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Onsen

January 09, 2024

In Japan, onsen (温泉) are hot springs and the bathing facilities and traditional inns around them. There are approximately 25,000 hot spring sources throughout Japan, and approximately 3,000 onsen establishments use naturally hot water from these geothermally heated springs.[1]

Roten-buro outdoor onsen at Nakanoshima in Nachikatsuura, Wakayama
A video showcasing the stool and shower used for cleaning off, an inside pool and an outside pool

Onsen may be either outdoor baths (露天風呂 or 野天風呂, roten-buro / noten-buro) or indoor baths (内湯, uchiyu). Traditionally, onsen were located outdoors, although many inns have now built indoor bathing facilities as well. Nowadays, as most households have their own baths, the number of traditional public baths has decreased,[2] but the popularity of sightseeing hot spring towns has increased.[3][better source needed] Baths may be either publicly run by a municipality or privately, often connecting to a lodging establishment such as a hotel, ryokan, or minshuku.

Indoor onsen at Asamushi Onsen

The presence of an onsen is often indicated on signs and maps by the symbol ♨, the kanji 湯 (yu, meaning "hot water"), or the simpler phonetic hiragana character ゆ (yu).

Definition edit

According to the Japanese Hot Springs Act (温泉法, Onsen Hō), onsen is defined as "hot water, mineral water, and water vapor or other gas (excluding natural gas of which the principal component is hydrocarbon) gushing from underground".[4] The law states that mineralized hot spring water that feeds an onsen must be at least 24 °C (75 °F) originating at a depth of at least 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi), and contain specified amounts of minerals such as sulphur, sodium, iron, or magnesium.[1]

When onsen water contains distinctive minerals or chemicals, establishments often display what type of water it is,[5] in part because the specific minerals found in the water have been thought to provide health benefits.[6] Types include sulfur onsen (硫黄泉, iō-sen), sodium chloride onsen (ナトリウム泉, natoriumu-sen), hydrogen carbonate onsen (炭酸泉, tansan-sen), and iron onsen (鉄泉, tetsu-sen).

Mixed bathing edit

 
Guidebook to Hakone from 1811

Traditionally, men and women bathed together at both onsen and sentō communal bathhouses, but gender separation has been enforced at most institutions since the opening of Japan to the West during the Meiji Restoration. Mixed bathing (混浴, kon'yoku) persists at some onsen in rural areas of Japan,[7] which usually also provide the option of separate "women-only" baths or different hours for the two sexes. Children are usually not limited by these rules.

In some prefectures of Japan, including Tokyo, where nude mixed bathing is banned, people in mixed baths are required to wear swimsuits or yugi (湯着), which are specifically designed for bathing.[8]

Etiquette edit

 
Baskets

Ensuring cleanliness edit

As at a sentō at an onsen, all guests are expected to wash and rinse themselves thoroughly before entering the hot water. Bathing stations are equipped with stools, faucets, wooden buckets, and toiletries such as soap and shampoo; nearly all onsen also provide removable shower heads for bathing convenience. Entering the onsen while still dirty or with traces of soap on the body is socially unacceptable.[a]

Swimsuits edit

Guests are not normally allowed to wear swimsuits in the baths. However, some modern onsen will require their guests to wear a swimming suit in their mixed baths.[8]

Towel edit

Onsen guests generally bring a small towel with them to use as a wash cloth. The towel can also provide a modicum of modesty when walking between the washing area and the baths. Some onsen allow one to wear the towel into the baths, while others have posted signs prohibiting this, saying that it makes it harder to clean the bath. It is against the rules to immerse or dip towels in the onsen bath water, since this can be considered unclean. People normally set their towels off to the side of the water when enjoying the baths, or place their folded towels on top of their heads.

Tattoos edit

By 2015, around half (56%) of onsen operators had banned bathers with tattoos from using their facilities.[9][10][11] The original reason for the tattoo ban was to keep out yakuza and members of other crime gangs who traditionally have elaborate full-body decoration.[12]

However, tattoo-friendly onsen do exist.[13] A 2015 study by the Japan National Tourism Organisation found that more than 30% of onsen operators at hotels and inns across the country will not turn someone with a tattoo away; another 13% said they would grant access to a tattooed guest under certain conditions, such as having the tattoo covered up.[9] Some towns have many tattoo-friendly onsen that do not require guests to cover them up. Two such towns are Kinosaki Onsen in Hyōgo and Beppu Onsen in Ōita.[14]

With the increase in foreign customers due to growing tourism, some onsen that previously banned tattoos are loosening their rules to allow guests with small tattoos to enter, provided they cover their tattoos with a patch or sticking plaster.[9][15]

Risks edit

Article 18, paragraph 1 of the Japanese Hot Springs Act publishes guidance on contraindications and cautions for bathing in hot springs, and drinking their respective waters.[16] Although millions of Japanese bathe in onsen every year with few noticeable side effects, there are still potential side effects to onsen usage, such as aggravating high blood pressure or heart disease.[17]

Legionella bacteria have been found in some onsen with poor sanitation.[18][19] For example, 295 people were infected with Legionella and seven died at an onsen in Miyazaki Prefecture in 2002.[19][20][b] Revelations of poor sanitary practices at some onsen have led to improved regulation by hot-spring communities to maintain their reputation.[21]

There have been reports of infectious disease found in hot bodies of water worldwide, such as various Naegleria species.[22] While studies have found the presence of Naegleria in hot spring waters, Naegleria fowleri, responsible for numerous fatal cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis around the world, has not been found to be present in the water at onsen.[22] Nevertheless, fewer than five cases have been seen historically in Japan, although not conclusively linked to onsen exposure.[23]

Many onsen display notices reminding anyone with open cuts, sores, or lesions not to bathe. Additionally, in recent years onsen are increasingly adding chlorine to their waters to prevent infection, although many onsen purists seek natural, unchlorinated onsen that do not recycle their water but instead clean the baths daily.[21] These precautions as well as proper onsen usage (i.e. not placing the head underwater, washing thoroughly before entering the bath) greatly reduce any overall risk to bathers.

Voyeurism is reported at some onsen.[24][25] This is mitigated in some prefectures of Japan where nude mixed bathing is not permitted, visitors must wear swimsuits.[8]

Selected onsen edit

Main article: List of hot springs in Japan
 
Old Tsuru-no-yu Bathhouse in Nyūtō Onsen area, Akita
 
Winter bathing at Tsuru-no-yu rotten-buro in Nyūtō, Akita
 
Kurokawa Onsen roten-buro in Kyushu
 
Japanese macaques enjoying a roten-buro open-air onsen at Jigokudani Monkey Park
 
Yumura-onsen's hot-spring resort and forests in Shin'onsen, Hyōgo
 
Dōgo Onsen hot springs (main building) in Matsuyama, Ehime
 
Ginzan Onsen in Obanazawa, Yamagata
 
Kusatsu Onsen
 
Onsen tamago (Black egg) Miyanoshita Onsen

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ In very isolated onsen, where there is no possibility to use soap before entering in the bath, onsen users are expected to at least rinse their body with the water of the bath before entering it.
  2. ^ In addition to this case, two people were infected and one died at Arima Onsen in 2022. In the same year, Legionella bacteria up to 3,700 times the standard value were detected at an onsen in Fukuoka Prefecture because the water was changed only twice a year.[20]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Erikson, August; Masui, Anette (2014). Sacred Waters: A Guide to Japanese Hot Springs. Karlstad, Sweden: Votum Forlag AB. p. 88. ISBN 978-91-87283-33-8.
  2. ^ "Public Baths in Japan". www.japan-guide.com. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  3. ^ "[2018 Edition] 7 Select Onsen Hot Spring Areas Rising in Popularity among Foreign Tourists in Japan". WOW! JAPAN. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  4. ^ "Hot Spring Act" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  5. ^ Serbulea, Mihaela; Payyappallimana, Unnikrishnan (2012). "Onsen (hot springs) in Japan—Transforming terrain into healing landscapes". Health & Place. 18 (6): 1366–73. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.020. PMID 22878276.
  6. ^ Tadanori, Matsuda (30 March 2015). "Soaking up the Benefits: Japan's Hot Springs Tradition". Nippon: Your doorway to Japan. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  7. ^ . Konyoku.org. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  8. ^ a b c Hadfield, James (10 December 2016). "Last splash: Immodest Japanese tradition of mixed bathing may be on the verge of extinction". The Japan Times. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  9. ^ a b c Ryall, Julian (6 November 2015). . Archived from the original on 17 January 2016.
  10. ^ Thompson, Ashley (6 November 2012). . The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015.
  11. ^ Xeni Jardin (22 December 2009). . Boing Boing. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009.
  12. ^ Onsen Warnings and Hassles, July 2019, retrieved 30 September 2020
  13. ^ Thompson, Ashley (27 November 2012). . The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015.
  14. ^ "30 Tattoo Friendly Onsen in Japan".
  15. ^ Lund, Evie (17 April 2015). . Archived from the original on 14 December 2015.
  16. ^ "The Criteria for the Notification, etc. on Contraindications and Cautions for Bathing and Drinking as specified in Article 18, Paragraph 1 of the Hot Springs Act" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment: Government of Japan. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  17. ^ "Hot Spring Treatment｜Hot Spring Encyclopedia｜ONSEN｜BEPPU CITY｜". City.beppu.oita.jp. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  18. ^ H. Miyamoto; S. Jitsurong; R. Shiota; K. Maruta; S. Yoshida; E. Yabuuchi (1997). "Molecular determination of infection source of a sporadic Legionella pneumonia case associated with a hot spring bath". Microbiol. Immunol. 41 (3): 197–202. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01190.x. PMID 9130230. S2CID 25016946.
  19. ^ a b Eiko Yabuuchi; Kunio Agata (2004). "An outbreak of legionellosis in a new facility of hot spring Bath in Hiuga City". Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 78 (2): 90–98. doi:10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.90. ISSN 0387-5911. PMID 15103899.
  20. ^ a b "「怖い菌ではないと思っていた」と運営会社社長。過去には7名死亡した事例も" (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  21. ^ a b "Onsen: know what you're getting into". The Japan Times.
  22. ^ a b Shinji Izumiyama; Kenji Yagita; Reiko Furushima-Shimogawara; Tokiko Asakura; Tatsuya Karasudani; Takuro Endō (July 2003). "Occurrence and Distribution of Naegleria Species in Thermal Waters in Japan". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 50 (s1): 514–5. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00614.x. PMID 14736147. S2CID 45052636.
  23. ^ Yasuo Sugita; Teruhiko Fujii; Itsurou Hayashi; Takachika Aoki; Toshirō Yokoyama; Minoru Morimatsu; Toshihide Fukuma; Yoshiaki Takamiya (May 1999). "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri: An autopsy case in Japan". Pathology International. 49 (5): 468–70. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1827.1999.00893.x. PMID 10417693. S2CID 21576553.
  24. ^ "盗撮の実態、知っていますか？ 10年で倍増／常習化しやすく 被害に遭わないためには…【NEXT特捜隊】". Shizuoka Shimbun (in Japanese). 21 November 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  25. ^ "＜盗撮の闇(3)＞奪われた日常 被害者、映像流出におびえ". 佐賀新聞 (in Japanese). 28 December 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2022.

Further reading edit

  • Hotta, Anne, and Yoko Ishiguro. A Guide to Japanese Hot Springs. New York: Kodansha America, 1986. ISBN 0-87011-720-3.
  • Fujinami, Kōichi. Hot Springs in Japan. Tokyo: Board of Tourist Industry, Japanese Government Railways; Maruzen Company, Ltd., 1936.
  • Neff, Robert. Japan's Hidden Hot Springs. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 1995. ISBN 0-8048-1949-1.
  • Seki, Akihiko, and Elizabeth Heilman Brooke. The Japanese Spa: A Guide to Japan's Finest Ryokan and Onsen. Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0-8048-3671-X. Reprinted as Ryokan: Japan's Finest Spas and Inns, 2007. ISBN 0-8048-3839-9.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hot springs of Japan.
  • Onsen Tipster A database of genuine onsen in Japan
  • Sento Guide Guide to public baths in Japan
  • OnsenJapan.net Interactive Google map with easy-to-read icons, pictures, and reviews
  • Secret Onsen a database with more than 125 onsen all around Japan
  • Japan Onsen A mountain onsen guide of the Japan Alps
  • Japanbased Onsen guide A guide on how to onsen in Japan

January 09, 2024
onsen, japan, onsen, 温泉, springs, bathing, facilities, traditional, inns, around, them, there, approximately, spring, sources, throughout, japan, approximately, onsen, establishments, naturally, water, from, these, geothermally, heated, springs, roten, buro, o. In Japan onsen 温泉 are hot springs and the bathing facilities and traditional inns around them There are approximately 25 000 hot spring sources throughout Japan and approximately 3 000 onsen establishments use naturally hot water from these geothermally heated springs 1 Roten buro outdoor onsen at Nakanoshima in Nachikatsuura Wakayama source source source source source source source source A video showcasing the stool and shower used for cleaning off an inside pool and an outside pool Onsen may be either outdoor baths 露天風呂 or 野天風呂 roten buro noten buro or indoor baths 内湯 uchiyu Traditionally onsen were located outdoors although many inns have now built indoor bathing facilities as well Nowadays as most households have their own baths the number of traditional public baths has decreased 2 but the popularity of sightseeing hot spring towns has increased 3 better source needed Baths may be either publicly run by a municipality or privately often connecting to a lodging establishment such as a hotel ryokan or minshuku Indoor onsen at Asamushi OnsenThe presence of an onsen is often indicated on signs and maps by the symbol the kanji 湯 yu meaning hot water or the simpler phonetic hiragana character ゆ yu Contents 1 Definition 2 Mixed bathing 3 Etiquette 3 1 Ensuring cleanliness 3 2 Swimsuits 3 3 Towel 3 4 Tattoos 4 Risks 5 Selected onsen 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksDefinition editAccording to the Japanese Hot Springs Act 温泉法 Onsen Hō onsen is defined as hot water mineral water and water vapor or other gas excluding natural gas of which the principal component is hydrocarbon gushing from underground 4 The law states that mineralized hot spring water that feeds an onsen must be at least 24 C 75 F originating at a depth of at least 1 5 kilometres 0 93 mi and contain specified amounts of minerals such as sulphur sodium iron or magnesium 1 When onsen water contains distinctive minerals or chemicals establishments often display what type of water it is 5 in part because the specific minerals found in the water have been thought to provide health benefits 6 Types include sulfur onsen 硫黄泉 iō sen sodium chloride onsen ナトリウム泉 natoriumu sen hydrogen carbonate onsen 炭酸泉 tansan sen and iron onsen 鉄泉 tetsu sen Mixed bathing edit nbsp Guidebook to Hakone from 1811Traditionally men and women bathed together at both onsen and sentō communal bathhouses but gender separation has been enforced at most institutions since the opening of Japan to the West during the Meiji Restoration Mixed bathing 混浴 kon yoku persists at some onsen in rural areas of Japan 7 which usually also provide the option of separate women only baths or different hours for the two sexes Children are usually not limited by these rules In some prefectures of Japan including Tokyo where nude mixed bathing is banned people in mixed baths are required to wear swimsuits or yugi 湯着 which are specifically designed for bathing 8 Etiquette edit nbsp BasketsEnsuring cleanliness edit As at a sentō at an onsen all guests are expected to wash and rinse themselves thoroughly before entering the hot water Bathing stations are equipped with stools faucets wooden buckets and toiletries such as soap and shampoo nearly all onsen also provide removable shower heads for bathing convenience Entering the onsen while still dirty or with traces of soap on the body is socially unacceptable a Swimsuits edit Guests are not normally allowed to wear swimsuits in the baths However some modern onsen will require their guests to wear a swimming suit in their mixed baths 8 Towel edit Onsen guests generally bring a small towel with them to use as a wash cloth The towel can also provide a modicum of modesty when walking between the washing area and the baths Some onsen allow one to wear the towel into the baths while others have posted signs prohibiting this saying that it makes it harder to clean the bath It is against the rules to immerse or dip towels in the onsen bath water since this can be considered unclean People normally set their towels off to the side of the water when enjoying the baths or place their folded towels on top of their heads Tattoos edit By 2015 around half 56 of onsen operators had banned bathers with tattoos from using their facilities 9 10 11 The original reason for the tattoo ban was to keep out yakuza and members of other crime gangs who traditionally have elaborate full body decoration 12 However tattoo friendly onsen do exist 13 A 2015 study by the Japan National Tourism Organisation found that more than 30 of onsen operators at hotels and inns across the country will not turn someone with a tattoo away another 13 said they would grant access to a tattooed guest under certain conditions such as having the tattoo covered up 9 Some towns have many tattoo friendly onsen that do not require guests to cover them up Two such towns are Kinosaki Onsen in Hyōgo and Beppu Onsen in Ōita 14 With the increase in foreign customers due to growing tourism some onsen that previously banned tattoos are loosening their rules to allow guests with small tattoos to enter provided they cover their tattoos with a patch or sticking plaster 9 15 Risks editArticle 18 paragraph 1 of the Japanese Hot Springs Act publishes guidance on contraindications and cautions for bathing in hot springs and drinking their respective waters 16 Although millions of Japanese bathe in onsen every year with few noticeable side effects there are still potential side effects to onsen usage such as aggravating high blood pressure or heart disease 17 Legionella bacteria have been found in some onsen with poor sanitation 18 19 For example 295 people were infected with Legionella and seven died at an onsen in Miyazaki Prefecture in 2002 19 20 b Revelations of poor sanitary practices at some onsen have led to improved regulation by hot spring communities to maintain their reputation 21 There have been reports of infectious disease found in hot bodies of water worldwide such as various Naegleria species 22 While studies have found the presence of Naegleria in hot spring waters Naegleria fowleri responsible for numerous fatal cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis around the world has not been found to be present in the water at onsen 22 Nevertheless fewer than five cases have been seen historically in Japan although not conclusively linked to onsen exposure 23 Many onsen display notices reminding anyone with open cuts sores or lesions not to bathe Additionally in recent years onsen are increasingly adding chlorine to their waters to prevent infection although many onsen purists seek natural unchlorinated onsen that do not recycle their water but instead clean the baths daily 21 These precautions as well as proper onsen usage i e not placing the head underwater washing thoroughly before entering the bath greatly reduce any overall risk to bathers Voyeurism is reported at some onsen 24 25 This is mitigated in some prefectures of Japan where nude mixed bathing is not permitted visitors must wear swimsuits 8 Selected onsen editMain article List of hot springs in Japan This section may contain unverified or indiscriminate information in embedded lists Please help clean up the lists by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article February 2019 nbsp Old Tsuru no yu Bathhouse in Nyutō Onsen area Akita nbsp Winter bathing at Tsuru no yu rotten buro in Nyutō Akita nbsp Kurokawa Onsen roten buro in Kyushu nbsp Japanese macaques enjoying a roten buro open air onsen at Jigokudani Monkey Park nbsp Yumura onsen s hot spring resort and forests in Shin onsen Hyōgo nbsp Dōgo Onsen hot springs main building in Matsuyama Ehime nbsp Ginzan Onsen in Obanazawa Yamagata nbsp Kusatsu Onsen nbsp Onsen tamago Black egg Miyanoshita OnsenAkagi Gunma Akayu Yamagata Arima Onsen Kobe Hyōgo Asamushi Onsen Aomori Prefecture Aso Kumamoto a famous onsen area alongside Mount Aso an active volcano Atami Onsen ja Atami Shizuoka major onsen resort town near Tokyo Awara Onsen Awara Fukui Prefecture Awazu Onsen Komatsu Ishikawa Beppu Onsen Beppu Ōita Prefecture famous for its multi coloured baths Dake Onsen ja Nihonmatsu Fukushima Dōgo Onsen Ehime Prefecture Funaoka Onsen Kyoto Gero Onsen ja Gero Gifu famous for its free open bath on riverbank of Hida River Geto Onsen Iwate Prefecture Ginzan Onsen Obanazawa Yamagata Hakone Kanagawa famous onsen resort town near Tokyo Hanamaki Iwate Hirayu Onsen ja Takayama Gifu Hokkawa Onsen ja Shizuoka Ibusuki Onsen Kagoshima Prefecture Iizaka Onsen Fukushima Ikaho Onsen ja Ikaho Gunma Itō Shizuoka Iwaki Yumoto Onsen Fukushima Prefecture Iwamuro Niigata famous for onsen since the Edo period Jigokudani Nagano Prefecture Jōzankei Onsen ja Hokkaido Kaike Onsen ja Yonago Tottori Kakeyu Onsen ja Nagano Kanzanji Onsen ja Shizuoka Katayamazu Onsen ja Kaga Ishikawa Kawayu Onsen ja Tanabe Wakayama Kindaichi Onsen Iwate Kinosaki Hyōgo Kinugawa Onsen Tochigi Kusatsu Onsen Gunma Prefecture Misasa Onsen ja Misasa Tottori Prefecture Nagaragawa Onsen Gifu Gifu Nanki Katsuura Onsen Nachikatsuura Wakayama Nanki Shirahama Onsen Shirahama Wakayama Prefecture Naoshima Kagawa Prefecture Naruko Miyagi Noboribetsu Hokkaido Nuruyu Onsen Kumamoto Prefecture Nyutō Onsen Akita Prefecture Obama Onsen Nagasaki Prefecture the hottest Japanese hot spring 105 C or 221 F Onneyu Onsen ja Hokkaido Ōfuka Onsen Akita Ryujin Onsen Tanabe Wakayama one of Japan s famous three beautifying onsen Sabakoyu Onsen Fukushima Prefecture the oldest community onsen in Japan Sakunami Onsen Miyagi Sawatari Gunma Prefecture Senami Onsen ja Niigata Prefecture Shima Onsen Gunma Prefecture Shimabara Nagasaki Shimobe Onsen ja Yamanashi Prefecture Shiobara Onsen ja Tochigi Prefecture Shuzenji Onsen Shizuoka Prefecture Sōunkyo Onsen ja Hokkaido Sukayu Onsen Aomori Prefecture Sumatakyō Onsen ja Shizuoka Prefecture Suwa Nagano Prefecture Takanoyu Onsen Akita Prefecture Takaragawa Gunma one of the largest outdoor mixed baths in Japan Takarazuka Hyōgo Tara Saga Tōyako Hokkaidō Tsubame Onsen ja Niigata famous for its free open mixed onsen Tsuchiyu Onsen Fukushima Prefecture Tsukioka Onsen Niigata ja Niigata Prefecture Tsurumaki Onsen ja Kanagawa Unazuki Onsen Kurobe Toyama Prefecture Wakura Onsen Nanao Ishikawa Prefecture Yamanaka Onsen Kaga Ishikawa Yamashiro Onsen Kaga Ishikawa Yubara Onsen ja Okayama Prefecture one of the largest mixed baths at the foot of Yubara dam Yudanaka Onsen ja Nagano Prefecture Yufuin Ōita Prefecture Yugawara Kanagawa Prefecture Yumura Onsen Shin onsen Hyōgo Yunogo Onsen Okayama Prefecture Yunokawa Onsen Hokkaido Yunomine Onsen Tanabe Wakayama site of the UNESCO World Heritage Tsuboyu bath Yuzawa Niigata Zaō Onsen Yamagata PrefectureSee also editAshiyu Balneotherapy Furo List of hot springs in Japan Public bathing Sauna Taiwanese hot springs Three Ancient Springs Turkish bath Onsen portal at the Japanese Wikipedia in Japanese Notes edit In very isolated onsen where there is no possibility to use soap before entering in the bath onsen users are expected to at least rinse their body with the water of the bath before entering it In addition to this case two people were infected and one died at Arima Onsen in 2022 In the same year Legionella bacteria up to 3 700 times the standard value were detected at an onsen in Fukuoka Prefecture because the water was changed only twice a year 20 References edit a b Erikson August Masui Anette 2014 Sacred Waters A Guide to Japanese Hot Springs Karlstad Sweden Votum Forlag AB p 88 ISBN 978 91 87283 33 8 Public Baths in Japan www japan guide com Retrieved 17 October 2018 2018 Edition 7 Select Onsen Hot Spring Areas Rising in Popularity among Foreign Tourists in Japan WOW JAPAN Retrieved 17 October 2018 Hot Spring Act PDF Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan Retrieved 18 October 2020 Serbulea Mihaela Payyappallimana Unnikrishnan 2012 Onsen hot springs in Japan Transforming terrain into healing landscapes Health amp Place 18 6 1366 73 doi 10 1016 j healthplace 2012 06 020 PMID 22878276 Tadanori Matsuda 30 March 2015 Soaking up the Benefits Japan s Hot Springs Tradition Nippon Your doorway to Japan Retrieved 27 August 2020 Japan s Konyoku mixed gender Onsen Best 100 Konyoku org Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 Retrieved 11 January 2014 a b c Hadfield James 10 December 2016 Last splash Immodest Japanese tradition of mixed bathing may be on the verge of extinction The Japan Times Retrieved 6 December 2018 a b c Ryall Julian 6 November 2015 Japanese owners of famous onsen hot springs soften their stance on tattoo ban to appease foreign visitors Archived from the original on 17 January 2016 Thompson Ashley 6 November 2012 If you need to bring drugs to Japan sort out the paperwork or else The Japan Times Archived from the original on 19 July 2015 Xeni Jardin 22 December 2009 Tattoo in Japan Boing Boing Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 Onsen Warnings and Hassles July 2019 retrieved 30 September 2020 Thompson Ashley 27 November 2012 Ink doesn t always cause a stink at the onsen The Japan Times Archived from the original on 19 July 2015 30 Tattoo Friendly Onsen in Japan Lund Evie 17 April 2015 Onsen in Nagano will now welcome foreigners with tattoos as long as they patch em up Archived from the original on 14 December 2015 The Criteria for the Notification etc on Contraindications and Cautions for Bathing and Drinking as specified in Article 18 Paragraph 1 of the Hot Springs Act PDF Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan Retrieved 28 October 2022 Hot Spring Treatment Hot Spring Encyclopedia ONSEN BEPPU CITY City beppu oita jp Retrieved 7 December 2010 H Miyamoto S Jitsurong R Shiota K Maruta S Yoshida E Yabuuchi 1997 Molecular determination of infection source of a sporadic Legionella pneumonia case associated with a hot spring bath Microbiol Immunol 41 3 197 202 doi 10 1111 j 1348 0421 1997 tb01190 x PMID 9130230 S2CID 25016946 a b Eiko Yabuuchi Kunio Agata 2004 An outbreak of legionellosis in a new facility of hot spring Bath in Hiuga City Kansenshogaku Zasshi 78 2 90 98 doi 10 11150 kansenshogakuzasshi1970 78 90 ISSN 0387 5911 PMID 15103899 a b 怖い菌ではないと思っていた と運営会社社長 過去には7名死亡した事例も in Japanese Shueisha Retrieved 4 March 2023 a b Onsen know what you re getting into The Japan Times a b Shinji Izumiyama Kenji Yagita Reiko Furushima Shimogawara Tokiko Asakura Tatsuya Karasudani Takuro Endō July 2003 Occurrence and Distribution of Naegleria Species in Thermal Waters in Japan The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50 s1 514 5 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 2003 tb00614 x PMID 14736147 S2CID 45052636 Yasuo Sugita Teruhiko Fujii Itsurou Hayashi Takachika Aoki Toshirō Yokoyama Minoru Morimatsu Toshihide Fukuma Yoshiaki Takamiya May 1999 Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri An autopsy case in Japan Pathology International 49 5 468 70 doi 10 1046 j 1440 1827 1999 00893 x PMID 10417693 S2CID 21576553 盗撮の実態 知っていますか 10年で倍増 常習化しやすく 被害に遭わないためには NEXT特捜隊 Shizuoka Shimbun in Japanese 21 November 2021 Retrieved 28 October 2022 盗撮の闇 3 奪われた日常 被害者 映像流出におびえ 佐賀新聞 in Japanese 28 December 2018 Retrieved 28 October 2022 Further reading editHotta Anne and Yoko Ishiguro A Guide to Japanese Hot Springs New York Kodansha America 1986 ISBN 0 87011 720 3 Fujinami Kōichi Hot Springs in Japan Tokyo Board of Tourist Industry Japanese Government Railways Maruzen Company Ltd 1936 Neff Robert Japan s Hidden Hot Springs Rutland Vermont Charles E Tuttle 1995 ISBN 0 8048 1949 1 Seki Akihiko and Elizabeth Heilman Brooke The Japanese Spa A Guide to Japan s Finest Ryokan and Onsen Boston Tuttle Publishing 2005 ISBN 0 8048 3671 X Reprinted as Ryokan Japan s Finest Spas and Inns 2007 ISBN 0 8048 3839 9 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hot springs of Japan Onsen Tipster A database of genuine onsen in Japan Sento Guide Guide to public baths in Japan OnsenJapan net Interactive Google map with easy to read icons pictures and reviews Secret Onsen a database with more than 125 onsen all around Japan Japan Onsen A mountain onsen guide of the Japan Alps Japanbased Onsen guide A guide on how to onsen in Japan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Onsen amp oldid 1186351367, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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