Labradorite
Labradorite ((Ca, Na)(Al, Si)4O8) is a calcium-enriched feldspar mineral first identified in Labrador, Canada, which can display an iridescent effect (schiller).
| Labradorite | |
|---|---|
Labradorite in a polished rock slab | |
| General | |
| Category | Adularescence, tectosilicate |
| Formula (repeating unit) | (Ca,Na)(Al,Si)4O8, where Ca/(Ca + Na) (% anorthite) is 50–70% |
| Crystal system | Triclinic |
| Crystal class | Pinacoidal (1) (same H-M symbol) |
| Unit cell | a = 8.155 Å, b = 12.84 Å c = 10.16 Å; α = 93.5° β = 116.25°, γ = 89.133°; Z = 6 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Gray, gray-white, brown, greenish, pale green, blue, orange, pink, yellow, colorless |
| Crystal habit | Crystals typically thin and tabular, rhombic in cross section, striated; massive |
| Twinning | Common by albite, pericline, Carlsbad, Baveno, or Manebach twin laws |
| Cleavage | Perfect on {001}, less perfect on {010}, intersecting at near 90°; distinct on {110} |
| Fracture | Uneven to conchoidal |
| Mohs scale hardness | 6–6.5 |
| Luster | Vitreous to pearly on cleavages |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Translucent to transparent |
| Specific gravity | 2.68 to 2.72 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (+) |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.554–1.563 nβ = 1.559–1.568 nγ = 1.562–1.573 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.008–0.010 |
| 2V angle | Measured: 85° |
| Dispersion | None |
| Other characteristics | Labradorescence (iridescence, schiller optical effect) |
| References | [1][2][3] |
Labradorite is an intermediate to calcic member of the plagioclase series. It has an anorthite percentage (%An) of between 50 and 70. The specific gravity ranges from 2.68 to 2.72. The streak is white, like most silicates. The refractive index ranges from 1.559 to 1.573 and twinning is common. As with all plagioclase members, the crystal system is triclinic, and three directions of cleavage are present, two of which are nearly at right angles and are more obvious, being of good to perfect quality (while the third direction is poor). It occurs as clear, white to gray, blocky to lath shaped grains in common mafic igneous rocks such as basalt and gabbro, as well as in anorthosites.
Occurrence edit
The geological type area for labradorite is Paul's Island near the town of Nain in Labrador, Canada. It has also been reported in Poland, Norway, Finland and various other locations worldwide, with notable distribution in Madagascar, China, Australia, Slovakia and the United States.[2]
Labradorite occurs in mafic igneous rocks and is the feldspar variety most common in basalt and gabbro. The uncommon anorthosite bodies are composed almost entirely of labradorite.[4] It also is found in metamorphic amphibolites and as a detrital component of some sediments. Common mineral associates in igneous rocks include olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles and magnetite.[1]
Labradorescence edit
Labradorite can display an iridescent optical effect (or schiller) known as labradorescence. The term labradorescence was coined by Ove Balthasar Bøggild, who defined it (labradorization) as follows:[5]
Labradorization is the peculiar reflection of the light from submicroscopical planes orientated in one direction (rarely in two directions); these planes have never such a position that they can be expressed by simple indices, and they are not directly visible under the microscope.
Contributions to the understanding of the origin and cause of the effect were made by Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh (1923), and by Bøggild (1924).[5][6][7]
The cause of this optical phenomenon is phase exsolution lamellar structure,[8] occurring in the Bøggild miscibility gap.[9] The effect is visible when the lamellar separation is between 128 and 252 nm (5.0×10−6 and 9.9×10−6 in); the lamellae are not necessarily parallel;[9] and the lamellar structure is found to lack long range order.[10]
The lamellar separation only occurs in plagioclases of a certain composition; those of calcic labradorite (50–70% anorthite) and bytownite (formula: (Ca0.7-0.9,Na0.3-0.1)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8], i.e., with an anorthite content of ~70 to 90%) particularly exemplify this.[8][11] Another requirement for the lamellar separation is a very slow cooling of the rock containing the plagioclase. Slow cooling is required to allow the Ca, Na, Si, and Al ions to diffuse through the plagioclase and produce the lamellar separation. Therefore, not all labradorites exhibit labradorescence (they might not have the correct composition, cooled too quickly, or both), and not all plagioclases that exhibit labradorescence are labradorites (they may be bytownite).
Some gemstone varieties of labradorite exhibiting a high degree of labradorescence are called spectrolite.
Gallery edit
- Polished block from Madagascar
- Detail of labradorite
- Polished labradorite 18 × 20 cm
- Polished labradorite from UCL Geology collections
- Labradorite with rare colors
- Polished labradorite
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Handbook of Mineralogy
- ^ a b Mindat.org
- ^ Webmineral data
- ^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis; Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, 1985, 20th ed., p. 456, ISBN 0-471-80580-7
- ^ a b Bøggild, Ove Balthasar (1924), (PDF), Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Mathematisk-fysiske Meddelelelser, 6 (3): 1–79, archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015
- ^ Raman, Chandrasekhara Venkata; Jayaraman, Aiyasami (July 1950). "The structure of labradorite and the origin of its iridescence". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A. 32 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1007/BF03172469. S2CID 128235557.
- ^ Lord Rayleigh (3 April 1923), "Studies of Iridescent Colour and the Structure Producing it. III. The Colours of Labrador Felspar", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 103 (720), The Royal Society: 34–45, Bibcode:1923RSPSA.103...34R, doi:10.1098/rspa.1923.0037, JSTOR 94093
- ^ a b Yan-ju, Peng; Xue-mei, He; Qin-fang, Fang (May 2008), , Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, archived from the original on 2021-11-06, retrieved 2015-03-01
- ^ a b Hao, Xie; Jing-cheng, Pei; Li-ping, Li (February 2006), , Geological Science and Technology Information, archived from the original on 2021-11-06, retrieved 2015-03-01
- ^ Bolton, Herbert Cairns; Bursill, Leslie Arthur; McLaren, Alexander Clark; Turner, Robin G. (1966). "On the origin of the colour of labradorite". Physica Status Solidi B. 18 (1): 221–230. Bibcode:1966PSSBR..18..221B. doi:10.1002/pssb.19660180123. S2CID 95485108.
- ^ MacKenzie, William Scott; Zussman, Jack, eds. (1974), "23. Electron-optical study of a schiller labradorite", The Feldspars: Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute, Manchester, 11–21 July 1972, vol. 2, Manchester University Press, pp. 478–490
External links edit
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.