Nikkō
Nikkō (日光市, Nikkō-shi, IPA: [ɲikkoꜜːɕi]) is a city located in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. As of 2 December 2020[update], the city had an estimated population of 80,239 in 36,531 households, and a population density of 55 persons per km2.[1] The total area of the city is 1,449.83 square kilometres (559.78 sq mi). It is a popular destination for Japanese and international tourists. Attractions include the mausoleum of shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu (Nikkō Tōshō-gū) and that of his grandson Iemitsu (Iemitsu-byō Taiyū-in), and the Futarasan Shrine, which dates to the year 767 AD. There are also many famous hot springs (onsen) in the area. Elevations range from 200 to 2,000 meters.[2] The Japanese saying 【日光を見ずして結構と言うなかれ】 "Never say 'kekkō' until you've seen Nikkō"—kekkō meaning beautiful, magnificent or "I am satisfied"—is a reflection of the beauty and sites in Nikkō.[3][4]
Nikkō 日光市 | |
|---|---|
Nikko City Hall | |
Flag Seal | |
Location of Nikkō in Tochigi Prefecture | |
Nikkō | |
| Coordinates: 36°43′11.4″N 139°41′53.4″E / 36.719833°N 139.698167°ECoordinates: 36°43′11.4″N 139°41′53.4″E / 36.719833°N 139.698167°E | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kantō |
| Prefecture | Tochigi |
| First official recorded | 766 AD |
| City Settled | February 11, 1954 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Shoichi Konakawa <粉川昭一> (from May 2021) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1,449.83 km2 (559.78 sq mi) |
| Population (October 1, 2021) | |
| • Total | 76,452 |
| • Density | 53/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) |
| Phone number | 0288-22-1111 |
| Address | 1 Imaichi Honchō, Nikkō-shi, Tochigi-ken 321–1292 |
| Climate | Dfb |
| Website | Official website |
| Symbols | |
| Bird | Cettia diphone, Alcedo atthis |
| Flower | Rhododendron, Hemerocallidoideae |
| Tree | Betula platyphylla, Autumn leaf color |
Geography
Nikkō covers a vast area (1,449.83 km2) of rural northwestern Tochigi approximately 140 km north of Tokyo and 35 km west of Utsunomiya, the capital of Tochigi Prefecture. It is the third-largest city (by area) in Japan, behind Takayama and Hamamatsu.
Both the Watarase River and the Kinugawa River pass through the city. Lake Chūzenji and the Kegon Falls lie in Nikkō, as does the Nikko Botanical Garden. The city's many mountains and waterfalls have made it an important source of hydroelectric power. The area has also been used for mining copper, aluminum and concrete.
The weather in Nikkō is fairly similar to that of the northern island of Hokkaidō, even though Nikkō is much closer to Tokyo than Hokkaidō. The elevation of Nikkō plays an important role in this fact. It will usually get cooler as one ascends the mountain. The average temperature of Nikkō is around 7 °C (44 °F)[5] with the warmest months reaching only about 22 °C (72 °F)[6] and the coldest reaching down to about −8 °C (17 °F).[7]
Surrounding municipalities
Climate
Nikkō has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Nikkō is 7.2 °C (45 °F). The average annual rainfall is 2,202 millimetres (87 in) with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 18.8 °C (66 °F), and lowest in January, at around −3.9 °C (25 °F).[8]
The highest temperature ever recorded in Nikkō was 30.8 °C (87.4 °F) on 8 August 2018.[9] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −18.7 °C (−1.7 °F) on 15 March 1984.[9]
| Climate data for Nikkō (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1944−present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) | 14.0 (57.2) | 16.7 (62.1) | 23.2 (73.8) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.8 (80.2) | 30.4 (86.7) | 30.8 (87.4) | 27.6 (81.7) | 25.3 (77.5) | 19.1 (66.4) | 17.2 (63.0) | 30.8 (87.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) | 0.6 (33.1) | 4.2 (39.6) | 10.1 (50.2) | 15.3 (59.5) | 18.0 (64.4) | 22.1 (71.8) | 22.9 (73.2) | 18.9 (66.0) | 13.7 (56.7) | 8.6 (47.5) | 2.8 (37.0) | 11.4 (52.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) | −3.5 (25.7) | −0.3 (31.5) | 5.1 (41.2) | 10.3 (50.5) | 14.0 (57.2) | 18.2 (64.8) | 18.8 (65.8) | 15.2 (59.4) | 9.6 (49.3) | 4.4 (39.9) | −1.0 (30.2) | 7.2 (45.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −7.9 (17.8) | −7.8 (18.0) | −4.6 (23.7) | 0.2 (32.4) | 5.5 (41.9) | 10.4 (50.7) | 14.9 (58.8) | 15.6 (60.1) | 11.9 (53.4) | 5.7 (42.3) | 0.2 (32.4) | −4.9 (23.2) | 3.3 (37.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −16.5 (2.3) | −16.7 (1.9) | −18.7 (−1.7) | −11.0 (12.2) | −5.4 (22.3) | −0.4 (31.3) | 3.7 (38.7) | 6.0 (42.8) | −0.2 (31.6) | −3.9 (25.0) | −9.7 (14.5) | −14.7 (5.5) | −18.7 (−1.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 57.5 (2.26) | 48.6 (1.91) | 108.5 (4.27) | 154.4 (6.08) | 177.1 (6.97) | 228.8 (9.01) | 280.5 (11.04) | 332.5 (13.09) | 409.0 (16.10) | 240.9 (9.48) | 97.6 (3.84) | 58.4 (2.30) | 2,202 (86.69) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 63 (25) | 56 (22) | 57 (22) | 13 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.2) | 33 (13) | 227 (89) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.4 | 6.6 | 9.5 | 10.7 | 11.3 | 14.3 | 16.4 | 15.3 | 14.4 | 11.1 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 128.9 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 1 cm) | 12.9 | 12.6 | 11.0 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 7.2 | 46.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 66 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 75 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 88 | 83 | 73 | 69 | 77 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 164.6 | 167.0 | 189.5 | 187.1 | 174.1 | 107.8 | 109.6 | 128.2 | 105.1 | 122.8 | 152.1 | 153.2 | 1,763.1 |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[9][8] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
Per Japanese census data,[10][1] the population of Nikkō has declined over the past 20 years.
History
Shōdō Shōnin (勝道上人) established the temple of Rinnō-ji in 766, followed by the temple of Chūzen-ji in 784. The village of Nikkō developed around these temples. The shrine of Nikkō Tōshō-gū was completed in 1617 and became a major draw of visitors to the area during the Edo period. It is known as the burial place of the shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu. A number of new roads were built during this time to provide easier access to Nikkō from surrounding regions. Nikkō Tōshō-gū, Futarasan Shrine, and Rinnō-ji now form the UNESCO World Heritage Site Shrines and Temples of Nikkō.
During the Meiji period, Nikkō developed as a mountain resort, and became particularly popular among foreign visitors to Japan. The Japanese National Railways began service to Nikkō in 1890 with the Nikkō Line, followed by Tobu Railway in 1929 with its Nikkō Line.
Nikkō was incorporated as a town in 1889 (part of Kamitsuga District) with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was upgraded to city status in 1954 after merging with the neighboring village of Okorogawa.
On March 20, 2006, Nikkō absorbed the neighboring city of Imaichi, the town of Ashio (from Kamitsuga District), the town of Fujihara, and the village of Kuriyama (both from Shioya District), to create what is officially the new and expanded city of Nikkō. The new city hall is located at the former Imaichi City Hall; the former Nikkō City Hall is now known as Nikkō City Hall-Nikkō Satellite Office.
Government
Nikkō has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 24 members. Nikkō contributes two members to the Tochigi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tochigi 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Economy
Nikkō is heavily dependent on tourism to its historical and scenic sites and hot spring resorts. Hydroelectric power production, food processing, and the non-ferrous metals industry are also important components of the economy.
Nikkō has been recognized by Japan's Office for the Promotion of Regional Revitalization (Kishida Cabinet Secretariat), which promotes the development of new technologies to combat depopulation, for its "high standard" of digital transformation/telework infrastructure. Related projects have been awarded over ¥19.1M in government grants.[11]
Education
Nikko has 23 public primary schools, 12 public middle schools and three combined public primary/midde schools operated by the city government. The city has three public high schools operated by the Tochigi Prefectural Board of Education. The prefecture also operates one special education school for the handicapped.
High schools:
- Tochigi Prefectural Nikko Meiho High School
- Tochigi Prefectural Imaichi High School
- Tochigi Prefectural Imaichi Technical High School
Transportation
Railway
- Fubasami - Shimotsuke-Ōsawa - Imaichi - Nikkō
Tōbu Railway – Tōbu Nikkō Line
Tōbu Railway – Tōbu Kinugawa Line
- Shimo-Imaichi - Daiya-Mukō - Ōkuwa - Shin-Takatoku - Kosagoe - Tobu World Square - Kinugawa-Onsen - Kinugawa-Kōen - Shin-Fujiwara
- Shin-Fujiwara - Ryūōkyō - Kawaji-Onsen - Kawaji-Yumoto - Yunishigawa-Onsen - Nakamiyori-Onsen - Kamimiyori-Shiobara-Onsenguchi - Ojika-Kōgen
Highway
- Tōhoku Expressway – Yaita IC, Yaita-Kita PA
- Nikkō Utsunomiya Road – Kiyotaki IC, Nikko IC, Imaichi IC, Dosawa IC, Osawa IC
- National Route 119
- National Route 120
- National Route 121
- National Route 122
- National Route 352
- National Route 400
- National Route 461
Local attractions
Hear no evil, speak no evil, see no evil
True Light Anglican Church (日光真光教会礼拝堂), built 1916
- Cedar Avenue of Nikko
- Nikko Botanical Garden
- Tamozawa Imperial Villa
- Shrines and Temples of Nikkō (Nikkō Tōshō-gū, Futarasan Shrine, and Rinnō-ji)
- Nikkō Tōshō-gū
- The Three wise monkeys ("See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil")
- Rinnō-ji
- Futarasan Shrine
- Lake Chūzenji
- Edo Wonderland Nikko Edomura (historical theme park)
- Nikko is well known for its monkeys that walk around the town in the winter looking for food.
- Jizō Bosatsu statues on the Kanman Walk. A little out of the main city, locals often tell visitors to count the statues while walking, and to recount while walking back. The number is often different, fueling a legend amongst locals.
- Kanmangafuchi Abyss is a place that was formed from the lava from the eruption of Mt. Nantai[12]
Sports
Nikkō is the home city to the Nikkō Ice Bucks in the Asia League Ice Hockey. Nikkō Kirifuri Ice Arena hosted the Women's Ice Hockey World Championships (Division I) in April 2007.
There is also a speed skating oval.
Sister city relations
- Rapid City, South Dakota, United States, sister city since February 7, 1993
- Tainan, Taiwan, friendship city since January 16, 2009
- Odawara, Kanagawa Prefecture, since December 19, 1980
Notable people
- Masaru Ibuka, entrepreneur, co-founder of Sony[13]
- Shoma Sato, professional baseball player[14]
- Akio Fukuda, politician[15]
- Tomikazu Fukuda, politician[16]
References
- ^ a b c "Nikkō City official statistics" (in Japanese). Nikkō City. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ . Nikko City. Archived from the original on 2007-05-27. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
- ^ Lohn, Steve (11 September 1983). "Shrine of the Shogun". The New York Times.
- ^ . okatours.com. Archived from the original on 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
- ^ "NIKKO, 24-hr Average Temperature". worldclimate.com.
- ^ "NIKKO, Average Maximum Temperature". worldclimate.com.
- ^ "NIKKO, Average Minimum Temperature". worldclimate.com.
- ^ a b 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. JMA. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
- ^ a b c 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. JMA. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
- ^ a b "Nikkō population statistics". 11 November 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ "地方創生テレワーク交付金の交付対象事業一覧（新規事業)" (PDF). 内閣府地方創生推進室. August 10, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
- ^ "About Kanmangafuchi Abyss – Nikko Travel Guide | Planetyze". Planetyze. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
- ^ Kirkup, James. "Obituary: Masaru Ibuka," Independent (London). December 22, 1997.
- ^ [1] Baseball-reference.com
- ^ [2] Official home page (in Japanese)
- ^ official home page(in Japanese)
External links
- Official Website (in Japanese)
- Official Website at the Wayback Machine (archive index) (in Japanese)
- Nikko Tourist Association (in Japanese)
- Nikko Kinugawa Travel Guide