Otorhinolaryngology (/oʊtoʊˌraɪnoʊˌlærɪnˈɡɒlədʒi/oh-toh-RY-noh-LARR-in-GOL-ə-jee, abbreviated ORL and also known as otolaryngology, otolaryngology–head and neck surgery (ORL–H&N or OHNS), or ear, nose, and throat (ENT)) is a surgical subspeciality within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions of the head and neck. Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians. Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear, nose, throat, base of the skull, head, and neck. These commonly include functional diseases that affect the senses and activities of eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing. In addition, ENT surgery encompasses the surgical management of cancers and benign tumors and reconstruction of the head and neck as well as plastic surgery of the face and neck.
The term is a combination of New Latincombining forms (oto- + rhino- + laryngo- + -logy) derived from four Ancient Greek words: οὖς ous (gen.: ὠτός otos), "ear", ῥίς rhis, "nose", λάρυγξ larynx, "larynx" and -λογία logia, "study"[1] (cf. Greek ωτορινολαρυγγολόγος, "otorhinolaryngologist").
Training
Otorhinolaryngologists are physicians (MD, DO, MBBS, MBChB, etc.) who complete both medical school and an average of 5–7 years of post-graduate surgical training in ORL-H&N. In the United States, trainees complete at least five years of surgical residency training.[2] This comprises three to six months of general surgical training and four and a half years in ORL-H&N specialist surgery. In Canada and the United States, practitioners complete a five-year residency training after medical school.
Following residency training, some otolaryngologist-head & neck surgeons complete an advanced sub-specialty fellowship, where training can be one to two years in duration. Fellowships include head and neck surgical oncology, facial plastic surgery, rhinology and sinus surgery, neuro-otology, pediatric otolaryngology, and laryngology. In the United States and Canada, otorhinolaryngology is one of the most competitive specialties in medicine in which to obtain a residency position following medical school.[3][4]
In the United Kingdom, entrance to otorhinolaryngology higher surgical training is highly competitive and involves a rigorous national selection process.[5] The training programme consists of 6 years of higher surgical training after which trainees frequently undertake fellowships in a sub-speciality prior to becoming a consultant.
The typical total length of education, training and post-secondary school is 12–14 years. Otolaryngology is among the more highly compensated surgical specialties in the United States. In 2023, the average annual income was $118,230.[6]
Study of diseases of the outer ear, middle ear and mastoid, and inner ear, and surrounding structures (such as the facial nerve and lateral skull base)
Vocology – science and practice of voice habilitation
Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery
Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is a one-year fellowship open to otorhinolaryngologists who wish to begin learning the aesthetic and reconstructive surgical principles of the head, face, and neck pioneered by the specialty of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
Microvascular reconstruction repair is a common operation that is done on patients who see an Otorhinolaryngologist. Microvascular reconstruction repair is a surgical procedure that involves moving a composite piece of tissue from the patient's body and moves it to the head and or neck. Microvascular head and neck reconstruction is used to treat head and neck cancers, including those of the larynx and pharynx, oral cavity, salivary glands, jaws, calvarium, sinuses, tongue and skin. The tissue that is most commonly moved during this procedure is from the arms, legs, back, and can come from the skin, bone, fat, and or muscle.[7] When doing this procedure, the decision on which is moved is determined on the reconstructive needs. Transfer of the tissue to the head and neck allows surgeons to rebuild the patient's jaw, optimize tongue function, and reconstruct the throat. When the pieces of tissue are moved, they require their own blood supply for a chance of survival in their new location. After the surgery is completed, the blood vessels that feed the tissue transplant are reconnected to new blood vessels in the neck. These blood vessels are typically no more than 1 to 3 millimeters in diameter which means these connections need to be made with a microscope which is why this procedure is called "microvascular surgery."[citation needed]
^"Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction | Conditions & Treatments | UCSF Medical Center". ucsfhealth.org. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
May 04, 2023
otorhinolaryngology, otolaryngology, head, neck, surgery, redirects, here, medical, journal, otolaryngology, head, neck, surgery, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, . Otolaryngology head and neck surgery redirects here For the medical journal see Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article may require copy editing for style tone and flow You can assist by editing it October 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Otorhinolaryngology news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Otorhinolaryngology oʊ t oʊ ˌ r aɪ n oʊ ˌ l aer ɪ n ˈ ɡ ɒ l e dʒ i oh toh RY noh LARR in GOL e jee abbreviated ORL and also known as otolaryngology otolaryngology head and neck surgery ORL H amp N or OHNS or ear nose and throat ENT is a surgical subspeciality within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions of the head and neck Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists otolaryngologists head and neck surgeons or ENT surgeons or physicians Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear nose throat base of the skull head and neck These commonly include functional diseases that affect the senses and activities of eating drinking speaking breathing swallowing and hearing In addition ENT surgery encompasses the surgical management of cancers and benign tumors and reconstruction of the head and neck as well as plastic surgery of the face and neck OtorhinolaryngologySignificant diseasesDizziness Head and neck cancer Sinusitis Chronic ear disease Hoarseness Nasal obstructionSpecialistOtorhinolaryngologistGlossaryGlossary of medicineOtolaryngologistOccupationNamesPhysician SurgeonOccupation typeSpecialtyActivity sectorsMedicine SurgeryDescriptionEducation requiredDoctor of Medicine M D or Doctor of Osteopathic medicine D O Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery M B B S Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery MBChB Fields ofemploymentHospitals ClinicsA 40 watt CO2 laser used in otorhinolaryngology Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital founded in 1874 in London Contents 1 Etymology 2 Training 3 Sub specialties 4 Topics by subspecialty 4 1 Otology and neurotology 4 2 Rhinology 4 3 Pediatric otorhinolaryngology 4 4 Laryngology 4 5 Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery 4 6 Microvascular reconstruction repair 5 See also 6 ReferencesEtymology EditThe term is a combination of New Latin combining forms oto rhino laryngo logy derived from four Ancient Greek words oὖs ous gen ὠtos otos ear ῥis rhis nose laryg3 larynx larynx and logia logia study 1 cf Greek wtorinolaryggologos otorhinolaryngologist Training EditOtorhinolaryngologists are physicians MD DO MBBS MBChB etc who complete both medical school and an average of 5 7 years of post graduate surgical training in ORL H amp N In the United States trainees complete at least five years of surgical residency training 2 This comprises three to six months of general surgical training and four and a half years in ORL H amp N specialist surgery In Canada and the United States practitioners complete a five year residency training after medical school Following residency training some otolaryngologist head amp neck surgeons complete an advanced sub specialty fellowship where training can be one to two years in duration Fellowships include head and neck surgical oncology facial plastic surgery rhinology and sinus surgery neuro otology pediatric otolaryngology and laryngology In the United States and Canada otorhinolaryngology is one of the most competitive specialties in medicine in which to obtain a residency position following medical school 3 4 In the United Kingdom entrance to otorhinolaryngology higher surgical training is highly competitive and involves a rigorous national selection process 5 The training programme consists of 6 years of higher surgical training after which trainees frequently undertake fellowships in a sub speciality prior to becoming a consultant The typical total length of education training and post secondary school is 12 14 years Otolaryngology is among the more highly compensated surgical specialties in the United States In 2023 the average annual income was 118 230 6 Sub specialties EditHead and neck oncologic surgery Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery Otology Neurotology Rhinology sinus anterior skull base surgery Laryngology and voice disorders Pediatric otorhinolaryngology Sleep medicine Surgical oncology Facial cosmetic surgery Ear Middle and inner ear Sinusitis Voice disorders Velopalatine insufficiency Sleep disordersMicrovascular reconstruction Maxillofacial surgery Hearing Temporal bone Allergy Phono surgery Cleft lip and palate Sleep apnea surgeryEndocrine surgery Traumatic reconstruction Balance Skull base surgery Anterior skull base Swallowing disorders Airway Sleep investigationsEndoscopic surgery Craniofacial surgery Dizziness Apnea and snoring Vascular malformationsCochlear implant BAHA Cochlear implant BAHA Currently recognized by American Board of Medical Subspecialties Topics by subspecialty EditHead and neck surgery Head and neck surgical oncology field of surgery treating cancer malignancy of the head and neck Head and neck mucosal malignancy cancer of the pink lining of the upper aerodigestive tract Oral cancer cancer of lips gums tongue hard palate cheek floor of mouth Oropharyngeal cancer cancer of oropharynx soft palate tonsil base of tongue Larynx cancer voice box cancer Hypopharynx cancer lower throat cancer Sinonasal cancer Nasopharyngeal cancer Skin cancer of the head amp neck Thyroid cancer Salivary gland cancer Head and neck sarcoma Endocrine surgery of the head and neck Thyroid surgery Parathyroid surgery Microvascular free flap reconstructive surgery Skull base surgeryOtology and neurotology Edit Main articles Otology and Neurotology Study of diseases of the outer ear middle ear and mastoid and inner ear and surrounding structures such as the facial nerve and lateral skull base Outer ear diseases Otitis externa outer ear or ear canal inflammation Middle ear and mastoid diseases Otitis media middle ear inflammation Perforated eardrum hole in the eardrum due to infection trauma explosion or loud noise Mastoiditis Inner ear diseases BPPV benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Labyrinthitis Vestibular neuronitis Meniere s disease Endolymphatic hydrops Perilymphatic fistula Acoustic neuroma vestibular schwannoma Facial nerve disease Idiopathic facial palsy Bell s Palsy Facial nerve tumors Ramsay Hunt Syndrome Symptoms Hearing loss Tinnitus subjective noise in the ear Aural fullness sense of fullness in the ear Otalgia pain referring to the ear Otorrhea fluid draining from the ear Vertigo ImbalanceRhinology Edit Rhinology includes nasal dysfunction and sinus diseases Nasal obstruction Nasal septum deviation Sinusitis acute chronic Environmental allergies Rhinitis Pituitary tumor Empty nose syndrome Severe or recurrent epistaxisPediatric otorhinolaryngology Edit Adenoidectomy Caustic ingestion Cricotracheal resection Decannulation Laryngomalacia Laryngotracheal reconstruction Myringotomy and tubes Obstructive sleep apnea pediatric TonsillectomyLaryngology Edit Main article Laryngology Dysphonia hoarseness Laryngitis Reinke s edema Vocal cord nodules and polyps Spasmodic dysphonia Tracheostomy Cancer of the larynx Vocology science and practice of voice habilitationFacial plastic and reconstructive surgery Edit Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is a one year fellowship open to otorhinolaryngologists who wish to begin learning the aesthetic and reconstructive surgical principles of the head face and neck pioneered by the specialty of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Rhinoplasty and septoplasty Facelift rhytidectomy Browlift Blepharoplasty Otoplasty Genioplasty Injectable cosmetic treatments Trauma to the face Nasal bone fracture Mandible fracture Orbital fracture Frontal sinus fracture Complex lacerations and soft tissue damage Skin cancer e g Basal Cell Carcinoma Microvascular reconstruction repair Edit Microvascular reconstruction repair is a common operation that is done on patients who see an Otorhinolaryngologist Microvascular reconstruction repair is a surgical procedure that involves moving a composite piece of tissue from the patient s body and moves it to the head and or neck Microvascular head and neck reconstruction is used to treat head and neck cancers including those of the larynx and pharynx oral cavity salivary glands jaws calvarium sinuses tongue and skin The tissue that is most commonly moved during this procedure is from the arms legs back and can come from the skin bone fat and or muscle 7 When doing this procedure the decision on which is moved is determined on the reconstructive needs Transfer of the tissue to the head and neck allows surgeons to rebuild the patient s jaw optimize tongue function and reconstruct the throat When the pieces of tissue are moved they require their own blood supply for a chance of survival in their new location After the surgery is completed the blood vessels that feed the tissue transplant are reconnected to new blood vessels in the neck These blood vessels are typically no more than 1 to 3 millimeters in diameter which means these connections need to be made with a microscope which is why this procedure is called microvascular surgery citation needed See also EditPlastic and Reconstructive Surgery Audiology Head and neck anatomy Head and neck cancer Head mirror Oral and maxillofacial surgery Surgeon Speech language pathologyReferences Edit otolaryngologist entry in Peter Harris Sue Nagy Nicholas Vardaxis Mosby s Dictionary of Medicine Nursing amp Health Professions Australian amp New Zealand Edition Elsevier Health Sciences 2009 Otolaryngology Specialty Description American Medical Association Is There a Crisis in the Otolaryngology Match ENTtoday Retrieved 16 April 2020 National Residency Match Program 2020 PDF National Residency Match Program Archived from the original PDF on 28 August 2021 Retrieved 2 April 2020 Training and development otorhinolaryngology Health Careers 16 April 2015 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Ziprecruiter Ear Nose Throat Doctor Salary Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction Conditions amp Treatments UCSF Medical Center ucsfhealth org Retrieved 6 December 2018 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Otorhinolaryngology amp oldid 1152098306, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
