Epidote
This article is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, which was produced in 1911. (November 2019) |
Epidote is a calcium aluminium iron sorosilicate mineral.
| Epidote | |
|---|---|
Epidote crystals | |
| General | |
| Category | Sorosilicates |
| Formula (repeating unit) | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH) |
| IMA symbol | Ep[1] |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic |
| Crystal class | Prismatic (2m) (same H-M symbol) |
| Space group | P21/m |
| Identification | |
| Color | Pistachio-green, yellow-green, greenish black, brownish-green, green, black |
| Crystal habit | Prismatic with striations, fibrous, massive |
| Twinning | On [100] |
| Cleavage | {001} perfect and {100} imperfect |
| Fracture | Flat regular to uneven |
| Mohs scale hardness | 6–7 |
| Luster | Vitreous to resinous |
| Streak | Greyish white |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to nearly opaque |
| Specific gravity | 3.38-3.49 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (-) |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.715–1.751 nβ = 1.725–1.784 nγ = 1.734–1.797 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.019–0.046 |
| Pleochroism | Strong |
| References | [2][3][4] |
Description
Well developed crystals of epidote, Ca2Al2(Fe3+;Al)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH), crystallizing in the monoclinic system, are of frequent occurrence: they are commonly prismatic in habit, the direction of elongation being perpendicular to the single plane of symmetry. The faces are often deeply striated and crystals are often twinned. Many of the characters of the mineral vary with the amount of iron present for instance, the color, the optical constants, and the specific gravity. The color is green, grey, brown or nearly black, but usually a characteristic shade of yellowish-green or pistachio-green. It displays strong pleochroism, the pleochroic colors being usually green, yellow and brown. Clinozoisite is green, white or pale rose-red group species containing very little iron, thus having the same chemical composition as the orthorhombic mineral zoisite.[5] The name, due to Haüy, is derived from the Greek word "epidosis" (ἐπίδοσις) which means "addition" in allusion to one side of the ideal prism being longer than the other.
Epidote is an abundant rock-forming mineral, but one of secondary origin. It occurs in marble and schistose rocks of metamorphic origin. It is also a product of hydrothermal alteration of various minerals (feldspars, micas, pyroxenes, amphiboles, garnets, and others) composing igneous rocks. A rock composed of quartz and epidote is known as epidosite. Well-developed crystals are found at many localities: Knappenwand, near the Großvenediger in the Untersulzbachthal in Salzburg, as magnificent, dark green crystals of long prismatic habit in cavities in epidote schist, with asbestos, adularia, calcite, and apatite; the Ala valley and Traversella in Piedmont; Arendal in Norway; Le Bourg-d'Oisans in Dauphiné; Haddam in Connecticut; Prince of Wales Island in Alaska, here as large, dark green, tabular crystals with copper ores in metamorphosed limestone.[5]
The perfectly transparent, dark green crystals from the Knappenwand and from Brazil have occasionally been cut as gemstones.[5]
Related species
Belonging to the same isomorphous group with epidote are the REE-rich allanite (containing primarily lanthanum, cerium, and yttrium), and the manganese-rich piemontite.
Piemontite occurs as small, reddish-black, monoclinic crystals in the manganese mines at San Marcel, near Ivrea in Piedmont, and in crystalline schists at several places in Japan. The purple color of the Egyptian porfido rosso antico is due to the presence of this mineral.[5]
Allanite and dollaseite-(Ce) have the same general epidote formula and contain metals of the cerium group. In external appearance allanite differs widely from epidote, being black or dark brown in color, pitchy in lustre, and opaque in the mass; further, there is little or no cleavage, and well-developed crystals are rare. The crystallographic and optical characters are similar to those of epidote; the pleochroism is strong with reddish-, yellowish-, and greenish-brown colors. Although not a common mineral, allanite is of fairly wide distribution as a primary accessory constituent of many crystalline rocks, gneiss, granite, syenite, rhyolite, andesite, and others. It was first found in the granite of east Greenland and described by Thomas Allan in 1808, after whom the species was named. Allanite is a mineral readily altered by hydration, becoming optically isotropic and amorphous: for this reason several varieties have been distinguished, and many different names applied. Orthite was the name given by Jöns Berzelius in 1818 to a hydrated form found as slender prismatic crystals, sometimes a foot in length, at Finbo, near Falun in Sweden.[5] Dollaseite is less common, famous from the Ostanmossa mine in the Norberg district of Sweden.
References
- ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
- ^ Epidote. Handbook of Mineralogy
- ^ Epidote. Mindat
- ^ Epidote. Webmineral
- ^ a b c d e One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Spencer, Leonard James (1911). "Epidote". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 689.