previous two prototypes received the civilian registration mark PP ZDK and flew on 16 August 1982 32 The following month the prototype made its international debut at the Farnborough Airshow crossing the Atlantic just a few days after its maiden flight The type was designated by the Brazilian Air Force as the T 27 for training purposes and the AT 27 for ground attack in counter insurgency missions 33 Inspired by one of the most well known birds in the Amazon rainforest a Brazilian Air Force cadet suggested the aircraft be named the Tucano English toucan and this was approved on 23 October 1981 33 Further development edit nbsp A Short Tucano development aircraft on public display June 1991 EMB 312S edit Main article Short Tucano An agreement was signed in May 1984 between Embraer and Short Brothers to modify the EMB 312 to meet a Royal Air Force requirement for a high performance turbo prop trainer to replace the BAC Jet Provost issued in 1983 34 Short Brothers was responsible for the final assembly and licence built 60 of the aircraft parts although the wings landing gear and canopy were built in Brazil 35 In March 1985 after a competition with other types the Short Tucano was declared the winner with an order worth 126 million for 130 aircraft and an option for a further 15 34 As well as production for the Royal Air Force the Short Tucano was exported to Kenya 12 Tucano Mk 51s and Kuwait 16 Tucano Mk 52s 24 EMB 312H edit nbsp The stretched EMB 312H s n 161 had a more powerful engine and was dubbed the Super Tucano During the mid 1980s as Embraer was working on the Short Tucano the company also developed a new version designated the EMB 312G1 Also using a Garrett engine the EMB 312G1 prototype flew for the first time in July 1986 1 However the Brazilian Air Force showed no interest and the project was dropped 1 Nonetheless the lessons from recent combat use of the aircraft in Peru and Venezuela led Embraer to continue the studies It also researched a helicopter attack version designated as the helicopter killer or EMB 312H 1 The study was stimulated by the unsuccessful bid for the Joint Primary Aircraft Training System program in which Embraer teamed with Northrop Grumman In 1991 one existing demo EMB 312 aircraft was modified as proof of concept prototype The aircraft featured a 1 37 m 4 49 ft fuselage extension with the addition of sections fore and aft of the cockpit to restore its centre of gravity and stability a strengthened airframe cockpit pressurization and stretched nose to house the more powerful PT6A 67R 1 424 Shp engine 36 The PT ZTW s n 161 flew in September 1991 1 Two new prototypes EMB 312H with the PT6A 68A 1 250 Shp engine were built in 1993 The second prototype PT ZTV s n 454 later PP ZTV flew for the first time in May 1993 It featured a reinforced wing skin developed for the model F an improved glass cockpit full pressurization system electrical swing back canopy opening and zero zero ejections seats The third prototype PT PP ZTF s n 455 flew in October 1993 as a twin of the s n 454 36 The EMB 312H s design later served as a starting point for the EMB 314 Super Tucano dubbed the ALX and adopted by the Brazilian Air Force as the A 29 36 Design edit nbsp The EMB 312F s frameless canopy features an integral centre windshield to provide rear seat slipstream protection during an emergency Many features of the EMB 312 became standard in later basic training aircraft designs 37 It was the first turboprop trainer developed from the beginning with military jet capability A Martin Baker Mk8L was fitted It was Embraer s first aircraft with tandem seats designed with a raised rear seat optimized for an uninterrupted view from the rear cockpit 11 and a frameless bubble canopy for unobstructed visibility 38 Major aircraft features include an automatic torque control system and the jet like single lever throttle which combined both engine power and propeller pitch assuring smooth and rapid acceleration and deceleration 37 The aircraft is fitted with a retractable tricycle undercarriage with steerable nosewheels 37 allowing a fairly large clarification needed crab angle during cross wind landing 39 The reverse pitch control with which the aircraft is fitted allows the constant speed mechanism to be manually overridden to reverse the blade pitch angle thus providing excellent ground handling characteristics helping to slow down the plane to shorten the landing run 40 This control also allows the aircraft to back up on its own during taxiing 41 High manoeuvrability stability at low speeds and four underwing pylons providing for up to 1 000 kg 2 200 lb of ordnance allow the training aircraft to engage in tactical bombing campaigns in low intensity conflict or counterinsurgency environments and in counternarcotics interceptions 42 The type can carry up to 694 litres 183 US gal of fuel internally 43 additionally two fuel tanks of 660 litres 170 US gal can be fitted to underwing weapon stations for extended endurance 9 enabling up to nine flight hours 44 Operational history editAngola edit The National Air Force of Angola Forca Aerea Nacional Angolana FANA received eight new AT 27s in 1998 45 Six more AT 27s were purchased four years later from the Peruvian Air Force 45 The AT 27s were assigned to carry out air strikes and surveillance missions during the Angolan Civil War 46 47 Two further stored EMB 312 demonstrators s n 055 and s n149 were delivered 48 to cover aircraft losses during the war 45 Argentina edit In June 1987 the Argentine Air Force received the first batch of 15 aircraft from a total of 30 aircraft on order 48 and the type was assigned to replace the Morane Saulnier MS 760 Paris 49 Based at the Military Aviation School in Cordoba the Tucanos were used as trainer aircraft for the Joint Basic Course of Military Aviation program producing pilots for the Argentine Air Force Navy and Army 33 In the first 25 years of its service with the Argentine Air Force the aircraft accumulated 104 000 flight hours and trained over 800 pilots 50 FAdeA is developing the IA 73 a primary trainer to replace EMB 312 Tucano 51 The type aircraft will be relocated to the northern Argentina where they will be armed and used for air interdiction and surveillance role 52 Brazil edit nbsp Brazilian Air Force T 27 A total of 118 T 27s were purchased by the Brazilian Air Force FAB with an option for a further 50 aircraft 53 On 29 September 1983 the first units were delivered as an aerobatic demonstration aircraft for the FAB Demonstration Squadron the Smoke Squadron Esquadrilha da Fumaca and the first demonstration took place in December the same year 54 In 1990 the FAB confirmed an order of 10 units from the 50 options held from the original Tucano contract in 1980 55 Eventually the FAB received the remaining 40 aircraft raising the total number of delivered units to 168 56 As part of the FAB s four year pilot training program at the Academia da Forca Aerea AFA the EMB 312 is flown on the last year as an advanced training vector 57 After flying 75 hours on the Neiva Universal basic training aircraft the student pilots progress to fly 125 hours of advanced training on the Tucano in which cadets learn to dominate the airplane with acrobatics precision manoeuvring instrumental flight and fly pasts 57 Brazilian Naval Aviation cadets are required to fly 100 hours on the Tucano at the AFA during the first stage of the three year training program 58 According to a Brazilian Air Force brigadier the AFA Tucanos are forecast to be withdrawn in 2022 59 During Operation Traira in February 1991 six Tucanos were used for close air support against a group of 40 rebels from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia FARC which had seized a Brazilian military detachment 60 AT 27s were extensively used in the Amazon for border patrols and interception of illicit flights jointly operating with SIVAM Amazon Surveillance System 61 Colombia edit nbsp Colombian Tucano Fourteen AT 27s were ordered in 1992 and delivery of the first six units took place in December of the same year followed by seven more units arriving later that same month 62 Assigned to the Combat 212 Squadron 63 the aircraft were initially conceived as trainers although the type was soon additionally assigned to perform close air support and air superiority missions as part of counter insurgency operations during the long standing and brutal fight with the FARC 63 The type performed dozens of operations including Vuelo de Angel Thanatos Fenix and Jupiter 63 Over 50 000 flight hours have been completed since the type s introduction without a single loss 64 In 1998 with Peruvian Air Force assistance night vision goggles were integrated into the aircraft to perform night missions 62 The war scenario led the Air Force to push the type beyond its designed horizon to overcome its operational limits and role playing as a real battlefield maturing test platform providing valuable lessons which unfolded into new requirements that were implemented in the Super Tucano design 64 In 2011 Embraer began a three year program to locally uprate 14 EMB 312s 65 A part of the Strategic Development Plan Plan Estrategico Institucional or PEI 2011 2030 66 designed to extend the type s lifespan by 15 years 65 the structural retrofit program involves fitting the airframe with new wings and landing gear 67 Fresh avionics will be installed with the up to date Rockwell Collins Inertial Navigation System and ACARS 67 while Cobham will supply modern multi function displays flight management systems and the engine indicating and crew alerting system 68 The first prototype will be designed and produced by Embraer in Brazil while remaining work will be completed at the Corporation of the Colombian Aeronautic Industry SA Corporacion de la Industria Aeronautica Colombiana S A 67 Egypt edit In December 1983 a US 181 million contract was signed for 10 complete aircraft plus a further 110 aircraft in kit form 42 The joint Egyptian Iraqi purchase involved an extensive technology transfer program which included the manufacturing of some aircraft parts and final assembly at Heliopolis Air Works in Helwan 4 becoming Embraer s first experience in assembling aircraft abroad 42 Eighty of the 110 units built in Egypt were delivered to Iraq The first aircraft arrived in late 1984 and the first unit assembled in Egypt was delivered in 1985 An additional order for 14 aircraft was made in 1989 bringing the total to 54 Tucanos The EMB312 Tucano trainers were flown with 6 squadron 25 squadron and 35 squadron No 6 Squadron retired their Tucanos and transformed to the E June UAV at Kom Awshim In 2023 the Tucanos still operate from Inshas 25 Sqn Ismaila 25 Sqn and Hurghada 35 Sqn for pilot training at the AT 802 Air Tractor 36 69 France edit nbsp French Air Force EMB 312 Tucano Following a world trend towards the replacement of jet trainers with lower cost turboprop trainers in July 1990 the French Air Force initially ordered 80 slightly modified variants designated as the EMB 312F 70 The two year long negotiation deal was an offset for 36 AS365s and 16 AS350s bought by the Brazilian Army and 30 AS355 Ecureuils for the Brazilian Navy 71 Two preproduction aircraft were built for a year long evaluation process at the General Directorate for Armament the first preproduction EMB 312F flew in April 1993 70 The model had a ventral airbrake and a French COMM system The total number of aircraft ordered was reduced to 50 with commissioning of the first production model taking place in 1995 70 The aircraft were based in Salon de Provence replacing the Fouga Magister which had provided training for Air Force students for nearly 40 years 72 Following the type s introduction the Air Force training scheme began with the Epsilon continued on the Tucano and culminated with the Alpha Jet for lead in fighter training 71 After 15 years in service the French Tucano fleet was withdrawn on 22 July 2009 73 despite the fact that most aircraft had only reached half of their potential operational life 74 Honduras edit nbsp Honduran AT 27 at Hector C Moncada Air Base Honduras the Tucano s first foreign customer purchased the type to replace the North American T 28 Trojan Twelve EMB 312s were received between 1982 and 1983 75 The aircraft are used for both advanced training and patrolling Honduran airspace for illegal flights 76 On 14 April 2003 the type was used to shoot down an Aero Commander 500 with 7 62 mm 0 30 in machine gun pods The two Colombian occupants died during the crash while 942 kilograms 2 077 lb of cocaine were collected from the wreckage 77 In August 2010 a Piper Seneca aircraft coming from Colombia was tracked down by an AT 27 Five criminals were arrested and 550 kilograms 1 210 lb of cocaine were seized 78 Three months later a Tucano was used to intercept an aircraft with 550 kilograms 1 210 lb of cocaine 79 In February 2012 the military of Honduras and Embraer began a study of the aging AT 27 cells for a possible reconditioning program 80 Later on that month the Honduras defence minister disclosed that the reconditioning of six aircraft would cost US 10 million 81 In May of the same year a Tucano intercepted an aircraft from which 400 kilograms 880 lb of cocaine were seized 82 In the following month a Honduran Tucano shot down a drug smuggling twin engined prop Cessna over the Bay Islands killing the two occupants including an undercover DEA agent 83 Honduran law does not permit shooting down illegal flights 84 so the event led to the dismissal of the Honduran general who ordered the attack 83 Iran edit nbsp Iranian Revolutionary Guard Air Force Embraer EMB 312 Tucano at the 2014 Kish Air Show Iran received 25 aircraft between 1989 and 1991 85 Between 2000 and 2001 the IRGC used Tucanos against Taliban positions and in drug busting operations in the eastern Iranian borders 86 87 Iraq edit Iraq bought 80 aircraft produced under license by Helwan 75 with deliveries being completed in 1987 53 Following the end of the Gulf and Iraq wars Iraq had no EMB 312 in its inventory 88 Mauritania edit nbsp Mauritanian EMB 312F In 2011 the Islamic Air Force of Mauritania received pilot training from the French Air Force and four ex French EMB 312Fs which still had two thirds of their structural life 74 were delivered 89 The aircraft underwent a complete overhaul before being delivered receiving wing hard points for gun pods and new radios 74 The type is based at Atar in the northwest of the country where they are used in attack missions against Al Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb AQIM guerrillas 74 In March 2012 Mauritanian EMB 312Fs intruded into Mali air space while attacking AQIM terrorist targets inside Mali the two countries are cooperating in military action against these terrorists 90 Paraguay edit nbsp Paraguayan AT 27 Paraguay received six aircraft in 1987 91 Six more were purchased in the late 1990s but the deal fell through and these machines ended up being the second batch sold to Angola 49 On 29 December 2010 three used ex Brazilian aircraft were exchanged for four EMB 326GB Xavante trainer aircraft and one Boeing 707 transport aircraft 92 93 In 2011 the Paraguayan Tucanos with assistance from the Brazilian Air Force went through a complete engine overhaul 94 The 3o Escuadron de caza Moros in Asuncion operates the Tucanos in counter insurgency missions forming the squads Gamma and Omega since 1996 95 In April 2011 Paraguayan Tucano fitted with 20 mm autocannon gun pods and ferry tanks were deployed at Mariscal Estigarribia Air Base to monitor illicit flights entering Paraguayan airspace from Bolivia 96 Peru edit In 1986 Peru ordered 20 Tucanos to replace the Cessna T 37 Tweet Deliveries to the Peruvian Air Force commenced in April 1987 at the rate of two units per month the last delivery took place in November 1987 97 In 1991 an additional 10 Tucanos were purchased for antidrug operations reaching a total of 30 aircraft although six of them were resold to Angola in 2002 98 The first EMB 312s took part in the Escuadron de Instruccion basica No 512 from the Air Academy as part of the Grupo de Entrenamiento 51 based at Las Palmas Lima 99 Another squadron of EMB 312s was assigned to Escuadron Aereo Tactico No 514 99 The first aircraft were painted in orange and white for trainers and gradually replaced by jungle camouflage while a few were painted dark gray for night missions Most of these aircraft were adorned with an aggressive shark s mouth 99 The aircraft cockpit was later modified to suit night vision goggles and forward looking infrared sensors for night operations 100 Since 1991 the FAP Tucanos were actively involved in ground attack operations over the Cenepa River on drug busting operations shooting down over 65 planes and performing attacks on several illicit ships 99 101 Between 1992 and 2001 the Air Bridge Denial Program provided intelligence for the Air Force in counter drug operations during the program at least nine civilian aircraft were shot down by AT 27s 102 During the Cenepa War loaded with four Mk 82 bombs and equipped with night vision goggles a fleet of Tucanos carried out a night bomber raid targeting Ecuadorian forces over the Cordillera del Condor at dawn on 5 February 1995 103 The aircraft were part of the 2002 Quinones Plan which was implemented in 2007 and aimed at putting unserviceable equipment back into service 104 In March 2012 the Peruvian Air Force was considering an option to modernize 20 EMB 312s in a program jointly conducted by the Brazilian Air Force and Embraer under a wide ranging defence agreement signed with the Brazilian defence ministry 105 Venezuela edit nbsp Venezuelan Air Force AT 27 On 14 July 1986 the Venezuelan Air Force received the first four Embraer EMB 312 Tucano AT T 27s from an order of 30 aircraft that was worth US 50 million 106 A year later the remaining aircraft were delivered divided into two variants 18 T 27s for training purposes and 12 AT 27s for tactical support 107 The Tucanos were assigned to Grupo 14 at the Escuadron de Entrenamiento No 142 Escorpiones based in Maracay to the Grupo 13 at the Escuadron de Operaciones Especiales No 131 Zorros based in Barcelona and Grupo de Operaciones Especiales No 15 at the Escuadron No 152 Avispones based in Maracaibo 108 The AT 27s along with the OV 10 Broncos were actively involved in many antiguerrilla antinarcotic and antikidnapping campaigns close to the Colombian borders 108 On 27 November 1992 the aircraft were used by mutineering officers who staged a coup d etat against President Carlos Andres Perez The rebels dropped bombs and launched rockets against police and government buildings in Caracas 107 One EMB 312 and two OV 10 Broncos were shot down during the uprising by F 16s flown by loyalist pilots 107 A lot of 12 is scheduled to be refurbished in Venezuela as of 2013 109 Variants editEMB 312A edit The standard production model with fatigue life of 8 000 hours 26 Tucano YT 27Pre series prototypes Tucano T 27Two seat basic training variant Tucano AT 27Two seat light attack variant EMB 312F edit An uprated version built for the French Air Force the EMB 312F is equipped with Telecommunications Electronique Aeronautique et Maritime TEAM SA part of Cobham plc avionics 110 Thomson CSF now Thales Group navigation aids 71 increased fatigue life propeller and canopy de icing system and a ventral airbrake 111 The first EMB 312F flew on 7 April 1993 citation needed nbsp Tucano Mk 51 ZH209 on display at Farnborough Airshow in September 1990 EMB 312S edit Also known as the Short Tucano the EMB 312S is an uprated licence produced trainer version built at Short Brothers of Belfast in Northern Ireland for the Royal Air Force and licensed for export 26 The type features a more powerful Honeywell 820 kW 1 100 shp Garrett TPE331 12B engine with four blade variable pitch propeller 26 custom avionics structural strengthening expanding fatigue life to 12 000hr 112 two piece canopy for better bird strike proofing pressurized cabin a ventral airbrake aerodynamic changes to the wing better wheel brakes and an optional armament capability 113 Tucano T 1Original version of the Short Tucano used by the RAF Tucano Mk 51Export variant for Kenya Air Force Tucano Mk 52Export variant for Kuwait Air Force EMB 312G1 edit A prototype built in 1986 with Garrett engine 1 EMB 312H edit A Northrop Embraer developed prototype for USAF JPATS competition for an advanced trainer from which derived the EMB 314 Super Tucano ALX now in production for FAB 114 Operators edit nbsp Map with EMB 312 operators in blue Short Tucano operators in light blue and former operators in red nbsp A Brazilian Air Force Academy Tucano received a special painting to celebrate 30 years of service within the Brazilian Air Force nbsp Angola National Air Force of Angola 13 EMB 312 115 nbsp Argentina Argentine Air Force 14 EMB 312 115 Escuela de Aviacion Militar EAM at Cordoba nbsp Brazil Brazilian Air Force 102 EMB 312 115 Smoke Squadron EDA Brazilian Air Force Academy Academia da Forca Aerea AFA First Squadron of the Fourteenth Aviation Group 1º 14º GAv Esquadrao Pampa at Canoas Second Squadron of the Fourteenth Aviation Group 2º 14º GAv at Canoas First Squadron of the First Aviation Group 1 1 GAv Esquadrao Jambock at Santa Cruz Second Squadron of the First Aviation Group 2 1 GAv Esquadrao Pif Faf at Santa Cruz Third Squadron of the Third Aviation Group 3º 3º GAV Esquadrao Flecha at Campo Grande Seventh Regional Air Command HQ Flight at Boa Vista Seventh Regional Air Command HQ Flight at Porto Velho Fifth Regional Air Command HQ Flight at Natal nbsp Central African Republic Central African Republic Air Force 2 EMB 312 115 nbsp Colombia Colombian Aerospace Force 14 EMB 312 115 Escuadron de Combate 212 at Apiay nbsp Egypt Egyptian Air Force 54 EMB 312 115 102 Tactical Air Wing at Ismailia Hurghada 6 Squadron Bilbeis wfu gt E June UAV Kom Awshim 25 Squadron Inshas and Ismaila 35 Squadron Hurghada nbsp Honduras Honduran Air Force 8 EMB 312 2 in service 6 in storage 115 Escuela de Aviacion Militar EAM nbsp Iran IRGC Air Force 15 EMB 312 115 nbsp Kenya Kenya Air Force 12 Tucano T51 see Short Tucano 115 nbsp Mauritania Mauritanian Air Force 5 EMB 312F 89 115 Ecole Militaire Inter Armes EMIA at Atar nbsp Mozambique Mozambique Air Force 3 EMB 312 donated by Brazil 116 117 nbsp Paraguay Paraguayan Air Force 6 EMB 312 115 3 Escuadron de Roconocimento y Ataque Moros Escuadrilla Gama Escuadrilla Omega nbsp Peru Peruvian Air Force 17 EMB 312 115 Escuadron Aereo de Instrucion 512 Escuadron Aereo de Instrucion 514 nbsp Venezuela Venezuelan Air Force 19 EMB 312 115 Escuadron 131 Escuadron 141 Escuadron 142 Escuadron 152 Former operators edit nbsp France French Air Force 50 EMB 312F from 1995 to 2009 20 in 2007 Flying School at Salon de Provence Air Base Centre d essais en vol Centre d Etudes et d Armement de Mulhouse nbsp Kuwait Kuwait Air Force 12 Tucano T52 see Short Tucano 115 nbsp Iraq Iraqi Air Force 80 EMB 312 delivered between 1985 and 1988 nbsp United Kingdom Royal Air Force 130 Tucano T1 see Short Tucano 115 Aircraft on display edit nbsp French AF EMB 312F MSN 312499 at the Musee Europeen de l Aviation de Chasse d Ancone France The Embraer EMB 312F MSN 312496 118 a former aircraft of the Armee de l Air is on display in Musee de l air et de l espace from 2014 119 in a typical French livery The Embraer EMB 312F MSN 312499 is on display at the Musee Europeen de l Aviation de Chasse d Ancone Short Embraer EMB 312S prototype MSN 312007 G BTUC ex PP ZTC is on display at Ulster Aviation Collection Long Kesh airfield near BelfastSpecifications standard EMB 312 edit nbsp Brazilian Air Force EMB 312 Cockpit Data from Air International Vol 26 Issue 6 120 and armament data from Air International Vol 24 Issue 1 121 General characteristicsCrew 2 Length 9 86 m 32 ft 4 in Wingspan 11 14 m 36 ft 7 in Height 3 4 m 11 ft 2 in Wing area 19 4 m2 209 sq ft Airfoil root NACA 63A415 tip NACA 63A212 122 Empty weight 1 810 kg 3 990 lb Max takeoff weight 3 175 kg 7 000 lb Fuel capacity 694 litres 183 US gal 153 imp gal 43 Powerplant 1 Pratt amp Whitney Canada PT6A 25C turboprop engine 552 kW 740 hp 123 Propellers 4 bladed constant speed propeller Performance Maximum speed 458 km h 285 mph 247 kn at 4 115 metres 13 501 ft Cruise speed 441 km h 274 mph 238 kn Stall speed 124 km h 77 mph 67 kn Never exceed speed 539 km h 335 mph 291 kn Range 1 916 km 1 191 mi 1 035 nmi Service ceiling 8 750 m 28 710 ft g limits 6 3 Wing loading 164 kg m2 34 lb sq ft Armament Guns Gun pods AN M B machine gun 12 7 mm machine gun 7 62 mm machine gun 500 rounds Rocket Machine Gun pod RMP LC with a 12 7mm M3P and 4x 70 mm 124 Hardpoints 4 under wing pylons with a capacity of 1 000 kg 2 200 lb Rockets 127 mm HVAR ground rockets Rocket pods SBAT 7x 37 mm SBAT 7x 70 mm Bombs General purpose bomb Mk 81 Mk 82 9 Practice bomb MK 76 20 lb Others Ferry tanks 2x 660 litres 170 US gal 9 or 330 litres 87 US gal 125 See also edit nbsp Aviation portal nbsp Brazil portal Flying Legend Tucano Replica Related development Short Tucano a UK licensed version used by the RAF and others Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano Aircraft of comparable role configuration and era KAI KT 1 TAI Hurkus Pilatus PC 7 Pilatus PC 9 Fuji T 7 Utva Lasta PZL 130 Orlik T 6 Texan II Related lists List of aircraft of the Argentine Air Force List of active Brazilian military aircraft List of aircraft of the Egyptian Air Force List of aircraft of the Iranian Air Force List of active United Kingdom military aircraftReferences editNotes edit a b c d e f g Embraer 40 anos Defendendo a Amazonia in Portuguese Contato Radar Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 Retrieved 14 September 2012 Portal Contato Radar Portal de Aviacao Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 12 August 2015 a b EMB 312 Tucano Embraer Historical Center Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 Retrieved 15 September 2012 a b c Todd Daniel Simpson Jamie 30 March 1986 The World Aircraft Industry Surry Hills Australia Croom Helm p 246 ISBN 0 7099 2486 0 Goldstein Andrea 2002 Embraer From national champion to global player PDF In Altimir Oscar ed CEPAL Review No 77 United Nations pp 99 100 ISBN 92 1 121408 4 PT6A More Than a Legend Pratt amp Whitney Canada Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 1 October 2012 Warwick and Gaines 1983 p 30 Singer Fred November 1987 Oil Policy in a Changing Market In Sternlight David ed Annual Review of Energy Vol 12 Palo Alto USA Annual Reviews pp 445 470 doi 10 1146 annurev eg 12 110187 002305 ISBN 978 0 8243 2312 7 a b c d Warwick and Gaines 1983 p 32 Taylor 1999 p 293 a b c d Fricker 1983 p 7 Fredriksen John 2001 International warbirds an illustrated guide to world military aircraft 1914 2000 ABC CLIO p 102 ISBN 1 57607 364 5 Swanborough 1980 p 290 a b Swanborough Gordon January 1979 Green William ed Aircraft and Industry Air International 16 1 Bromley UK Fine Scroll 5 ISSN 0306 5634 NEIVA N621A YT 25A Universal II Brazilian Aerospace Museum Archived from the original on 24 August 2011 Retrieved 8 October 2012 Warwick Graham 4 July 1981 Mason David ed The combat trainer market Flight International 120 3785 Sutton UK I P C Transport Press 26 ISSN 0015 3710 Archived from the original on 1 November 2014 Retrieved 16 September 2012 Warwick and Gaines 1983 p 31 32 Neiva Industria Aeronautica Neiva SA Brazil Contractors Janes Infor Group 20 March 2009 Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 Retrieved 5 October 2012 Alencar Jose 25 March 1998 Ze Kovacs o fazedor de avioes Gazeta Mercantil in Portuguese Sao Paulo p 1 ISSN 0102 0285 Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 26 October 2012 a b c d e Swanborough 1980 p 290 291 Braybrook Roy September 1978 Green William ed Combat Aircraft Spectrum Air International 15 3 Bromley UK Fine Scroll 121 ISSN 0306 5634 a b Volland Marc 1 June 2011 Die Flugzeuge von Embraer in German Norderstedt Germany Books on Demand p 79 ISBN 978 3 8423 0004 0 Pereira Roberto Piochi Antonio 1982 Historia da construcao aeronautica no Brasil in Portuguese Sao Paulo Brazil editora Aquarius p 319 OCLC 10950268 a b Wheeler Berry ed September 1992 Two seat Toucan Air International 43 3 Stamford UK Key Publishing 162 ISSN 0306 5634 Fricker 1983 p 8 a b c d Taylor 1999 p 299 Taylor 1988 p 13 Warwick Graham 31 January 1981 Ramsden J M ed Second EMB 312 flying Flight International 119 3743 Sutton UK I P C Transport Press 278 ISSN 0015 3710 Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 Retrieved 29 October 2012 Warwick Graham 8 May 1982 Mason David ed Brazil tests armed trainer Flight International 121 3809 Sutton UK I P C Transport Press 1136 ISSN 0015 3710 Archived from the original on 11 November 2012 Retrieved 6 November 2012 a b Warwick Graham 22 January 1983 Mason David ed Embraer Traces Crash Cause Flight International 123 3846 Sutton UK I P C Transport Press 172 ISSN 0015 3710 Archived from the original on 17 July 2013 Retrieved 6 November 2012 Warwick Graham 25 June 1983 Mason David ed Tracer Flight International 123 3868 Sutton UK I P C Transport Press 1891 ISSN 0015 3710 Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 Retrieved 6 November 2012 Alfonzo 2003 pp 1 2 a b c Alfonzo 2003 p 2 a b Fricker John May 1987 Green William ed RAF Prepares for Tucano Air International 32 5 Bromley UK Fine Scroll 237 ISSN 0306 5634 U S Congress Office of Technology Assessment June 2001 Global Arms Trade OTA ISC 460 PDF Report Washington DC U S Government Printing p 147 ISBN 978 0 16 032974 6 Archived PDF from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 24 October 2012 a b c d The Market for Military Fixed Wing Trainer Aircraft Product Code F617 PDF Forecast International April 2011 Archived PDF from the original on 15 November 2011 Retrieved 9 March 2012 a b c Warwick Graham 25 July 1981 Mason David ed Embraer starts EMB 312 marketing Flight International 120 3788 Sutton UK I P C Transport Press 219 ISSN 0015 3710 Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 Retrieved 15 September 2012 Latham 1982 p 180 Sadraey Mohammad 6 November 2012 Chapter 9 Landing Gear Design PDF Aircraft Design A Systems Engineering Approach Hoboken NJ John Wiley amp Sons p 518 ISBN 978 1 119 95340 1 Archived from the original PDF on 17 June 2012 Retrieved 17 September 2012 Beech Eric 1 April 1989 Making the Transition Flight International 135 4158 Sutton UK Reed Business Information 19 ISSN 0015 3710 Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 17 September 2012 Latham 1982 p 181 a b c Aircraft History EMB 312 Tucano Embraer Archived from the original on 8 May 2012 Retrieved 9 March 2012 a b Penney Steward 17 August 1999 Reed Carol ed Military Aircraft Part 2 Flight International 156 4689 Sutton UK Reed Business Information 67 ISSN 0015 3710 Archived from the original on 1 November 2014 Retrieved 15 September 2012 Ende Cees Jan November 2010 Bakker Goof ed Tucano Tango Pilots amp Planes Military 1 Utrecht The Netherlands 19 a b c Penney Steward 12 March 2002 Morrison Murdo ed Angola buys EMB 312s Flight International 161 4822 Sutton UK Reed Business Information 22 ISSN 0015 3710 Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 27 September 2012 Commuque No 28 CPM 99 Kwacha Unita Press Bailundo Angola Standing Committee of the Political Commission 2 July 1999 Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 Retrieved 27 September 2012 Mason Barry 16 November 1999 Angola MPLA inflicts new defeats on UNITA World Socialist Web Site International Committee of the Fourth International Archived from the original on 27 October 2012 Retrieved 10 October 2012 a b Rivas and Cicalesi 2007 p 74 a b Goebel Greg The Embraer Tucano amp Super Tucano Airvectors Archived from the original on 28 August 2012 Retrieved 14 September 2012 Modica Ivana 25 June 2012 25 anos del entrenador EMB 312 Tucano en la FAA in Spanish Aeroespacio Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 Retrieved 2 July 2012 Trimble 20 March 2012 p 43 Guevara Inigo 26 June 2013 Interim Argentine trainers will allow Tucanos to pursue armed role Jane s Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 Retrieved 5 September 2013 a b Hatch Paul 13 August 1988 Mason 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