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Pamiris

December 14, 2023

The Pamiris[a] are an Eastern Iranian ethnic group, native to the Badakhshan region of Central Asia, which includes the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan; the Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan; Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang, China; and the Upper Hunza Valley in Pakistan.

Pamiris
Pamiri boy in Tajikistan
Regions with significant populations
Tajikistan
(Gorno-Badakhshan)		199,500[1] (2013)
China
(Xinjiang)		50,265[2] (2015)
Russia363[3] (2010)
Afghanistan
(Badakhshan)		Unknown
Pakistan
(Upper Hunza)		Unknown[4]
Languages
Pamir languages, Tajik language, Russian language, Mandarin Chinese
Religion
Nizari Isma'ili Shia Islam as well as a minority of Sunnism adherents[5]
Related ethnic groups
Other Iranian peoples

Ethnic identity edit

See also: Tajiks of Xinjiang

The Pamiris are composed of people who speak the Pamiri languages, the indigenous language in the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous province.[6] The Pamiris share close linguistic, cultural and religious ties with the people in Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan, the Sarikoli speakers in the Pamir region of Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang Province in China and the Wakhi speakers in Afghanistan[citation needed] and Pakistan.[7] In the Pamiri languages, the Pamiris refer to themselves as Pamiri, a reference to the historic Badakhshan region where they live.[citation needed]

In China, Pamiris are referred to as ethnic Tajiks.[8] In Afghanistan, they are recognized as ethnic Pamiris[9] and the Afghan National Anthem mentions Pamiris (پاميريان, Pāmiryān) in the list of ethnic groups of Afghanistan.[10]

 
Pamiris and other ethnolinguistic nationalities in Tajikistan

In Pakistan, Wakhi Pamiri people live in the Gojal Sub-Division of Hunza District, Broghil Valley of Upper Chitral & Karambar.[citation needed]

 
Pamiris in northern Badakhshan

The Pamiri people have their own distinctive styles of dress, which can differentiate one community from the next. The styles of hats are especially varied: one can spot someone from the Wakhan, as opposed to from Ruhshon or Shugnon valleys, based solely on headwear.[11]

The Shughni and Wakhi tribes in Tajikistan call themselves "Tajik" unlike other Pamiri tribes in the area like the Rushan.[12]

History edit

 
The geographical region of Badakhshan in Central Asia

Ancient History

The Pamiris are known to be the descendants of the Scythians who lived in Xinjiang.[13][14][15] The Wakhi group of the Pamiris linguistically seem to be related to the Khotanese group of Sakas.[16][17][18] The Wakhis had some point in the 6th century AD established a kingdom in Wakhan known as the Mirdom of Wakhan ruled by a mir.

Modern History

In 1929 Gorno-Badakhshan was attached to the newly formed republic of Tajikistan, and since that point, there has been a great deal of controversy surrounding the ethnic identity of the Pamiris. Some Tajik scholars claim Pamiri languages to be a dialects of Tajik language and there has been a long-running debate as to whether the Pamiris constituted a nationality separate from Tajiks.[19] But there is a consensus amongst linguists that the Pamiri languages are East Iranian, a sub-group of Iranian languages while Tajik language which like Persian is included in Southwestern Iranian, another sub-group of Iranian languages. In the 1926 and 1937 Soviet censuses Rushani, Shugni and Wakhis were counted as separate nationalities. After 1937 these groups were required to register as Tajiks.[20]

During the Soviet period many Pamiris migrated to the Vakhsh River Valley and settled in Qurghonteppa Oblast, in what is today Khatlon Province. In the 1980s debate raged in Tajikistan about the official status of the Pamiri languages in the republic. After the independence of Tajikistan in 1991 Pamiri nationalism stirred and the Pamiri nationalist political party Lali Badakhshan took power in Gorno-Badakhshan. Anti-government protests took place in the province's capital, Khorog, and in 1992 the republic declared itself an independent country. This declaration was later repealed. During the Tajikistan Civil War from 1992 to 1997 Pamiris in large part backed the United Tajik Opposition, the Pamiris were targeted for massacres, especially those living in the capital Dushanbe and Qurghonteppa Oblast. In the early 1990s there was a movement amongst Pamiris to separate Gorno-Badakhshan from Tajikistan.[21]

Religion edit

Fatimid-Ismāʿīlī Islam had been introduced to the Badakhshan and Pamir (valley) by Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani, who was appointed as the Dā'ī al-Mutlaq and Hujjat al-Islam by Fatimid Caliph Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh for Pamiris in Xinjiang and Badakhshan in Afghanistan.[22] Today's Pamiris are predominantly Nizārī Ismā'īlī Shia and follow the Aga Khan.[23]

The Aga Khan Foundation became the primary non-governmental organization in Gorno-Badakhshan. There are also Sunni Pamiris currently numbering at approximately a few thousand.[6] These Pamiris' ancestors converted to Sunni Islam around the 19th century.[24]

Culture edit

The Pamiris mainly engage in agriculture and animal herding. They commonly cultivated crops include wheat, barley, peas, and vegetables. The Pamiris raise sheep, yaks, and goats.[25]

Pamiri music has been popularised by folk singer Oleg Fesov.[26]

Notable individuals edit

 
Khushqadam Khusravov, Tajikistani judoka

Gallery edit

  •  

    Pamiri children in Afghanistan

  •  

    Pamiri woman and boy in Tajikistan

  •  

    Pamiri children in Afghanistan

  •  

    Wakhi Pamiri artists in Gojal Valley, Pakistan.

Notes edit

  1. ^

References edit

  1. ^ "PAMIRI TAJIKS AND YAGHNOBIS | Facts and Details".
  2. ^ . 泽普政府网 (in Simplified Chinese). 17 July 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020 – via Internet Archive. 2016年末，全县总户数（含塔西南勘探开发公司）65684户，其中县属户数59804户；总人口208950人（含塔西南勘探开发公司），其中，维吾尔族175686人，占84.1％，汉族27131人，占13％，塔吉克族4463人，占2.1％，其他民族1670人，占0.8％。
  3. ^ Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity (in Russian)
  4. ^ "Here is why Pakistan is more diverse than you thought". 22 December 2016.
  5. ^ Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union, pg. 33 By Shirin Akiner
  6. ^ a b Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union. London: Kegan Paul International. pp. 33, 374–375. ISBN 0-7103-0188-X.
  7. ^ "Where music meets mountains: A school to preserve Pamiri music". The Express Tribune. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  8. ^ Foltz, Richard (2019). A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East. New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-83860-446-2.
  9. ^ Minahan, James B. (10 February 2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
  10. ^ "Afghan National Anthem". Nationalanthems.info. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  11. ^ "The Pamiris: People on the Roof of the World". Paramount Journey. 7 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  12. ^ Schoeberlein-Engel, John Samuel (1994). Identity in Central Asia: Construction and Contention in the Conceptions of "Özbek," "Tâjik, " "Muslim, " "Samarqandi" and Other Groups. Central Asia: Harvard University. p. 113.
  13. ^ Kuzʹmina, Elena Efimovna (2007). The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-16054-5.
  14. ^ Foltz, Richard (30 December 2021). The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7556-1847-7.
  15. ^ Kreutzmann, Hermann; Watanabe, Teiji (25 January 2016). Mapping Transition in the Pamirs: Changing Human-Environmental Landscapes. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-23198-3.
  16. ^ Comrie, Bernard (17 April 2018). The World's Major Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-29049-0.
  17. ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 6 April 2010. p. 603. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4.
  18. ^ Erdosy, George (25 October 2012). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. Walter de Gruyter. p. 159. ISBN 978-3-11-081643-3.
  19. ^ Cheshko, S. V. (1989). "Не Публицистично, Но И Не Научно". Sovetskaya Etnografiya Akademiya Nauk SSR I Narodnyi Komisseriat Prosveshcheniya RSFSR (5): 23–38.
  20. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (2006). "History and Foreign Policy: From Constructed Identities to "Ancient Hatreds" East of the Caspian". In Shaffer, Brenda (ed.). The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy. MIT Press. pp. 100–110. ISBN 0-262-69321-6.
  21. ^ Suhrobsho Davlatshoev (2006). "The Formation and Consolidation of Pamiri Ethnic Identity in Tajikistan. Dissertation" (PDF). School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, Turkey (M.S. thesis). Retrieved 25 August 2006.
  22. ^ Balcıoğlu, Tahir Harimî [in Turkish] (1940). Hilmi Ziya Ülken (ed.). Türk tarihinde mezhep cereyanları (in Turkish). İstanbul: Kanaat Yayınları, Ahmed Sait tab'ı. p. 136. Chapter on Mısır Fâtımîleri ve Aleviler'in Pamir Teşkilâtı.
  23. ^ Salopek, Paul (9 October 2017). "Islam in Hiking Sandals—and Red Spike Heels". National Geographic. Retrieved 14 October 2017. If these women are extraordinary, it's partly because Pamiri culture is special. They are followers of Ismailism, a tolerant branch of Islam led by the 49th Agha Khan, a spiritual and temporal leader descended from the Prophet Mohammed.
  24. ^ Bennigsen, Alexandre; Wimbush, S. Enders (1986). Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide. Indiana University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-253-33958-4.
  25. ^ West, Barbara A. (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 634. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.
  26. ^ Dwek, Joel (30 March 2021). "TAJIKISTAN: Lalaiki Pamir - Oleg Fesov". 200worldalbums.com. Retrieved 12 September 2023.

External links edit

  • United Nations University (2009) Digital Video "Pamiri women and the melting glaciers of Tajikistan": three generations of Pamiri women share the impacts of Pamir Mountain glacier melt and decreasing water levels on YouTube 1 December 2009
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pamiri people.

December 14, 2023
pamiris, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, russian, april, 2021, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, russian, article, machine, translation, like, deepl, google. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian April 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Russian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 2 834 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru Pamirskie narody see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ru Pamirskie narody to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Pamiris a are an Eastern Iranian ethnic group native to the Badakhshan region of Central Asia which includes the Gorno Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan the Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang China and the Upper Hunza Valley in Pakistan PamirisPamiri boy in TajikistanRegions with significant populationsTajikistan Gorno Badakhshan 199 500 1 2013 China Xinjiang 50 265 2 2015 Russia363 3 2010 Afghanistan Badakhshan UnknownPakistan Upper Hunza Unknown 4 LanguagesPamir languages Tajik language Russian language Mandarin ChineseReligionNizari Isma ili Shia Islam as well as a minority of Sunnism adherents 5 Related ethnic groupsOther Iranian peoples Contents 1 Ethnic identity 2 History 3 Religion 4 Culture 5 Notable individuals 6 Gallery 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksEthnic identity editSee also Tajiks of Xinjiang The Pamiris are composed of people who speak the Pamiri languages the indigenous language in the Gorno Badakhshan autonomous province 6 The Pamiris share close linguistic cultural and religious ties with the people in Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan the Sarikoli speakers in the Pamir region of Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang Province in China and the Wakhi speakers in Afghanistan citation needed and Pakistan 7 In the Pamiri languages the Pamiris refer to themselves as Pamiri a reference to the historic Badakhshan region where they live citation needed In China Pamiris are referred to as ethnic Tajiks 8 In Afghanistan they are recognized as ethnic Pamiris 9 and the Afghan National Anthem mentions Pamiris پاميريان Pamiryan in the list of ethnic groups of Afghanistan 10 nbsp Pamiris and other ethnolinguistic nationalities in TajikistanIn Pakistan Wakhi Pamiri people live in the Gojal Sub Division of Hunza District Broghil Valley of Upper Chitral amp Karambar citation needed nbsp Pamiris in northern BadakhshanThe Pamiri people have their own distinctive styles of dress which can differentiate one community from the next The styles of hats are especially varied one can spot someone from the Wakhan as opposed to from Ruhshon or Shugnon valleys based solely on headwear 11 The Shughni and Wakhi tribes in Tajikistan call themselves Tajik unlike other Pamiri tribes in the area like the Rushan 12 History edit nbsp The geographical region of Badakhshan in Central AsiaAncient HistoryThe Pamiris are known to be the descendants of the Scythians who lived in Xinjiang 13 14 15 The Wakhi group of the Pamiris linguistically seem to be related to the Khotanese group of Sakas 16 17 18 The Wakhis had some point in the 6th century AD established a kingdom in Wakhan known as the Mirdom of Wakhan ruled by a mir Modern HistoryIn 1929 Gorno Badakhshan was attached to the newly formed republic of Tajikistan and since that point there has been a great deal of controversy surrounding the ethnic identity of the Pamiris Some Tajik scholars claim Pamiri languages to be a dialects of Tajik language and there has been a long running debate as to whether the Pamiris constituted a nationality separate from Tajiks 19 But there is a consensus amongst linguists that the Pamiri languages are East Iranian a sub group of Iranian languages while Tajik language which like Persian is included in Southwestern Iranian another sub group of Iranian languages In the 1926 and 1937 Soviet censuses Rushani Shugni and Wakhis were counted as separate nationalities After 1937 these groups were required to register as Tajiks 20 During the Soviet period many Pamiris migrated to the Vakhsh River Valley and settled in Qurghonteppa Oblast in what is today Khatlon Province In the 1980s debate raged in Tajikistan about the official status of the Pamiri languages in the republic After the independence of Tajikistan in 1991 Pamiri nationalism stirred and the Pamiri nationalist political party Lali Badakhshan took power in Gorno Badakhshan Anti government protests took place in the province s capital Khorog and in 1992 the republic declared itself an independent country This declaration was later repealed During the Tajikistan Civil War from 1992 to 1997 Pamiris in large part backed the United Tajik Opposition the Pamiris were targeted for massacres especially those living in the capital Dushanbe and Qurghonteppa Oblast In the early 1990s there was a movement amongst Pamiris to separate Gorno Badakhshan from Tajikistan 21 Religion editFatimid Ismaʿili Islam had been introduced to the Badakhshan and Pamir valley by Nasir Khusraw al Qubadiani who was appointed as the Da i al Mutlaq and Hujjat al Islam by Fatimid Caliph Abu Tamim Ma add al Mustanṣir bi llah for Pamiris in Xinjiang and Badakhshan in Afghanistan 22 Today s Pamiris are predominantly Nizari Isma ili Shia and follow the Aga Khan 23 The Aga Khan Foundation became the primary non governmental organization in Gorno Badakhshan There are also Sunni Pamiris currently numbering at approximately a few thousand 6 These Pamiris ancestors converted to Sunni Islam around the 19th century 24 Culture editThe Pamiris mainly engage in agriculture and animal herding They commonly cultivated crops include wheat barley peas and vegetables The Pamiris raise sheep yaks and goats 25 Pamiri music has been popularised by folk singer Oleg Fesov 26 Notable individuals editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Khushqadam Khusravov Tajikistani judokaShirinsho Shotemur politician one of the founders of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Davlat Khudonazarov filmmaker and presidential candidate in 1991 presidential elections in Tajikistan Muboraksho Mirzoshoyev musician Daler Nazarov musician and actor Abusaid Shokhumorov historian and philosopher Qozidavlat Qoimdodov Tajikistani politician who served as an ambassador and deputy prime minister Oleg Fesov musician and composer Manuchehr Kholiqnazarov human rights activistGallery edit nbsp Pamiri children in Afghanistan nbsp Pamiri woman and boy in Tajikistan nbsp Pamiri children in Afghanistan nbsp Wakhi Pamiri artists in Gojal Valley Pakistan Notes edit Persian پامیریTajik Pomirӣ romanized PomiriRussian Pami rcy romanized PamircyChinese 帕米尔人 pinyin Pamǐ errenUrdu پامیریReferences edit PAMIRI TAJIKS AND YAGHNOBIS Facts and Details 泽普概况 泽普政府网 in Simplified Chinese 17 July 2017 Archived from the original on 26 January 2020 Retrieved 10 April 2020 via Internet Archive 2016年末 全县总户数 含塔西南勘探开发公司 65684户 其中县属户数59804户 总人口208950人 含塔西南勘探开发公司 其中 维吾尔族175686人 占84 1 汉族27131人 占13 塔吉克族4463人 占2 1 其他民族1670人 占0 8 Russian Census 2010 Population by ethnicity in Russian Here is why Pakistan is more diverse than you thought 22 December 2016 Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union pg 33 By Shirin Akiner a b Akiner Shirin 1986 Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union London Kegan Paul International pp 33 374 375 ISBN 0 7103 0188 X Where music meets mountains A school to preserve Pamiri music The Express Tribune 18 February 2017 Retrieved 14 July 2023 Foltz Richard 2019 A History of the Tajiks Iranians of the East New York I B Tauris p 183 ISBN 978 1 83860 446 2 Minahan James B 10 February 2014 Ethnic Groups of North East and Central Asia An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO Afghan National Anthem Nationalanthems info Retrieved 21 June 2012 The Pamiris People on the Roof of the World Paramount Journey 7 September 2016 Retrieved 7 September 2016 Schoeberlein Engel John Samuel 1994 Identity in Central Asia Construction and Contention in the Conceptions of Ozbek Tajik Muslim Samarqandi and Other Groups Central Asia Harvard University p 113 Kuzʹmina Elena Efimovna 2007 The Origin of the Indo Iranians BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 16054 5 Foltz Richard 30 December 2021 The Ossetes Modern Day Scythians of the Caucasus Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 0 7556 1847 7 Kreutzmann Hermann Watanabe Teiji 25 January 2016 Mapping Transition in the Pamirs Changing Human Environmental Landscapes Springer ISBN 978 3 319 23198 3 Comrie Bernard 17 April 2018 The World s Major Languages Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 29049 0 Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World Elsevier 6 April 2010 p 603 ISBN 978 0 08 087775 4 Erdosy George 25 October 2012 The Indo Aryans of Ancient South Asia Language Material Culture and Ethnicity Walter de Gruyter p 159 ISBN 978 3 11 081643 3 Cheshko S V 1989 Ne Publicistichno No I Ne Nauchno Sovetskaya Etnografiya Akademiya Nauk SSR I Narodnyi Komisseriat Prosveshcheniya RSFSR 5 23 38 Suny Ronald Grigor 2006 History and Foreign Policy From Constructed Identities to Ancient Hatreds East of the Caspian In Shaffer Brenda ed The Limits of Culture Islam and Foreign Policy MIT Press pp 100 110 ISBN 0 262 69321 6 Suhrobsho Davlatshoev 2006 The Formation and Consolidation of Pamiri Ethnic Identity in Tajikistan Dissertation PDF School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University Turkey M S thesis Retrieved 25 August 2006 Balcioglu Tahir Harimi in Turkish 1940 Hilmi Ziya Ulken ed Turk tarihinde mezhep cereyanlari in Turkish Istanbul Kanaat Yayinlari Ahmed Sait tab i p 136 Chapter on Misir Fatimileri ve Aleviler in Pamir Teskilati Salopek Paul 9 October 2017 Islam in Hiking Sandals and Red Spike Heels National Geographic Retrieved 14 October 2017 If these women are extraordinary it s partly because Pamiri culture is special They are followers of Ismailism a tolerant branch of Islam led by the 49th Agha Khan a spiritual and temporal leader descended from the Prophet Mohammed Bennigsen Alexandre Wimbush S Enders 1986 Muslims of the Soviet Empire A Guide Indiana University Press p 122 ISBN 978 0 253 33958 4 West Barbara A 2010 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania Infobase Publishing p 634 ISBN 978 1 4381 1913 7 Dwek Joel 30 March 2021 TAJIKISTAN Lalaiki Pamir Oleg Fesov 200worldalbums com Retrieved 12 September 2023 External links editUnited Nations University 2009 Digital Video Pamiri women and the melting glaciers of Tajikistan three generations of Pamiri women share the impacts of Pamir Mountain glacier melt and decreasing water levels on YouTube 1 December 2009 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pamiri people Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pamiris amp oldid 1182522516, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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