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Rover incident

December 28, 2022

The Rover Incident (Chinese: 羅妹號事件; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lô-mōe-hō Sū-kiāⁿ or Chinese: 羅妹號慘案; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lô-mōe-hō Chhám-àn[1]) occurred on 12 March 1867 when the American merchant ship Rover, captained by Joseph Hunt[2][3] who was accompanied by his wife Mercy G. Beerman Hunt,[4][5] and en route from Swatow to Newchwang,[6] was wrecked off the coast of Formosa (Taiwan), then ruled by the Qing dynasty.[7] The ship struck a coral reef called Chihsingyen near Oluanpi and drifted into the area of Kenting[8] in modern-day Hengchun, Pingtung County, Taiwan. Fourteen American sailors, including Hunt and his wife,[1] were killed by Taiwanese Aborigines[9][10] in revenge for earlier killings of Kaolut (Koalut/Ku-a-lut/etc) tribe members by foreigners. Subsequently, the U.S. military decided to send a military expedition against the tribe members responsible.[11]

Rover incident
Traditional Chinese羅妹號事件
Simplified Chinese罗妹号事件
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLuófāháo shìjiàn
Southern Min
Hokkien POJLô-mōe-hō Sū-kiāⁿ
Map of the area drawn by Charles W. Le Gendre[1] showing "Where the Rover's Crew landed" (bottom middle of map).

American reaction

Main article: Formosa Expedition

Following the wreck of the United States ship and killing of the surviving crew by aborigines, the American Consul to Amoy Charles William Le Gendre quickly traveled to Foochow, arriving on 2 April 1867, to persuade the governor generals of Fukien and Chekiang to intervene and put pressure on the Chinese authorities in Taiwan to resolve the issue.[12] The governor general of Fukien gave Le Gendre permission to go to Taiwan himself and wrote him a letter of introduction to take to the prefect of Taiwan asking him to cooperate with Le Gendre; but the governor general also added that "if the consul takes measures to manage the case himself, please invite him not to do so, for these savages might give him more trouble that he thinks."[13] Le Gendre commissioned the United States steamer Ashuelot, under the command of Captain John C. Febiger, in order to visit the scene of the wreck and to try (unsuccessfully) to get foreign officials in Taiwanfoo (capital of Taiwan Prefecture, where he arrived on 18 April) to act. After a subsequent failed punitive expedition carried out by Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell of the United States Navy, Le Gendre again returned to Formosa—this time without any reference to his superiors. While in Taiwan, he asserted United States consular authority, selected a deputy consul in north Taiwan, visited the Keelung mines, and gathered information from United States merchants.[14][15]

On June 19, one hundred and eighty-one officers, sailors, and marines provided with four days' rations and water landed in Taiwan[16] under Commander George E. Belknap of the USS Hartford who was accompanied by Lieutenant Commander Alexander Slidell MacKenzie, fleet lieutenant as second in command. In the terrible heat, it was "almost impossible to conduct operations in the middle of the day, and many of the party were attacked by sunstroke. The savages, who had taken up a position in the jungle behind rocks and other places invisible...kept up a heavy fire whenever their foes appeared."[17] MacKenzie received a mortal wound to his chest from enemy fire.[18] The American force was "compelled to withdraw in some confusion to the ships and soon departed from the island".[17]

The marines were under the command of Captain James Forney, who submitted the following report to Commander Belknap, dated on board the flagship Hartford, at sea, June 17:

"I have the honor herewith to submit a brief report of the part taken by the Marines on the 13th inst., on the island of Formosa. On the first landing, by your order, I took charge of twenty Marines, deploying them forward as skirmishers. A dense and almost impenetrable thicket of bush prevented the men from advancing very rapidly. I penetrated with them to a creek about half a mile from the beach without meeting any of the enemy, and was then recalled for further orders. You then instructed me to leave a sergeant and five men on the beach, and to advance with the main body, headed by yourself. In consequence of all further operations coming under your own observation, I have nothing further to report, except that the men behaved gallantly, and deserve credit for the manner in which they marched over such a rough and hilly country, and under such intense, scorching heat... The entire number of Marines on shore was forty-three, thirty-one of whom were from this ship, and twelve from the USS Wyoming."[19]

The Rover Incident played a critical role U.S. military history in terms of shaping the U.S. Marine Corps' "rules of engagement" in "small wars."[20][unreliable source?]

Second visit

Upon return to South China, Le Gendre managed to persuade the Governor General in Foochow to send a military force to Southern Taiwan. The force, significantly smaller than the 400 to 500 soldiers recommended by Le Gendre, was dispatched on 25 July 1867. Le Gendre then personally requested a gunboat from Admiral Bell, which he was denied, and eventually managed to commission the steamship Volunteer. He embarked for Formosa on 4 September 1867[21] telling his superiors that "I am going there as a mere spectator.. . . I have no jurisdiction over the Chinese forces."[22]

Le Gendre quickly assumed de facto command of the mission from General Liu in the course of a long and difficult march into deep aboriginal lands in southern Taiwan (some of which required extensive road construction). Then, with the aid of William A. Pickering and James Horn, Le Gendre negotiated a Memorandum of the Understanding with Tauketok [23] (南岬之盟) guaranteeing the safety of shipwrecked American and European sailors with Tok-a-Tok[24] (c. 1817–1874),[a][25] the chief of 18 Paiwan aboriginal tribes in the area when the Rover had gone ashore.[26][27][28]

Influence

Following the Rover Incident in 1867, another shipwreck triggered the Mudan Incident which subsequently was the justification for the Empire of Japan to invade and occupy a part of Taiwan in 1874, a decade later the French General Jacques Duchesne defeated the Chinese up the Keelung River. In addition, the Qing court established the Hengchun lighthouse (1888; now Eluanbi Lighthouse) for the protection of the Taiwan Strait and vessels transiting the Bashi Channel.

TV Mini Series from 2021

In 2021 Public Television Service (PTS) of Taiwan has released a ten part mini-series named Seqalu: Formosa 1867 ( 斯卡羅) about the incident.[29] Seqalu refers to the name of a Paiwan-Puyuma nation that existed from 1600 to 1931.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ His Paiwan name was written in Chinese characters as 卓杞篤 or 卓其督, both pronounced Tok-ki-tok in Hokkien. These names were also transcribed into English as Toketok or Tauketok.

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c 臺灣歷史地圖 增訂版 [Taiwan Historical Maps, Expanded and Revised Edition]. Taipei: National Museum of Taiwan History. February 2018. p. 78. ISBN 978-986-05-5274-4. 在1867年(同治6年)3月間，美國商船羅妹號(Rover)因遭遇暴風，在鵝鸞鼻南方七星岩觸礁後沉沒，船長、船員等14人在龜仔甪社所在的海岸登陸，遭到殺害。{...}地圖繪製:李仙得{...}羅妹號慘案 THE ROVER'S CASE.
  2. ^ "Capt Joseph Hunt (Unknown-1867) - Find A Grave Memorial".
  3. ^ "李仙得略傳" (PDF).
  4. ^ "Mercy G. Beerman Hunt (1826-1867) - Find A Grave Memorial".
  5. ^ "Botefuhr Family". www.knottedwillow.com. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-09-30. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  7. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 115.
  8. ^ "Jeff's Taiwan: Taiwan's Southern Cape (恆春半島)". formosaguy.blogspot.com. 15 May 2008. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  9. ^ Japan Weekly Mail. Jappan Meru Shinbunsha. 1874. pp. 263–.
  10. ^ "Taiwan/Formosa".
  11. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  12. ^ Yen 1965, pp. 126-127; Carrington, George Williams, Foreigners in Formosa 1841–1874 (San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center, 1978), p. 153; Dictionary of American Biography, p. 146; The Far East (1877): 88.
  13. ^ U.S., National Archives, Record Group 59, "Consular despatches, Amoy," vol. 3 (microfilm no. 100, roll 3), enclosure, "Intendant of Circuit of Foochow to the Prefect of Formosa," translation from the USNA and USDC; as quoted in Yen 1965, p. 127.
  14. ^ Carrington 1978, pp. 154, 159; Dictionary of American biography, p. 146; The Far East (1877): 88.
  15. ^ "THE PIRATES OF FORMOSA. - Official Reports of the Engagement of the United States Naval Forces with the Savages of the Isle. - Front Page - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. select.nytimes.com. 24 August 1867. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  16. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 116.
  17. ^ a b Davidson (1903), p. 116.
  18. ^ Daugherty, L.J. (2009). The Marine Corps and the State Department: Enduring Partners in United States Foreign Policy, 1798-2007. McFarland, Incorporated Publishers. p. 28. ISBN 9780786453016. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  19. ^ Collum, R.S. (2008). History of the United States Marine Corps. Read Books. p. 184. ISBN 9781409715443. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  20. ^ "Targeted Outrage: The "Rover" Incident in Taiwan and the Making of US Marine Corps Small Wars Doctrine". targetedoutrage.blogspot.com. 31 January 2005. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  21. ^ 14. Yen 1965, pp. 127-148; Carrington 1978, p. 160; The Far East 1877, pp. 88-89.
  22. ^ U.S., National Archives, Record Group 59, "Consular despatches, Amoy," vol. 3 (microfilm no. 100, roll 3), Le Gendre to Bell, 30 July 1867; as quoted in Carrington 1978, p. 160.
  23. ^ "CHINA-FORMOSA. FORMOSA. Reports of Mr. C. W. Le Gendre". Annual Report on the Commercial Relations Between the United States and Foreign Nations: Made by the Secretary of State for the Year Ending September 30, 1869. Government Printing Office. 1871年. p. 92. from the original on 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2020-03-19.
  24. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed. (1879), "Formosa".
  25. ^ See also his article on the Chinese Wikipedia.
  26. ^ Yen 1965, pp. 149-53; Carrington 1978, pp. 133, 157-58, 161-72, 174, 176; Otness, Harold M, One thousand westerners in Taiwan, to 1945: A biographical and bibliographical dictionary ([Taipei]: Institute of Taiwan History, Preparatory Office, Academia Sinica, 1999), p. 97; The Far East (1877): 89-90; Dictionary of American biography, p. 146.
  27. ^ United States. Dept. of State (1868). Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 491. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  28. ^ Le Gendre, letter reproduced in Davidson (1903), p. 117-122
  29. ^ Seqalu: Formosa 1867 (TV Mini Series 2021), IMDb

Bibliography

  • Davidson, James W. (1903). "Chapter IX: Wrecks and Outrages on Navigators. 1848–1867". The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OL 6931635M.

December 28, 2022
rover, incident, rover, incident, chinese, 羅妹號事件, mōe, kiāⁿ, chinese, 羅妹號慘案, mōe, chhám, occurred, march, 1867, when, american, merchant, ship, rover, captained, joseph, hunt, accompanied, wife, mercy, beerman, hunt, route, from, swatow, newchwang, wrecked, co. The Rover Incident Chinese 羅妹號事件 Pe h ōe ji Lo mōe hō Su kiaⁿ or Chinese 羅妹號慘案 Pe h ōe ji Lo mōe hō Chham an 1 occurred on 12 March 1867 when the American merchant ship Rover captained by Joseph Hunt 2 3 who was accompanied by his wife Mercy G Beerman Hunt 4 5 and en route from Swatow to Newchwang 6 was wrecked off the coast of Formosa Taiwan then ruled by the Qing dynasty 7 The ship struck a coral reef called Chihsingyen near Oluanpi and drifted into the area of Kenting 8 in modern day Hengchun Pingtung County Taiwan Fourteen American sailors including Hunt and his wife 1 were killed by Taiwanese Aborigines 9 10 in revenge for earlier killings of Kaolut Koalut Ku a lut etc tribe members by foreigners Subsequently the U S military decided to send a military expedition against the tribe members responsible 11 Rover incidentTraditional Chinese羅妹號事件Simplified Chinese罗妹号事件TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLuofahao shijianSouthern MinHokkien POJLo mōe hō Su kiaⁿMap of the area drawn by Charles W Le Gendre 1 showing Where the Rover s Crew landed bottom middle of map Contents 1 American reaction 1 1 Second visit 2 Influence 3 TV Mini Series from 2021 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 BibliographyAmerican reaction EditMain article Formosa Expedition Following the wreck of the United States ship and killing of the surviving crew by aborigines the American Consul to Amoy Charles William Le Gendre quickly traveled to Foochow arriving on 2 April 1867 to persuade the governor generals of Fukien and Chekiang to intervene and put pressure on the Chinese authorities in Taiwan to resolve the issue 12 The governor general of Fukien gave Le Gendre permission to go to Taiwan himself and wrote him a letter of introduction to take to the prefect of Taiwan asking him to cooperate with Le Gendre but the governor general also added that if the consul takes measures to manage the case himself please invite him not to do so for these savages might give him more trouble that he thinks 13 Le Gendre commissioned the United States steamer Ashuelot under the command of Captain John C Febiger in order to visit the scene of the wreck and to try unsuccessfully to get foreign officials in Taiwanfoo capital of Taiwan Prefecture where he arrived on 18 April to act After a subsequent failed punitive expedition carried out by Rear Admiral Henry H Bell of the United States Navy Le Gendre again returned to Formosa this time without any reference to his superiors While in Taiwan he asserted United States consular authority selected a deputy consul in north Taiwan visited the Keelung mines and gathered information from United States merchants 14 15 On June 19 one hundred and eighty one officers sailors and marines provided with four days rations and water landed in Taiwan 16 under Commander George E Belknap of the USS Hartford who was accompanied by Lieutenant Commander Alexander Slidell MacKenzie fleet lieutenant as second in command In the terrible heat it was almost impossible to conduct operations in the middle of the day and many of the party were attacked by sunstroke The savages who had taken up a position in the jungle behind rocks and other places invisible kept up a heavy fire whenever their foes appeared 17 MacKenzie received a mortal wound to his chest from enemy fire 18 The American force was compelled to withdraw in some confusion to the ships and soon departed from the island 17 The marines were under the command of Captain James Forney who submitted the following report to Commander Belknap dated on board the flagship Hartford at sea June 17 I have the honor herewith to submit a brief report of the part taken by the Marines on the 13th inst on the island of Formosa On the first landing by your order I took charge of twenty Marines deploying them forward as skirmishers A dense and almost impenetrable thicket of bush prevented the men from advancing very rapidly I penetrated with them to a creek about half a mile from the beach without meeting any of the enemy and was then recalled for further orders You then instructed me to leave a sergeant and five men on the beach and to advance with the main body headed by yourself In consequence of all further operations coming under your own observation I have nothing further to report except that the men behaved gallantly and deserve credit for the manner in which they marched over such a rough and hilly country and under such intense scorching heat The entire number of Marines on shore was forty three thirty one of whom were from this ship and twelve from the USS Wyoming 19 The Rover Incident played a critical role U S military history in terms of shaping the U S Marine Corps rules of engagement in small wars 20 unreliable source Second visit Edit Upon return to South China Le Gendre managed to persuade the Governor General in Foochow to send a military force to Southern Taiwan The force significantly smaller than the 400 to 500 soldiers recommended by Le Gendre was dispatched on 25 July 1867 Le Gendre then personally requested a gunboat from Admiral Bell which he was denied and eventually managed to commission the steamship Volunteer He embarked for Formosa on 4 September 1867 21 telling his superiors that I am going there as a mere spectator I have no jurisdiction over the Chinese forces 22 Le Gendre quickly assumed de facto command of the mission from General Liu in the course of a long and difficult march into deep aboriginal lands in southern Taiwan some of which required extensive road construction Then with the aid of William A Pickering and James Horn Le Gendre negotiated a Memorandum of the Understanding with Tauketok 23 南岬之盟 guaranteeing the safety of shipwrecked American and European sailors with Tok a Tok 24 c 1817 1874 a 25 the chief of 18 Paiwan aboriginal tribes in the area when the Rover had gone ashore 26 27 28 Influence EditFollowing the Rover Incident in 1867 another shipwreck triggered the Mudan Incident which subsequently was the justification for the Empire of Japan to invade and occupy a part of Taiwan in 1874 a decade later the French General Jacques Duchesne defeated the Chinese up the Keelung River In addition the Qing court established the Hengchun lighthouse 1888 now Eluanbi Lighthouse for the protection of the Taiwan Strait and vessels transiting the Bashi Channel TV Mini Series from 2021 EditIn 2021 Public Television Service PTS of Taiwan has released a ten part mini series named Seqalu Formosa 1867 斯卡羅 about the incident 29 Seqalu refers to the name of a Paiwan Puyuma nation that existed from 1600 to 1931 See also EditMudan incident Small Wars Manual Taiwan Expedition of 1874 Formosa Expedition of 1867 Princess Babao TempleNotes Edit His Paiwan name was written in Chinese characters as 卓杞篤 or 卓其督 both pronounced Tok ki tok in Hokkien These names were also transcribed into English as Toketok or Tauketok References EditCitations Edit a b c 臺灣歷史地圖 增訂版 Taiwan Historical Maps Expanded and Revised Edition Taipei National Museum of Taiwan History February 2018 p 78 ISBN 978 986 05 5274 4 在1867年 同治6年 3月間 美國商船羅妹號 Rover 因遭遇暴風 在鵝鸞鼻南方七星岩觸礁後沉沒 船長 船員等14人在龜仔甪社所在的海岸登陸 遭到殺害 地圖繪製 李仙得 羅妹號慘案 THE ROVER S CASE Capt Joseph Hunt Unknown 1867 Find A Grave Memorial 李仙得略傳 PDF Mercy G Beerman Hunt 1826 1867 Find A Grave Memorial Botefuhr Family www knottedwillow com Retrieved 2019 02 08 Papers Past Timaru Herald 10 July 1867 WRECK OF THE BARQUE ROVER Archived from the original on 2012 09 30 Retrieved 2015 05 15 Davidson 1903 p 115 Jeff s Taiwan Taiwan s Southern Cape 恆春半島 formosaguy blogspot com 15 May 2008 Retrieved 2015 05 15 Japan Weekly Mail Jappan Meru Shinbunsha 1874 pp 263 Taiwan Formosa Taiwan Panorama Magazine Taiwan A History in Maps Archived from the original on 2011 07 20 Retrieved 2015 05 15 Yen 1965 pp 126 127 Carrington George Williams Foreigners in Formosa 1841 1874 San Francisco Chinese Materials Center 1978 p 153 Dictionary of American Biography p 146 The Far East 1877 88 U S National Archives Record Group 59 Consular despatches Amoy vol 3 microfilm no 100 roll 3 enclosure Intendant of Circuit of Foochow to the Prefect of Formosa translation from the USNA and USDC as quoted in Yen 1965 p 127 Carrington 1978 pp 154 159 Dictionary of American biography p 146 The Far East 1877 88 THE PIRATES OF FORMOSA Official Reports of the Engagement of the United States Naval Forces with the Savages of the Isle Front Page NYTimes com The New York Times select nytimes com 24 August 1867 Retrieved 2015 05 15 Davidson 1903 p 116 a b Davidson 1903 p 116 Daugherty L J 2009 The Marine Corps and the State Department Enduring Partners in United States Foreign Policy 1798 2007 McFarland Incorporated Publishers p 28 ISBN 9780786453016 Retrieved 2015 05 15 Collum R S 2008 History of the United States Marine Corps Read Books p 184 ISBN 9781409715443 Retrieved 2015 05 15 Targeted Outrage The Rover Incident in Taiwan and the Making of US Marine Corps Small Wars Doctrine targetedoutrage blogspot com 31 January 2005 Retrieved 2015 05 15 14 Yen 1965 pp 127 148 Carrington 1978 p 160 The Far East 1877 pp 88 89 U S National Archives Record Group 59 Consular despatches Amoy vol 3 microfilm no 100 roll 3 Le Gendre to Bell 30 July 1867 as quoted in Carrington 1978 p 160 CHINA FORMOSA FORMOSA Reports of Mr C W Le Gendre Annual Report on the Commercial Relations Between the United States and Foreign Nations Made by the Secretary of State for the Year Ending September 30 1869 Government Printing Office 1871年 p 92 Archived from the original on 2020 09 23 Retrieved 2020 03 19 Encyclopaedia Britannica 9th ed 1879 Formosa sfnp error no target CITEREFEncyclopaedia Britannica 9th ed 1879 help See also his article on the Chinese Wikipedia Yen 1965 pp 149 53 Carrington 1978 pp 133 157 58 161 72 174 176 Otness Harold M One thousand westerners in Taiwan to 1945 A biographical and bibliographical dictionary Taipei Institute of Taiwan History Preparatory Office Academia Sinica 1999 p 97 The Far East 1877 89 90 Dictionary of American biography p 146 United States Dept of State 1868 Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States U S Government Printing Office p 491 Retrieved 2015 05 15 Le Gendre letter reproduced in Davidson 1903 p 117 122 Seqalu Formosa 1867 TV Mini Series 2021 IMDb Bibliography Edit Davidson James W 1903 Chapter IX Wrecks and Outrages on Navigators 1848 1867 The Island of Formosa Past and Present history people resources and commercial prospects tea camphor sugar gold coal sulphur economical plants and other productions London and New York Macmillan OL 6931635M Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rover incident amp oldid 1127903865, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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