Emperor Taishō
Yoshihito (Japanese: 嘉仁, 31 August 1879 – 25 December 1926), posthumously honored as Emperor Taishō (大正天皇, Taishō-tennō), was the 123rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 1912 until his death in 1926. The era he presided over is known as the Taishō era.
| Emperor Taishō 大正天皇 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formal portrait, 1912 | |||||||||
| Emperor of Japan | |||||||||
| Reign | 30 July 1912 - 25 December 1926 | ||||||||
| Enthronement | 10 November 1915 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Meiji | ||||||||
| Successor | Shōwa | ||||||||
| Regent | Crown Prince Hirohito (1921–1926) | ||||||||
| Born | Yoshihito, Prince Haru (明宮嘉仁親王) 31 August 1879 Tōgū Palace, Akasaka, Tokyo, Empire of Japan | ||||||||
| Died | 25 December 1926 (aged 47) Imperial Villa, Hayama, Kanagawa, Empire of Japan | ||||||||
| Burial | 8 February 1927 | ||||||||
| Spouse | |||||||||
| Issue | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||||||
| Father | Emperor Meiji | ||||||||
| Mother | Yanagiwara Naruko | ||||||||
| Religion | Shinto | ||||||||
| Signature | |||||||||
Born to Emperor Meiji and his concubine Yanagiwara Naruko, Yoshihito was proclaimed crown prince in 1888, his two older siblings having died in infancy. In 1900, he married Kujō Sadako, a member of the Kujō family of the Fujiwara clan. The couple had four children: Hirohito, Yasuhito, Nobuhito, and Takahito. Upon the death of his father in 1912, Yoshihito ascended the Chrysanthemum Throne.
Yoshihito, like his son Hirohito, had grown up with respect and veneration for his father, inevitably conditioned by the enormous responsibility as God-Emperor of the Rising Sun. However, suffering from neurological issues for the better part of his life, he played only a limited role in politics and from 1919 on undertook no official duties. His reign was characterized by a liberal and democratic shift in political power known as Taishō Democracy. It also saw Japan's entrance in the First World War and the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923.
Yoshihito's declining health led to the appointment of Crown Prince Hirohito as prince regent in 1921. He spent the rest of his life as a recluse. In 1926, Yoshihito died of a heart attack at the age of 47 following a bout of pneumonia. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Hirohito, as Emperor of Japan.
Early life edit
Prince Yoshihito was born at the Tōgū Palace in Akasaka, Tokyo, to Emperor Meiji and Yanagiwara Naruko, a concubine with the official title of gon-no-tenji (imperial concubine). As was common practice at the time, Emperor Meiji's consort, Empress Shōken, was officially regarded as his mother. He received the personal name of Yoshihito Shinnō and the title Haru-no-miya from the Emperor on 6 September 1879. His two older siblings had died in infancy, and he too was born sickly.[1]
Prince Yoshihito contracted cerebral meningitis within three weeks of his birth.[2]
As was the practice at the time, Prince Yoshihito was entrusted to the care of his great-grandfather, Marquess Nakayama Tadayasu, in whose house he lived from infancy until the age of seven. Prince Nakayama had also raised Taishō's father, the Emperor Meiji, as a child.[3]
From March 1885, Prince Yoshihito moved to the Aoyama Detached Palace, where he was tutored in the mornings on reading, writing, arithmetic, and morals, and in the afternoons on sports, but progress was slow due to his poor health and frequent fevers.[4] From 1886, he was taught together with 15-20 selected classmates from the ōke and higher ranking kazoku peerage at a special school, the Gogakumonsho, within the Aoyama Palace.[4]
Yoshihito was officially declared heir on 31 August 1887, and had his formal investiture as crown prince on 3 November 1888. While crown prince, he was often referred to simply as Tōgu (東宮) ('Eastern Palace', a metonymy for heir to the throne, which originated from China's Han dynasty).
Education and training edit
When Yoshihito became the age to enter elementary school in 1886, due to his health problems, Takehiko Yumoto was appointed as the special education officer to educate him within the Tōgū Palace.[5] For these health reasons, he spent much of his youth at the Imperial villas at Hayama and Numazu, both of which are located at the sea. Although the prince showed skill in some areas, such as horse riding, he proved to be poor in areas requiring higher-level thought.[citation needed] He was finally withdrawn from Gakushuin before finishing the middle school course in 1894. However, he did appear to have an aptitude for languages and continued to receive extensive tutoring in French, Chinese, and history from private tutors at the Akasaka Palace.[citation needed] Emperor Meiji gave Prince Takehito responsibility for taking care of Prince Yoshihito, and the two princes became friends.
From 1898, largely at the insistence of Itō Hirobumi, the Prince began to attend sessions of the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan as a way of learning about the political and military concerns of the country. In the same year, he gave his first official receptions to foreign diplomats, with whom he was able to shake hands and converse graciously.[6] His infatuation with western culture and tendency to sprinkle French words into his conversations was a source of irritation for Emperor Meiji.[7]
In October 1898, the Prince also traveled from the Numazu Imperial Villa to Kobe, Hiroshima, and Etajima, visiting sites connected with the Imperial Japanese Navy. He made another tour in 1899 to Kyūshū, visiting government offices, schools and factories, such as Yawata Iron and Steel in Fukuoka and the Mitsubishi shipyards in Nagasaki.[8]
In 1902, Yoshihito continued his tours to observe the customs and geography of Japan, this time of central Honshū, where he visited the noted Buddhist temple of Zenkō-ji in Nagano.[9] With tensions rising between Japan and Russia, Yoshihito was promoted in 1903 to the rank of colonel in the Imperial Japanese Army and captain in the Imperial Japanese Navy. His military duties were only ceremonial, but he traveled to inspect military facilities in Wakayama, Ehime, Kagawa, and Okayama that year.[10]
In October 1907, the Crown Prince toured Korea, accompanied by Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō, General Katsura Tarō,[citation needed] and Prince Arisugawa Taruhito. It was the first time an heir apparent to the throne had ever left Japan.[11] During this period, he began studying the Korean language, although he never became proficient at it.[citation needed]
Yoshihito was an admirer of Kaiser Wilhelm II, to the point of imitating his idol in the way he dressed and in the classic mustache.
Marriage edit
On 10 May 1900, Crown Prince Yoshihito married the then 15-year-old Kujō Sadako, daughter of Prince Kujō Michitaka, the head of the five senior branches of the Fujiwara clan. She had been carefully selected by Emperor Meiji for her intelligence, articulation, and pleasant disposition and dignity, to complement Prince Yoshihito in the areas where he was lacking.[2] The Akasaka Palace was constructed from 1899 to 1909 in a lavish European rococo style, to serve as the Crown Prince's official residence. The Prince and Princess had the following children: Hirohito, Yasuhito, Nobuhito, and Takahito.
Reign edit
On 30 July 1912, upon the death of his father, Emperor Meiji, Prince Yoshihito ascended the throne. The new emperor was kept out of view of the public as much as possible, having suffered from various neurological problems. The Japanese people were unaware of their Emperor's health condition.
At the 1913 opening of the Imperial Diet of Japan, one of the rare occasions he was seen in public, he is famously reported to have rolled his prepared speech into a cylinder and stared at the assembly through it, as if through a spyglass.[12] Although rumors attributed this to poor mental condition, others, including those who knew him well, believed that he may have been checking to make sure the speech was rolled up properly, as his manual dexterity was also handicapped.[13]
His lack of articulation and charisma, his disabilities and his eccentricities, led to an increase in incidents of lèse majesté. As his condition deteriorated, he had less and less interest in daily political affairs, and the ability of the genrō, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and Imperial Household Minister to manipulate his decisions came to be a matter of common knowledge.[14] The two-party political system that had been developing in Japan since the turn of the century came of age after World War I, giving rise to the nickname for the period, "Taishō Democracy", prompting a shift in political power to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties.[15]
After 1918, the emperor no longer was able to attend Army or Navy maneuvers, appear at the graduation ceremonies of the military academies, perform the annual Shinto ritual ceremonies, or even attend the official opening of sessions of the Diet of Japan.[16]
After 1919, he undertook no official duties, and Crown Prince Hirohito was named prince regent (sesshō) on 25 November 1921.[17]
The emperor's reclusive life was unaffected by the Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918 and Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923. Fortuitously, he had moved by imperial train to Tamozawa Imperial Villa at Nikko the week before the devastating calamity, but his son, Crown Prince Hirohito, remained at the Imperial Palace where he was at the heart of the event.[18] Carrier pigeons kept the Emperor informed as information about the extent of the devastation became known.[19]
Death edit
In early December 1926, it was announced that the emperor had pneumonia. He died of a heart attack at 1:25 a.m. on 25 December 1926 at the Hayama Imperial Villa at Hayama, on Sagami Bay south of Tokyo, in Kanagawa Prefecture.[20] He was 47 years old and succeeded by his eldest son, Hirohito, Emperor Shōwa.
The funeral was held at night (February 7 to February 8, 1927) and consisted of a 4-mile-long procession in which 20,000 mourners followed a herd of sacred bulls and an ox-drawn cart containing the imperial coffin. The funeral route was lit with wood fires in iron lanterns. The emperor's coffin was then transported to his mausoleum in the western suburbs of Tokyo.[21]
Emperor Taishō has been called the first Tokyo Emperor because he was the first to live his entire life in or near Tokyo. His father was born and reared in Kyoto and, although he later lived and died in Tokyo, Emperor Meiji's mausoleum is located on the outskirts of Kyoto, near the tombs of his imperial forebears, but Emperor Taishō's grave is in Tokyo, in the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in Hachiōji.[22] His wife and his son, the Emperor Shōwa, are buried near him.
Honours edit
National honours edit
- Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, 3 November 1889;[23] Collar, 10 May 1900[24]
- Order of the Golden Kite, 3rd class, 1 April 1906[25]
Foreign honours edit
- Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen, 18 July 1900[26]
- Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (military), July 1898[27]
- Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 9 October 1899[28]
- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 3 May 1899[26]
- German Empire: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 21 December 1899[26]
- Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of the Order of St. Hubert, 16 March 1904[26]
- Kingdom of Greece:
- Grand Cross of the Order of George I
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer
- Kingdom of Italy:
- Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, 22 March 1900[29]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 22 March 1900
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy, 22 March 1900
- Korean Empire: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Ruler, 20 September 1900[26]
- Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 12 July 1900[26]
- Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav, with Collar, 26 September 1922[30]
- Poland: Knight of the Order of the White Eagle
- Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders, April 1904[26]
- Russian Empire: Knight of the Order of St. Andrew, 2 July 1900[26]
- Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 26 October 1899[31]
- Spain: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 17 May 1896[32]
- Sweden: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim, 20 September 1907[33]
- United Kingdom: Stranger Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter, 18 September 1912[34]
See also edit
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World. pp. 320-321.
- ^ a b Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. p. 22.
- ^ Donald Calman, Nature and Origins of Japanese Imperialism (2013), pp. 92-93.
- ^ a b Keene, Emperor of Japan:Meiji and His World. pp. 397-398.
- ^ Takeshi Hara (2015) [2000]. 大正天皇 [Emperor Taishō] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun Publications. p. 49. ISBN 978-4-02-261827-6.
- ^ Keene, Emperor of Japan:Meiji and His World. p. 547.
- ^ Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World. p. 552.
- ^ Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World. p. 554.
- ^ Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World. p. 581.
- ^ Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World. p. 599.
- ^ Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World. p. 652.
- ^ See Asahi Shimbun, March 14, 2011, among many other reports.
- ^ Nagataka Kuroda. "Higeki no Teiou - Taisho Tennou". Bungeishunjū, February 1959.
- ^ Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. p. 129.
- ^ Hoffman, Michael (July 29, 2012), , Japan Times, p. 7, archived from the original on November 2, 2012, retrieved December 1, 2017
- ^ Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. p. 53.
- ^ Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. p. 123.
- ^ Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning, p. 44.
- ^ Hammer, p. 194; citing "Carrier Pigeons Take News of Disaster: Wing Their Way from the Flaming City", Japan Times & Mail (Earthquake Edition). 6 September 1923, p. 1.
- ^ Seidensticker, Edward. (1990). Tokyo Rising, p. 18.
- ^ Ronald E. Yates, World Leaders Bid Hirohito Farewell, Chicago T, February 24, 1989 (online), accessed 13 Oct 2015.
- ^ Seidensticker, p. 20.
- ^ "官報. 1889年11月03日 - 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション".
- ^ "官報. 1900年05月10日 - 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション".
- ^ "官報. 1906年12月30日 - 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション".
- ^ a b c d e f g h 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 152.
- ^ "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royale Belgique (in French), Bruxelles, 1899, p. 72 – via hathitrust.org
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559-2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
- ^ Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 57.
- ^ "Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden", Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1926 (in Norwegian), Oslo: Forlagt av H. Aschehoug & Co. (w. Nygaard), 1926, pp. 993–994 – via runeberg.org
- ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (9 December 1900). (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1911. p. 160. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ Sveriges Statskalender (in Swedish), 1909, p. 613, retrieved 2018-01-06 – via runeberg.org
- ^ "List of the Knights of the Garter=François Velde, Heraldica.org". Retrieved February 22, 2019.
Sources edit
- Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: the Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-6465-5 (cloth).
- Seidensticker, Edward. (1990). Tokyo Rising. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-54360-4 (cloth) [reprinted by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1991: ISBN 978-0-674-89461-7 (paper)].
- Bix, Herbert P. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. Harper Perennial (2001). ISBN 0-06-093130-2.
- Fujitani, T. Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan. University of California Press; Reprint edition (1998). ISBN 0-520-21371-8.
- Keene, Donald. Emperor Of Japan: Meiji And His World, 1852-1912. Columbia University Press (2005). ISBN 0-231-12341-8.
External links edit
- Newspaper clippings about Emperor Taishō in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW