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Paripāṭal

May 10, 2023

Topics in Sangam literature
Sangam literature
Agattiyam Tolkāppiyam
Eighteen Greater Texts
Eight Anthologies
Aiṅkurunūṟu Akanāṉūṟu
Puṟanāṉūṟu Kalittokai
Kuṟuntokai Natṟiṇai
Paripāṭal Patiṟṟuppattu
Ten Idylls
Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai Kuṟiñcippāṭṭu
Malaipaṭukaṭām Maturaikkāñci
Mullaippāṭṭu Neṭunalvāṭai
Paṭṭiṉappālai Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
Related topics
Sangam Sangam landscape
Tamil history from Sangam literature Ancient Tamil music
Eighteen Lesser Texts
Nālaṭiyār Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai
Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu
Kār Nāṟpatu Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu
Aintiṇai Aimpatu Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu
Aintinai Eḻupatu Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu
Tirukkuṟaḷ Tirikaṭukam
Ācārakkōvai Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu
Ciṟupañcamūlam Mutumoḻikkānci
Elāti Kainnilai
edit

The Paripādal (Tamil: பரிபாடல், meaning the paripadal-metre anthology) is a classical Tamil poetic work and traditionally the fifth of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) in the Sangam literature.[1] According to Tolkappiyam, Paripadal is a kind of verse dealing only with love (akapporul) and does not fall under the general classification of verses. It has a minimum of 25 lines and a maximum of 400 lines.[citation needed] It is an "akam genre", odd and hybrid collection which expresses love in the form of religious devotion (Bhakti) to gods and goddesses predominently to Maha Vishnu and Murugan. According to Kamil Zvelebil, a Tamil literature and history scholar.[1][2] This is the only anthology in the Eight Anthologies collection that is predominantly religious, though the other seven anthologies do contain occasional mentions and allusions to gods, goddesses and legends, along with invocatory poem to Shiva.[3][4]

Date

According to Prof S. Vaiyapuri Pillai, former Reader of the University of Madras, has stated that Paripadal may belong to the 3rd or 4th century period as Madurai was called Nan-Mada-k-koodal during the reign of Abisheka Pandya, who ruled the Pandya country in the 3rd or 4th century A.D. Hence, Paripadal which praises Koodal (Koodal Azhagar temple) may belong to the 3rd or 4th century A.D.[5]

Contents

Paripāṭal currently has 24 survived and in that 7 are dedicated to Maha Vishnu 8 to Murugan and 9 to Vaigai. The poems of Lord Vishnu show his supremacy, and gives him the status Para Brahman . He is regarded to be the only deity who enjoyed the status of Paramporul (achieving a oneness with Paramatma) during the Sangam age. He is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in Sangam literature. A reference to "Mukkol Pakavars" in Sangam literature indicates that only Vaishnava saints were holding Tridanda and were prominent during the period. Tirumal was glorified as "the supreme deity", whose divine lotus feet could burn all evil and grant Moksha. During the post-Sangam period, his worship was further glorified by the poet-saints called the Alvars.[6][7]

Description

The Tamil tradition believes that the Paripāṭal anthology originally contained 70 poems, of which 24 have survived in full and few others have survived in fragments into the modern era as evidenced by the quotes in the Tolkappiyam and the Purattirattu. Of the 24 full poems that have survived, 7 are dedicated to Tirumal (Krishna, Vishnu), eight to Murugan, and nine to river goddess Vaikai.[1][8] The nine river-related poems mention bathing festivals (Magh Mela),[1][9] as well as water sports, offerings of prayers at the river banks, playful lover's quarrel where the wife accuses her husband of bathing with his mistress.[10]

The compilation is attributed to 13 poets, and each poem has a notable colophon. In these colophons, in addition to the poet's name is included the music and tune (melodic mode, raga) for the poem, as well as the composer of that music.[1] The Paripatal poems are longer than the poems in other major Sangam anthologies. The typical poems have 60 lines, and the longest surviving poem has 140 lines. Like the Kalittokai anthology, this collection also includes dialogue-based poems.[11] Beyond the 24 surviving poems, from the fragmentary records about the other 46 original poems, 1 additional poem was to Tirumal, 23 more to Murugan, 1 to Kottravai, 17 more to Vaikai and 4 to Madurai. The Tirumal devotional poems [12]

The Paripatal manuscripts suggest that it was not purely an abstract literary work, rather a guide for devotional songs to be sung. The poems also mention temples and shrines, thereby suggesting that the Tamil people had already built temples for Vishnu, Murugan, and other deities in the Sangam era.[13] The Paripatal anthology is likely a late Sangam literature, states Zvelebil, separated from the earliest Sangam work by at least three centuries. This is evidenced by the linguistic and grammatical innovations, and its mention of mural paintings in temples and other cultural innovations.[13] Takanobu Takahashi concurs that this is a late Sangam work, and adds that the poems were likely composed over several generations over 100–150 years (3rd century CE).[14] A. K. Ramanujan suggests this Sangam anthology may be from about the 6th century.[2] The poems allude to many pan-Indian legends, such as the samudra manthan (churning of cosmic ocean), Vishnu devotee Prahlada's struggle, Shiva and Murugan legends. The Paripatal collection may be the early buds of transitional poems that flowered into the Bhakti movement poetry.[13][15][16]

According to V. N. Muthukumar and Elizabeth Rani Segran, the Vishnu devotional poems in the Paripatal are some of "earliest and finest representations of devotional genre", while the poems dedicated to Vaikai (Vaiyai) river are "unbriddled celebration of sensuality and love".[11] The first Tamil edition of Paripatal from palm-leaf manuscripts discovered in 19th century was published by U. V. Swaminatha Iyer in 1918.[17] A French translation was published in 1968 by François Gros.[18] English translations of the collection has been published by Seshadri, Hikosaka et al in 1996,[19] as well as partly by Muthukumar and Segram in 2012.[20]

Examples

There are two poems depicted as example, one in the praise of Maha Vishnu and other of Murugan

To Tirumal (Vishnu):

To Murugan:

We pray you not for wealth,
not for gold, not for pleasure;
But for your grace, for love, for virtue,
these three,
O god with the rich garland of kaṭampu flowers
with rolling clusters!

– Pari. v.: 78–81[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 123–124.
  2. ^ a b A.K. Ramanujan (2005). Hymns for the Drowning. Penguin Books. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-14-400010-4.
  3. ^ Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 31–33, 47, 53, 55, 57, 60, 87, 99, 123–124.
  4. ^ V.N. Muthukumar; Elizabeth Rani Segran (2012). The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal. Penguin Books. pp. 1–17. ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
  5. ^ V.N. Muthukumar; Elizabeth Rani Segran (2012). The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal. Penguin Books. pp. 1–17. ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
  6. ^ Ramesh, M. S. (1997). 108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams. T.T. Devasthanams. p. 152.
  7. ^ Singh, Nagendra Kr; Mishra, A. P. (2005). Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy and Religion: A Continuing Series--. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 34. ISBN 978-81-8220-072-2.
  8. ^ A. K. Ramanujan; Vinay Dharwadker; Stuart H. Blackburn (2004). The collected essays of A.K. Ramanujan. Oxford University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-19-566896-4., Quote: "seventy poems dedicated to gods Tirumal (Visnu), Cevvel (Murukan) and the goddess, the river Vaiyai (presently known as Vaikai)."
  9. ^ The festive bathing month is called Tai per the Tamil calendar (= Magh in northern Hindu calendar, January/February), particularly at the end of month Markali, and the poem also alludes to rebirths and merits in previous lives; Pari. 11:88–92, V.N. Muthukumar; Elizabeth Rani Segran (2012). The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal. Penguin Books. pp. 103–105 with notes on "Lines 184–91". ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
  10. ^ V.N. Muthukumar; Elizabeth Rani Segran (2012). The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal. Penguin Books. pp. 3–11. ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
  11. ^ a b V.N. Muthukumar; Elizabeth Rani Segran (2012). The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal. Penguin Books. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
  12. ^ Kamil Zvelebil (1974). Tamil Literature. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-3-447-01582-0.
  13. ^ a b c Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 124–125.
  14. ^ Takanobu Takahashi 1995, pp. 17–19.
  15. ^ Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2000). The Embodiment of Bhakti. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–55. ISBN 978-0-19-535190-3.
  16. ^ David N. Lorenzen (2004). Religious Movements in South Asia, 600-1800. Oxford University Press. pp. 48–49, 67–70. ISBN 978-0-19-566448-5.
  17. ^ Kamil Zvelebil 1973, p. 124.
  18. ^ François Gros (1968). Le Paripatal. Institut Francais D'Indologie. ISBN 978-8-18996-8359.
  19. ^ Shu Hikosaka; K.G. Seshadri; John Samuel (1996). P. Thiagarajan and K. G. Seshadri (ed.). Paripāṭal. Institute of Asian Studies.
  20. ^ V.N. Muthukumar; Elizabeth Rani Segran (2012). The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal. Penguin Books. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
  21. ^ a b Kamil Zvelebil (1974). Tamil Literature. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 49. ISBN 978-3-447-01582-0.
Bibliography
  • Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
  • Pillai, M. S. Purnalingam (1994). Tamil Literature. Asian Educational Services. p. 115. ISBN 81-206-0955-7.
  • Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003). The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 9780521011099.
  • Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231150651
  • Takanobu Takahashi (1995). Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics. BRILL Academic. ISBN 90-04-10042-3.
  • Kamil Zvelebil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.
  • Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature. BRILL. p. 73. ISBN 90-04-09365-6.

May 10, 2023
paripāṭal, topics, sangam, literaturesangam, literatureagattiyam, tolkāppiyameighteen, greater, textseight, anthologiesaiṅkurunūṟu, akanāṉūṟupuṟanāṉūṟu, kalittokaikuṟuntokai, natṟiṇai, patiṟṟuppattuten, idyllstirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai, kuṟiñcippāṭṭumalaipaṭukaṭām, m. Topics in Sangam literatureSangam literatureAgattiyam TolkappiyamEighteen Greater TextsEight AnthologiesAiṅkurunuṟu AkanaṉuṟuPuṟanaṉuṟu KalittokaiKuṟuntokai NatṟiṇaiParipaṭal PatiṟṟuppattuTen IdyllsTirumurukaṟṟuppaṭai KuṟincippaṭṭuMalaipaṭukaṭam MaturaikkanciMullaippaṭṭu NeṭunalvaṭaiPaṭṭiṉappalai PerumpaṇaṟṟuppaṭaiPoruṇaraṟṟuppaṭai CiṟupaṇaṟṟuppaṭaiRelated topicsSangam Sangam landscapeTamil history from Sangam literature Ancient Tamil musicEighteen Lesser TextsNalaṭiyar NaṉmaṇikkaṭikaiIṉṉa Naṟpatu Iṉiyavai NaṟpatuKar Naṟpatu Kaḷavaḻi NaṟpatuAintiṇai Aimpatu Tiṉaimoḻi AimpatuAintinai Eḻupatu Tiṇaimalai NuṟṟaimpatuTirukkuṟaḷ TirikaṭukamAcarakkōvai Paḻamoḻi NaṉuṟuCiṟupancamulam MutumoḻikkanciElati KainnilaieditThe Paripadal Tamil பர ப டல meaning the paripadal metre anthology is a classical Tamil poetic work and traditionally the fifth of the Eight Anthologies Ettuthokai in the Sangam literature 1 According to Tolkappiyam Paripadal is a kind of verse dealing only with love akapporul and does not fall under the general classification of verses It has a minimum of 25 lines and a maximum of 400 lines citation needed It is an akam genre odd and hybrid collection which expresses love in the form of religious devotion Bhakti to gods and goddesses predominently to Maha Vishnu and Murugan According to Kamil Zvelebil a Tamil literature and history scholar 1 2 This is the only anthology in the Eight Anthologies collection that is predominantly religious though the other seven anthologies do contain occasional mentions and allusions to gods goddesses and legends along with invocatory poem to Shiva 3 4 Contents 1 Date 2 Contents 3 Description 4 Examples 5 See also 6 ReferencesDate EditAccording to Prof S Vaiyapuri Pillai former Reader of the University of Madras has stated that Paripadal may belong to the 3rd or 4th century period as Madurai was called Nan Mada k koodal during the reign of Abisheka Pandya who ruled the Pandya country in the 3rd or 4th century A D Hence Paripadal which praises Koodal Koodal Azhagar temple may belong to the 3rd or 4th century A D 5 Contents EditParipaṭal currently has 24 survived and in that 7 are dedicated to Maha Vishnu 8 to Murugan and 9 to Vaigai The poems of Lord Vishnu show his supremacy and gives him the status Para Brahman He is regarded to be the only deity who enjoyed the status of Paramporul achieving a oneness with Paramatma during the Sangam age He is also known as Mayavan Mamiyon Netiyōn and Mal in Sangam literature A reference to Mukkol Pakavars in Sangam literature indicates that only Vaishnava saints were holding Tridanda and were prominent during the period Tirumal was glorified as the supreme deity whose divine lotus feet could burn all evil and grant Moksha During the post Sangam period his worship was further glorified by the poet saints called the Alvars 6 7 Description EditThe Tamil tradition believes that the Paripaṭal anthology originally contained 70 poems of which 24 have survived in full and few others have survived in fragments into the modern era as evidenced by the quotes in the Tolkappiyam and the Purattirattu Of the 24 full poems that have survived 7 are dedicated to Tirumal Krishna Vishnu eight to Murugan and nine to river goddess Vaikai 1 8 The nine river related poems mention bathing festivals Magh Mela 1 9 as well as water sports offerings of prayers at the river banks playful lover s quarrel where the wife accuses her husband of bathing with his mistress 10 The compilation is attributed to 13 poets and each poem has a notable colophon In these colophons in addition to the poet s name is included the music and tune melodic mode raga for the poem as well as the composer of that music 1 The Paripatal poems are longer than the poems in other major Sangam anthologies The typical poems have 60 lines and the longest surviving poem has 140 lines Like the Kalittokai anthology this collection also includes dialogue based poems 11 Beyond the 24 surviving poems from the fragmentary records about the other 46 original poems 1 additional poem was to Tirumal 23 more to Murugan 1 to Kottravai 17 more to Vaikai and 4 to Madurai The Tirumal devotional poems 12 The Paripatal manuscripts suggest that it was not purely an abstract literary work rather a guide for devotional songs to be sung The poems also mention temples and shrines thereby suggesting that the Tamil people had already built temples for Vishnu Murugan and other deities in the Sangam era 13 The Paripatal anthology is likely a late Sangam literature states Zvelebil separated from the earliest Sangam work by at least three centuries This is evidenced by the linguistic and grammatical innovations and its mention of mural paintings in temples and other cultural innovations 13 Takanobu Takahashi concurs that this is a late Sangam work and adds that the poems were likely composed over several generations over 100 150 years 3rd century CE 14 A K Ramanujan suggests this Sangam anthology may be from about the 6th century 2 The poems allude to many pan Indian legends such as the samudra manthan churning of cosmic ocean Vishnu devotee Prahlada s struggle Shiva and Murugan legends The Paripatal collection may be the early buds of transitional poems that flowered into the Bhakti movement poetry 13 15 16 According to V N Muthukumar and Elizabeth Rani Segran the Vishnu devotional poems in the Paripatal are some of earliest and finest representations of devotional genre while the poems dedicated to Vaikai Vaiyai river are unbriddled celebration of sensuality and love 11 The first Tamil edition of Paripatal from palm leaf manuscripts discovered in 19th century was published by U V Swaminatha Iyer in 1918 17 A French translation was published in 1968 by Francois Gros 18 English translations of the collection has been published by Seshadri Hikosaka et al in 1996 19 as well as partly by Muthukumar and Segram in 2012 20 Examples EditThere are two poems depicted as example one in the praise of Maha Vishnu and other of MuruganTo Tirumal Vishnu த ய ன ள த றல ந ப வ ன ள ந ற றம ந கல ல ன ள மண ய ம ந ச ல ல ன ள வ ய ம ந அறத த ன ள அன ப ந மறத த ன ள ம ந த ந வ தத த மற ந ப தத த ம தல ம ந வ ஞ ச டர ஒள ய ம ந த ங கள ள அள ய ம ந அன த த ம ந அன த த ன உட ப ர ள ம ந In fire you are the heat in blossoms the fragrance among the stones you are the diamond in speech truth among virtues you are love in valour strength in the Veda you are the secret among elements the primordial in the burning sun the light in moonshine its sweetness you are all and you are the substance and meaning of all Paripadal iii 63 68 F Gros K Zvelebil 21 To Murugan We pray you not for wealth not for gold not for pleasure But for your grace for love for virtue these three O god with the rich garland of kaṭampu flowers with rolling clusters Pari v 78 81 21 See also EditAncient Tamil music Eight Anthologies Eighteen Greater Texts Sangam literatureReferences Edit a b c d e Kamil Zvelebil 1973 pp 123 124 a b A K Ramanujan 2005 Hymns for the Drowning Penguin Books pp 109 110 ISBN 978 0 14 400010 4 Kamil Zvelebil 1973 pp 31 33 47 53 55 57 60 87 99 123 124 V N Muthukumar Elizabeth Rani Segran 2012 The River Speaks The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal Penguin Books pp 1 17 ISBN 978 81 8475 694 4 V N Muthukumar Elizabeth Rani Segran 2012 The River Speaks The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal Penguin Books pp 1 17 ISBN 978 81 8475 694 4 Ramesh M S 1997 108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams T T Devasthanams p 152 Singh Nagendra Kr Mishra A P 2005 Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy and Religion A Continuing Series Global Vision Publishing House p 34 ISBN 978 81 8220 072 2 A K Ramanujan Vinay Dharwadker Stuart H Blackburn 2004 The collected essays of A K Ramanujan Oxford University Press p 235 ISBN 978 0 19 566896 4 Quote seventy poems dedicated to gods Tirumal Visnu Cevvel Murukan and the goddess the river Vaiyai presently known as Vaikai The festive bathing month is called Tai per the Tamil calendar Magh in northern Hindu calendar January February particularly at the end of month Markali and the poem also alludes to rebirths and merits in previous lives Pari 11 88 92 V N Muthukumar Elizabeth Rani Segran 2012 The River Speaks The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal Penguin Books pp 103 105 with notes on Lines 184 91 ISBN 978 81 8475 694 4 V N Muthukumar Elizabeth Rani Segran 2012 The River Speaks The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal Penguin Books pp 3 11 ISBN 978 81 8475 694 4 a b V N Muthukumar Elizabeth Rani Segran 2012 The River Speaks The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal Penguin Books pp 1 7 ISBN 978 81 8475 694 4 Kamil Zvelebil 1974 Tamil Literature Otto Harrassowitz Verlag pp 48 49 ISBN 978 3 447 01582 0 a b c Kamil Zvelebil 1973 pp 124 125 Takanobu Takahashi 1995 pp 17 19 Karen Pechilis Prentiss 2000 The Embodiment of Bhakti Oxford University Press pp 52 55 ISBN 978 0 19 535190 3 David N Lorenzen 2004 Religious Movements in South Asia 600 1800 Oxford University Press pp 48 49 67 70 ISBN 978 0 19 566448 5 Kamil Zvelebil 1973 p 124 Francois Gros 1968 Le Paripatal Institut Francais D Indologie ISBN 978 8 18996 8359 Shu Hikosaka K G Seshadri John Samuel 1996 P Thiagarajan and K G Seshadri ed Paripaṭal Institute of Asian Studies V N Muthukumar Elizabeth Rani Segran 2012 The River Speaks The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal Penguin Books pp 15 16 ISBN 978 81 8475 694 4 a b Kamil Zvelebil 1974 Tamil Literature Otto Harrassowitz Verlag p 49 ISBN 978 3 447 01582 0 BibliographyMudaliyar Singaravelu A Apithana Cintamani An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature 1931 Reprinted by Asian Educational Services New Delhi 1983 Pillai M S Purnalingam 1994 Tamil Literature Asian Educational Services p 115 ISBN 81 206 0955 7 Ray Himanshu Prabha 2003 The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia Cambridge Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge ISBN 9780521011099 Selby Martha Ann 2011 Tamil Love Poetry The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunuṟu an Early Third Century Anthology Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231150651 Takanobu Takahashi 1995 Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics BRILL Academic ISBN 90 04 10042 3 Kamil Zvelebil 1973 The Smile of Murugan On Tamil Literature of South India BRILL ISBN 90 04 03591 5 Zvelebil Kamil 1992 Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature BRILL p 73 ISBN 90 04 09365 6 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Paripaṭal amp oldid 1143723561, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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