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Topaz

February 15, 2024

This article is about the mineral or gemstone. For other uses, see Topaz (disambiguation).

Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2. It is used as a gemstone in jewelry and other adornments. Common topaz in its natural state is colorless, though trace element impurities can make it pale blue or golden brown to yellow orange[7]. Topaz is often treated with heat or radiation to make it a deep blue, reddish-orange, pale green, pink, or purple.

Topaz
Topaz crystal on white matrix
General
CategoryNesosilicate minerals
Formula
(repeating unit)		Al2SiO4(F,OH)2
IMA symbolTpz[1]
Strunz classification9.AF.35
Crystal systemOrthorhombic
Crystal classDipyramidal (mmm)
H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
Space groupPbnm
Unit cella = 4.65 Å, b = 8.8 Å,
c = 8.4 Å; Z = 4
Identification
ColorColorless (if there are no impurities), white, blue, brown, orange, gray, yellow, yellowish brown, green, pink, reddish pink or even red
Crystal habitPrismatic crystal
TwinningRarely on [111][2]
Cleavage[001] Perfect
FractureSubconchoidal to uneven
Mohs scale hardness8 (defining mineral)
LusterVitreous
StreakWhite
DiaphaneityTransparent
Specific gravity3.49–3.57
Optical propertiesBiaxial (+)
Refractive indexnα = 1.606–1.629
nβ = 1.609–1.631
nγ = 1.616–1.638
Birefringenceδ = 0.010
PleochroismWeak in thick sections X = yellow; Y = yellow, violet, reddish; Z = violet, bluish, yellow, pink
Ultraviolet fluorescenceShort UV=golden yellow; Long UV=cream
References[3][4][5][6]

Although it is often associated with golden yellow and blue, it comes in a variety of colors, including colorless. The rarest are natural pinks, reds, and delicate golden oranges, sometimes with pink hues.[8]

Topaz is a nesosilicate mineral, and more specifically, an aluminosilicate mineral[9]. It is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals and has a relatively low index of refraction. It occurs in many places in the world.

Etymology edit

The name "topaz" is usually believed to be derived (via Old French: Topace and Latin: Topazius) from the Greek Τοπάζιος (Topázios) or Τοπάζιον (Topázion),[10] from Τοπαζος. This is the ancient name of St. John's Island in the Red Sea which was difficult to find and from which a yellow stone (now believed to be chrysolite: yellowish olivine) was mined in ancient times. The name topaz was first applied to the mineral now known by that name in 1737.[11] Ancient Sri Lanka (Tamraparni) exported native oriental topazes to Greece and ancient Egypt, which led to the etymologically related names of the island by Alexander Polyhistor (Topazius) and the early Egyptians (Topapwene) – "land of the Topaz".[12][13] Pliny said that Topazos is a legendary island in the Red Sea and the mineral "topaz" was first mined there. Alternatively, the word topaz may be related to the Sanskrit word तपस् "tapas", meaning "heat" or "fire".[10]

History edit

Nicols, the author of one of the first systematic treatises on minerals and gemstones, dedicated two chapters to the topic in 1652.[14] In the Middle Ages, the name topaz was used to refer to any yellow gemstone, but in modern times it denotes only the silicate described above.

Many English translations of the Bible, including the King James Version, mention topaz. However, because these translations as topaz all derive from the Septuagint translation topazi[os], which referred to a yellow stone that was not topaz, but probably chrysolite (chrysoberyl or peridot), topaz is likely not meant here.[15]

An English superstition also held that topaz cured lunacy.[16] The ancient Romans believed that topaz provided protection from danger while traveling.[17] During the Middle Ages, it was believed that attaching the topaz to the left arm protected the owner from any curse and warded off the evil eye. It was also believed that wearing topaz increased body heat, which would enable people to relieve a cold or fever.[18] In Europe during the Middle Ages, topaz was believed to enhance mental powers.[19]

Gemstone edit

Topaz is a gemstone. In cut and polished form, it is used to make jewelry or other adornments. It also has other uses. Orange topaz, also known as precious topaz, is the conventional birthstone for November, the symbol of friendship and the state gemstone of the U.S. state of Utah.[20] Blue topaz is the state gemstone of the US state of Texas.[21]

Characteristics edit

 
Blue topaz crystal

Topaz in its natural state is colorless, often with a greyish cast. It also occurs as a golden brown to yellow color which makes it sometimes confused with citrine, a less valuable gemstone.[22] The specific gravity of all shades of topaz, however, means that it is considerably heavier than citrine (about 25% per volume) and this difference in weight can be used to distinguish two stones of equal volume. Also, if the volume of a given stone can be determined, its weight if it were topaz can be established and then checked with a sensitive scale. Likewise, glass stones are also much lighter than equally sized topaz.

A variety of impurities and treatments may make topaz wine red, pale gray, reddish-orange, pale green, or pink (rare), and opaque to translucent/transparent. The pink and red varieties come from chromium replacing aluminium in its crystalline structure[23].

 
Sherry-colored topaz from Utah, USA

Imperial topaz is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange. Brazilian imperial topaz can often have a bright yellow to deep golden brown hue, sometimes even violet. Many brown or pale topazes are treated to make them bright yellow, gold, pink, or violet colored. Some imperial topaz stones can fade from exposure to sunlight for an extended period of time.[24][25] Naturally occurring blue topaz is quite rare. Typically, colorless, gray, or pale yellow and blue material is heat treated and irradiated to produce a more desired darker blue.[25] Mystic topaz is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated via a vapor deposition process giving it a rainbow effect on its surface.[26]

Although very hard, topaz must be treated with greater care than some other minerals of similar hardness (such as corundum) because of a weakness of atomic bonding of the stone's molecules along one or another axial plane (whereas diamonds, for example, are composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other with equal strength along all of its planes). This gives topaz a tendency to break along such a cleavage plane if struck with sufficient force.[27]

Topaz has a relatively low index of refraction for a gemstone, and so stones with large facets or tables do not sparkle as readily as stones cut from minerals with higher refractive indices, though quality colorless topaz sparkles and shows more "life" than similarly cut quartz. When given a typical "brilliant" cut, topaz may either show a sparkling table facet surrounded by dead-looking crown facets or a ring of sparkling crown facets with a dull well-like table.[28] It also takes an exceptionally fine polish, and can sometimes be distinguished from citrine by its slippery feel alone (quartz cannot be polished to this level of smoothness).[29]

Another method of distinguishing topaz from quartz is by placing the unset stone in a solution of bromoform or methylene iodide. Quartz will invariably float in these solutions, whereas topaz will sink.[29]

Localities and occurrence edit

 
Main topaz producing countries

Topaz is commonly associated with silicic igneous rocks of the granite and rhyolite type. It typically crystallizes in granitic pegmatites[7] or in vapor cavities in rhyolite lava flows including those at Topaz Mountain in western Utah and Chivinar in South America. It can be found with fluorite and cassiterite in various areas including the Ural and Ilmensky mountains of Russia, in Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, the Czech Republic, Germany, Norway, Pakistan, Italy, Sweden, Japan, Brazil, Mexico; Flinders Island, Australia; Nigeria and the United States.

Brazil is one of the largest producers of topaz,[30] some clear topaz crystals from Brazilian pegmatites can reach boulder size and weigh hundreds of pounds. The Topaz of Aurangzeb, observed by Jean Baptiste Tavernier weighed 157.75 carats (31.550 g).[31] The American Golden Topaz, a more recent gem, weighed 22,892.5 carats (4,578.50 g). Large, vivid blue topaz specimens from the St. Anns mine in Zimbabwe were found in the late 1980s.[32] Colorless and light-blue varieties of topaz are found in Precambrian granite in Mason County, Texas[33] within the Llano Uplift. There is no commercial mining of topaz in that area.[34] It is possible to synthesize topaz.[35]

  •  
    Topaz Mountain, Utah, United States
  •  
    Red topaz from Tepetate, Municipio de Villa de Arriaga, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
  •  
    Facet cut topaz gemstones in various colors
  •  
    Yellow topaz in stepped kite-shaped cut
  •  
    Imperial Topaz of Minas Gerais

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. ^ Nesse, William D. (2000). Introduction to mineralogy. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 313. ISBN 9780195106916.
  3. ^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (20 ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-80580-7.
  4. ^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (1995). "Topaz" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Vol. II (Silica, Silicates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 978-0-9622097-1-0. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  5. ^ Topaz. Mindat.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
  6. ^ Topaz. Webmineral.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
  7. ^ a b Menzies, Michael A. (2023-12-08). "Connoisseur's Choice: Topaz from Granite Pegmatites: Limoeiro Mine, Virgem da Lapa, Araçuaí Pegmatite District, Minas Gerais, Brazil". Rocks & Minerals. 99 (1): 36–55. doi:10.1080/00357529.2023.2253100. ISSN 0035-7529. S2CID 266145193.
  8. ^ "Topaz Value, Price, and Jewelry Information". International Gem Society. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
  9. ^ Tennakoon, Sumudu; Peng, Ye; Mookherjee, Mainak; Speziale, Sergio; Manthilake, Geeth; Besara, Tiglet; Andreu, Luis; Rivera, Fernando (2018-01-22). "Single crystal elasticity of natural topaz at high-temperatures". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 1372. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1372T. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17856-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5778148. PMID 29358663.
  10. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. "topaz". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  11. ^ Hurlbut & Klein 1985.
  12. ^ Suckling, Horatio John (1876). Ceylon: A General Description of the Island, Historical, Physical, Statistical. Containing the Most Recent Information. Chapman & Hall. p. 10. Retrieved 28 June 2019. topaz taprobane.
  13. ^ "Astrological Magazine". Astrological Magazine. 56 (1–6): 75. 1967. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  14. ^ A Lapidary or History of Gemstones, University of Cambridge, 1652.
  15. ^ Farrington, Oliver (1903) Gems and Gem Minerals. Chicago. p. 119.
  16. ^ Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph (1844) On Superstitions Connected with the History and Practice of Medicine and Surgery. Philadelphia E. Barrington and G.D. Haswell. p. 70.
  17. ^ Webster, R. (2012). The encyclopedia of superstitions. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 256. ISBN 9780738725611.
  18. ^ Webster 2012, p. 260.
  19. ^ Simmons, Robert (2005). The book of stones : who they are & what they teach. East Montpelier, VT: Heaven and Earth Pub. p. 403. ISBN 978-0962191039.
  20. ^ . Pioneer.utah.gov. 16 June 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  21. ^ . state.tx.us. Archived from the original on 2009-03-12.
  22. ^ Hurrell, Karen; Johnson, Mary L. (15 December 2016). Gemstones: A Complete Color Reference for Precious and Semiprecious Stones of the World. Book Sales. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-7858-3498-4.
  23. ^ Gübelin, Edward; Graziani, Giorgio; Kazmi, A. H. (1986-10-01). "Pink Topaz from Pakistan". Gems & Gemology. 22 (3): 140–151. doi:10.5741/GEMS.22.3.140. ISSN 0016-626X.
  24. ^ . nhm.org. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009.
  25. ^ a b "Gemstones & Gemology – Topaz". academic.emporia.edu. Emporia State University.
  26. ^ "Mystic topaz, consumer information". Farlang.com. 30 October 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  27. ^ Newman, Renee (7 January 2015). Gem & Jewelry Pocket Guide: A traveler's guide to buying diamonds, colored gems, pearls, gold and platinum jewelry. BookBaby. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-929975-49-8.
  28. ^ Dake, H. (16 April 2013). The Art of Gem Cutting – including cabochons, faceting, Sspheres, tumbling, and special techniques. Read Books Limited. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-4474-8480-6.
  29. ^ a b B. Anderson (2011). Gem Testing. Read Books.
  30. ^ . Ayana Jewellery. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  31. ^ Famous and Notheworthy Topazes Rao Bahadur, A Handbook of Precious Stones, Geological Survey of India
  32. ^ . Cape Minerals. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  33. ^ Handbook of Texas Online – Mineral Resources and Mining. Tshaonline.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
  34. ^
  35. ^ Rosenberg, Philip E. (1972). "Compositional variations in synthetic topaz" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 57: 169–187.

External links edit

  • Topaz from the International Colored Gemstone Association
  • , Utah Geological Survey
  • "Topaz" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (9th ed.). 1888.

February 15, 2024
topaz, this, article, about, mineral, gemstone, other, uses, disambiguation, silicate, mineral, aluminium, fluorine, with, chemical, formula, al2sio4, used, gemstone, jewelry, other, adornments, common, topaz, natural, state, colorless, though, trace, element,. This article is about the mineral or gemstone For other uses see Topaz disambiguation Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4 F OH 2 It is used as a gemstone in jewelry and other adornments Common topaz in its natural state is colorless though trace element impurities can make it pale blue or golden brown to yellow orange 7 Topaz is often treated with heat or radiation to make it a deep blue reddish orange pale green pink or purple TopazTopaz crystal on white matrixGeneralCategoryNesosilicate mineralsFormula repeating unit Al2SiO4 F OH 2IMA symbolTpz 1 Strunz classification9 AF 35Crystal systemOrthorhombicCrystal classDipyramidal mmm H M symbol 2 m 2 m 2 m Space groupPbnmUnit cella 4 65 A b 8 8 A c 8 4 A Z 4IdentificationColorColorless if there are no impurities white blue brown orange gray yellow yellowish brown green pink reddish pink or even redCrystal habitPrismatic crystalTwinningRarely on 111 2 Cleavage 001 PerfectFractureSubconchoidal to unevenMohs scale hardness8 defining mineral LusterVitreousStreakWhiteDiaphaneityTransparentSpecific gravity3 49 3 57Optical propertiesBiaxial Refractive indexna 1 606 1 629nb 1 609 1 631ng 1 616 1 638Birefringenced 0 010PleochroismWeak in thick sections X yellow Y yellow violet reddish Z violet bluish yellow pinkUltraviolet fluorescenceShort UV golden yellow Long UV creamReferences 3 4 5 6 Although it is often associated with golden yellow and blue it comes in a variety of colors including colorless The rarest are natural pinks reds and delicate golden oranges sometimes with pink hues 8 Topaz is a nesosilicate mineral and more specifically an aluminosilicate mineral 9 It is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals and has a relatively low index of refraction It occurs in many places in the world Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Gemstone 4 Characteristics 5 Localities and occurrence 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEtymology editThe name topaz is usually believed to be derived via Old French Topace and Latin Topazius from the Greek Topazios Topazios or Topazion Topazion 10 from Topazos This is the ancient name of St John s Island in the Red Sea which was difficult to find and from which a yellow stone now believed to be chrysolite yellowish olivine was mined in ancient times The name topaz was first applied to the mineral now known by that name in 1737 11 Ancient Sri Lanka Tamraparni exported native oriental topazes to Greece and ancient Egypt which led to the etymologically related names of the island by Alexander Polyhistor Topazius and the early Egyptians Topapwene land of the Topaz 12 13 Pliny said that Topazos is a legendary island in the Red Sea and the mineral topaz was first mined there Alternatively the word topaz may be related to the Sanskrit word तपस tapas meaning heat or fire 10 History editNicols the author of one of the first systematic treatises on minerals and gemstones dedicated two chapters to the topic in 1652 14 In the Middle Ages the name topaz was used to refer to any yellow gemstone but in modern times it denotes only the silicate described above Many English translations of the Bible including the King James Version mention topaz However because these translations as topaz all derive from the Septuagint translation topazi os which referred to a yellow stone that was not topaz but probably chrysolite chrysoberyl or peridot topaz is likely not meant here 15 An English superstition also held that topaz cured lunacy 16 The ancient Romans believed that topaz provided protection from danger while traveling 17 During the Middle Ages it was believed that attaching the topaz to the left arm protected the owner from any curse and warded off the evil eye It was also believed that wearing topaz increased body heat which would enable people to relieve a cold or fever 18 In Europe during the Middle Ages topaz was believed to enhance mental powers 19 Gemstone editTopaz is a gemstone In cut and polished form it is used to make jewelry or other adornments It also has other uses Orange topaz also known as precious topaz is the conventional birthstone for November the symbol of friendship and the state gemstone of the U S state of Utah 20 Blue topaz is the state gemstone of the US state of Texas 21 Characteristics edit nbsp Blue topaz crystalTopaz in its natural state is colorless often with a greyish cast It also occurs as a golden brown to yellow color which makes it sometimes confused with citrine a less valuable gemstone 22 The specific gravity of all shades of topaz however means that it is considerably heavier than citrine about 25 per volume and this difference in weight can be used to distinguish two stones of equal volume Also if the volume of a given stone can be determined its weight if it were topaz can be established and then checked with a sensitive scale Likewise glass stones are also much lighter than equally sized topaz A variety of impurities and treatments may make topaz wine red pale gray reddish orange pale green or pink rare and opaque to translucent transparent The pink and red varieties come from chromium replacing aluminium in its crystalline structure 23 nbsp Sherry colored topaz from Utah USAImperial topaz is yellow pink rare if natural or pink orange Brazilian imperial topaz can often have a bright yellow to deep golden brown hue sometimes even violet Many brown or pale topazes are treated to make them bright yellow gold pink or violet colored Some imperial topaz stones can fade from exposure to sunlight for an extended period of time 24 25 Naturally occurring blue topaz is quite rare Typically colorless gray or pale yellow and blue material is heat treated and irradiated to produce a more desired darker blue 25 Mystic topaz is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated via a vapor deposition process giving it a rainbow effect on its surface 26 Although very hard topaz must be treated with greater care than some other minerals of similar hardness such as corundum because of a weakness of atomic bonding of the stone s molecules along one or another axial plane whereas diamonds for example are composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other with equal strength along all of its planes This gives topaz a tendency to break along such a cleavage plane if struck with sufficient force 27 Topaz has a relatively low index of refraction for a gemstone and so stones with large facets or tables do not sparkle as readily as stones cut from minerals with higher refractive indices though quality colorless topaz sparkles and shows more life than similarly cut quartz When given a typical brilliant cut topaz may either show a sparkling table facet surrounded by dead looking crown facets or a ring of sparkling crown facets with a dull well like table 28 It also takes an exceptionally fine polish and can sometimes be distinguished from citrine by its slippery feel alone quartz cannot be polished to this level of smoothness 29 Another method of distinguishing topaz from quartz is by placing the unset stone in a solution of bromoform or methylene iodide Quartz will invariably float in these solutions whereas topaz will sink 29 Localities and occurrence edit nbsp Main topaz producing countriesTopaz is commonly associated with silicic igneous rocks of the granite and rhyolite type It typically crystallizes in granitic pegmatites 7 or in vapor cavities in rhyolite lava flows including those at Topaz Mountain in western Utah and Chivinar in South America It can be found with fluorite and cassiterite in various areas including the Ural and Ilmensky mountains of Russia in Afghanistan Sri Lanka the Czech Republic Germany Norway Pakistan Italy Sweden Japan Brazil Mexico Flinders Island Australia Nigeria and the United States Brazil is one of the largest producers of topaz 30 some clear topaz crystals from Brazilian pegmatites can reach boulder size and weigh hundreds of pounds The Topaz of Aurangzeb observed by Jean Baptiste Tavernier weighed 157 75 carats 31 550 g 31 The American Golden Topaz a more recent gem weighed 22 892 5 carats 4 578 50 g Large vivid blue topaz specimens from the St Anns mine in Zimbabwe were found in the late 1980s 32 Colorless and light blue varieties of topaz are found in Precambrian granite in Mason County Texas 33 within the Llano Uplift There is no commercial mining of topaz in that area 34 It is possible to synthesize topaz 35 nbsp Topaz Mountain Utah United States nbsp Red topaz from Tepetate Municipio de Villa de Arriaga San Luis Potosi Mexico nbsp Facet cut topaz gemstones in various colors nbsp Yellow topaz in stepped kite shaped cut nbsp Imperial Topaz of Minas GeraisSee also edit nbsp Minerals portalAgate Beryl OpalReferences edit Warr L N 2021 IMA CNMNC approved mineral symbols Mineralogical Magazine 85 3 291 320 Bibcode 2021MinM 85 291W doi 10 1180 mgm 2021 43 S2CID 235729616 Nesse William D 2000 Introduction to mineralogy New York Oxford University Press p 313 ISBN 9780195106916 Hurlbut Cornelius S Klein Cornelis 1985 Manual of Mineralogy 20 ed Wiley ISBN 0 471 80580 7 Anthony John W Bideaux Richard A Bladh Kenneth W Nichols Monte C eds 1995 Topaz PDF Handbook of Mineralogy Vol II Silica Silicates Chantilly VA US Mineralogical Society of America ISBN 978 0 9622097 1 0 Retrieved December 5 2011 Topaz Mindat org Retrieved on 2011 10 29 Topaz Webmineral com Retrieved on 2011 10 29 a b Menzies Michael A 2023 12 08 Connoisseur s Choice Topaz from Granite Pegmatites Limoeiro Mine Virgem da Lapa Aracuai Pegmatite District Minas Gerais Brazil Rocks amp Minerals 99 1 36 55 doi 10 1080 00357529 2023 2253100 ISSN 0035 7529 S2CID 266145193 Topaz Value Price and Jewelry Information International Gem Society Retrieved 2021 11 16 Tennakoon Sumudu Peng Ye Mookherjee Mainak Speziale Sergio Manthilake Geeth Besara Tiglet Andreu Luis Rivera Fernando 2018 01 22 Single crystal elasticity of natural topaz at high temperatures Scientific Reports 8 1 1372 Bibcode 2018NatSR 8 1372T doi 10 1038 s41598 017 17856 3 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 5778148 PMID 29358663 a b Harper Douglas topaz Online Etymology Dictionary Hurlbut amp Klein 1985 Suckling Horatio John 1876 Ceylon A General Description of the Island Historical Physical Statistical Containing the Most Recent Information Chapman amp Hall p 10 Retrieved 28 June 2019 topaz taprobane Astrological Magazine Astrological Magazine 56 1 6 75 1967 Retrieved 28 June 2019 A Lapidary or History of Gemstones University of Cambridge 1652 Farrington Oliver 1903 Gems and Gem Minerals Chicago p 119 Pettigrew Thomas Joseph 1844 On Superstitions Connected with the History and Practice of Medicine and Surgery Philadelphia E Barrington and G D Haswell p 70 Webster R 2012 The encyclopedia of superstitions Llewellyn Worldwide p 256 ISBN 9780738725611 Webster 2012 p 260 Simmons Robert 2005 The book of stones who they are amp what they teach East Montpelier VT Heaven and Earth Pub p 403 ISBN 978 0962191039 Utah State gem Topaz Pioneer utah gov 16 June 2010 Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 Retrieved 29 October 2011 Texas state gem Blue Topaz State gemstone cut Lone Star cut state tx us Archived from the original on 2009 03 12 Hurrell Karen Johnson Mary L 15 December 2016 Gemstones A Complete Color Reference for Precious and Semiprecious Stones of the World Book Sales p 169 ISBN 978 0 7858 3498 4 Gubelin Edward Graziani Giorgio Kazmi A H 1986 10 01 Pink Topaz from Pakistan Gems amp Gemology 22 3 140 151 doi 10 5741 GEMS 22 3 140 ISSN 0016 626X Imperial topaz nhm org Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Archived from the original on 13 May 2009 a b Gemstones amp Gemology Topaz academic emporia edu Emporia State University Mystic topaz consumer information Farlang com 30 October 2008 Retrieved 29 October 2011 Newman Renee 7 January 2015 Gem amp Jewelry Pocket Guide A traveler s guide to buying diamonds colored gems pearls gold and platinum jewelry BookBaby p 104 ISBN 978 0 929975 49 8 Dake H 16 April 2013 The Art of Gem Cutting including cabochons faceting Sspheres tumbling and special techniques Read Books Limited p 105 ISBN 978 1 4474 8480 6 a b B Anderson 2011 Gem Testing Read Books Topaz Guide Ayana Jewellery Archived from the original on November 24 2016 Retrieved November 23 2016 Famous and Notheworthy Topazes Rao Bahadur A Handbook of Precious Stones Geological Survey of India Topaz Blue Cape Minerals Archived from the original on 8 February 2017 Retrieved 7 February 2017 Handbook of Texas Online Mineral Resources and Mining Tshaonline org Retrieved on 2011 10 29 Mason Texas Chamber of Commerce Web site Rosenberg Philip E 1972 Compositional variations in synthetic topaz PDF American Mineralogist 57 169 187 External links editTopaz at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Data from Wikidata Topaz from the International Colored Gemstone Association Topaz and other minerals found at Topaz Mountain Juab County Utah Geological Survey Topaz Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 23 9th ed 1888 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Topaz amp oldid 1205426186, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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