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Neo-Kantianism

April 25, 2024

Not to be confused with Post-Kantianism.

In late modern continental philosophy, neo-Kantianism (German: Neukantianismus) was a revival of the 18th-century philosophy of Immanuel Kant. The neo-Kantians sought to develop and clarify Kant's theories, particularly his concept of the thing-in-itself and his moral philosophy.

Origins edit

The "back to Kant" movement began in the 1860s, as a reaction to the German materialist controversy in the 1850s.[1]

In addition to the work of Hermann von Helmholtz and Eduard Zeller, early fruits of the movement were Kuno Fischer's works on Kant and Friedrich Albert Lange's History of Materialism (Geschichte des Materialismus, 1873–75), the latter of which argued that transcendental idealism superseded the historic struggle between material idealism and mechanistic materialism. Fischer was earlier involved in a dispute with the Aristotelian idealist Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg concerning the interpretation of the results of the Transcendental Aesthetic, a dispute that prompted Hermann Cohen's 1871 seminal work Kants Theorie der Erfahrung (Kant's Theory of Experience), a book often regarded as the foundation of 20th-century neo-Kantianism. It is in reference to the Fischer–Trendelenburg debate and Cohen's work that Hans Vaihinger started his massive commentary on the Critique of Pure Reason.

Varieties edit

The several schools of thought, in spite of seeing themselves as united by a common movement, often saw massive fundamental disagreements.[2]

Hermann Cohen became the leader of the Marburg School (centered in the town of the same name), the other prominent representatives of which were Paul Natorp and Ernst Cassirer.

Another important group, the Southwest (German) School (also known as the Heidelberg School or Baden School, centered in Heidelberg, Baden in Southwest Germany) included Wilhelm Windelband, Heinrich Rickert and Ernst Troeltsch. The Marburg School emphasized epistemology and philosophical logic, whereas the Southwest school emphasized issues of culture and value theory (notably the fact–value distinction).

A third group, mainly represented by Leonard Nelson, established the neo-Friesian School (named after post-Kantian philosopher Jakob Friedrich Fries) which emphasized philosophy of science.[3]

The neo-Kantian schools tended to emphasize scientific readings of Kant, often downplaying the role of intuition in favour of concepts. However, the ethical aspects of neo-Kantian thought often drew them within the orbit of socialism, and they had an important influence on Austromarxism and the revisionism of Eduard Bernstein. Lange and Cohen in particular were keen on this connection between Kantian thought and socialism.[4] Another important aspect of the neo-Kantian movement was its attempt to promote a revised notion of Judaism, particularly in Cohen's seminal work, one of the few works of the movement available in English translation.

The neo-Kantian school was of importance in devising a division of philosophy that has had durable influence well beyond Germany. It made early use of terms such as epistemology and upheld its prominence over ontology. Natorp had a decisive influence on the history of phenomenology and is often credited with leading Edmund Husserl to adopt the vocabulary of transcendental idealism. Emil Lask was influenced by Edmund Husserl's work,[5] and himself exerted a remarkable influence on the young Martin Heidegger. The debate between Cassirer and Heidegger over the interpretation of Kant led the latter to formulate reasons for viewing Kant as a forerunner of phenomenology; this view was disputed in important respects by Eugen Fink. An abiding achievement of the neo-Kantians was the founding of the journal Kant-Studien, which still survives today.

By 1933 (after the rise of Nazism), the various neo-Kantian circles in Germany had dispersed.[6]

Further influence edit

The Neo-Kantian movement had a significant impact on the development of 20th-century philosophy, particularly in the areas of epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics. It continues to be an important influence on contemporary philosophy, particularly in the fields of social and political philosophy.

Notable neo-Kantian philosophers edit

Related thinkers

Contemporary neo-Kantianism edit

In the analytic tradition, the revival of interest in the work of Kant that has been underway since Peter Strawson's work The Bounds of Sense (1966) can also be viewed as effectively neo-Kantian, not least due to its continuing emphasis on epistemology at the expense of ontology. Around the same time as Strawson, Wilfrid Sellars also renewed interest in Kant's philosophy. His project of introducing a Kantian turn in contemporary analytic philosophy has been taken up by his student Robert Brandom. Brandom's work has transformed Sellars' project to introducing a Hegelian phase in analytic philosophy.[12] In the 1980s, interest in neo-Kantianism has revived in the wake of the work of Gillian Rose, who is a critic of this movement's influence on modern philosophy, and because of its influence on the work of Max Weber. The Kantian concern for the limits of perception strongly influenced the antipositivist sociological movement in late 19th-century Germany, particularly in the work of Georg Simmel (Simmel's question 'What is society?' is a direct allusion to Kant's own: 'What is nature'?).[13] The current work of Michael Friedman is explicitly neo-Kantian.

Continental philosophers drawing on the Kantian understandings of the transcendental include Jean-François Lyotard and Jean-Luc Nancy.

Classical conservative thinker Roger Scruton has been greatly influenced by Kantian ethics and aesthetics.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Frederick Copleston, A History of Philosophy volume VII (1963), p. 436, states that "at the turn of the [20th] century Neo-Kantianism was the dominant academic philosophy or Schulphilosophie in the German universities". He attributes (p. 361) the "back to Kant" (Zurück zu Kant) slogan to Otto Liebmann, Kant und die Epigonen, 1865.
  2. ^ Neo-Kantianism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, from the original on April 15, 2023, retrieved July 2, 2023
  3. ^ Helmut Pulte (2013), "J. F. Fries' Philosophy of Science, the New Friesian School and the Berlin Group: On Divergent Scientific Philosophies, Difficult Relations and Missed Opportunities", in: N. Milkov & V. Peckhaus (eds.), The Berlin Group and the Philosophy of Logical Empiricism. Springer, pp. 43–66.
  4. ^ Nguyen, Duy Lap (2022). Walter Benjamin and the Critique of Political Economy. London: Bloomsbury academic. pp. 123–151.
  5. ^ Karl Schuhmann and Barry Smith, “Two Idealisms: Lask and Husserl”, Kant-Studien, 83 (1993), 448–466.
  6. ^ Luft 2015, p. xxvi.
  7. ^ Hermann Lotze: Thought: logic and language, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  8. ^ "Poincaré's Philosophy of Mathematics", entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  9. ^ Holmes, Oliver, "José Ortega y Gasset", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
  10. ^ Georg Lukács: Neo-Kantian Aesthetics, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  11. ^ Hermann Weyl, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  12. ^ Robert Brandom, A Spirit of Trust: A Reading of Hegel’s Phenomenology, Harvard University Press, 2019.
  13. ^ Donald Levine (ed.), Simmel: On Individuality and Social Forms, Chicago University Press, 1971, p. xix.

References edit

  • Sebastian Luft (ed.), The Neo-Kantian Reader, Routledge, 2015.

Further reading edit

External links edit

April 25, 2024
kantianism, confused, with, post, kantianism, late, modern, continental, philosophy, kantianism, german, neukantianismus, revival, 18th, century, philosophy, immanuel, kant, kantians, sought, develop, clarify, kant, theories, particularly, concept, thing, itse. Not to be confused with Post Kantianism In late modern continental philosophy neo Kantianism German Neukantianismus was a revival of the 18th century philosophy of Immanuel Kant The neo Kantians sought to develop and clarify Kant s theories particularly his concept of the thing in itself and his moral philosophy Contents 1 Origins 2 Varieties 3 Further influence 4 Notable neo Kantian philosophers 5 Contemporary neo Kantianism 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksOrigins editThe back to Kant movement began in the 1860s as a reaction to the German materialist controversy in the 1850s 1 In addition to the work of Hermann von Helmholtz and Eduard Zeller early fruits of the movement were Kuno Fischer s works on Kant and Friedrich Albert Lange s History of Materialism Geschichte des Materialismus 1873 75 the latter of which argued that transcendental idealism superseded the historic struggle between material idealism and mechanistic materialism Fischer was earlier involved in a dispute with the Aristotelian idealist Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg concerning the interpretation of the results of the Transcendental Aesthetic a dispute that prompted Hermann Cohen s 1871 seminal work Kants Theorie der Erfahrung Kant s Theory of Experience a book often regarded as the foundation of 20th century neo Kantianism It is in reference to the Fischer Trendelenburg debate and Cohen s work that Hans Vaihinger started his massive commentary on the Critique of Pure Reason Varieties editThe several schools of thought in spite of seeing themselves as united by a common movement often saw massive fundamental disagreements 2 Hermann Cohen became the leader of the Marburg School centered in the town of the same name the other prominent representatives of which were Paul Natorp and Ernst Cassirer Another important group the Southwest German School also known as the Heidelberg School or Baden School centered in Heidelberg Baden in Southwest Germany included Wilhelm Windelband Heinrich Rickert and Ernst Troeltsch The Marburg School emphasized epistemology and philosophical logic whereas the Southwest school emphasized issues of culture and value theory notably the fact value distinction A third group mainly represented by Leonard Nelson established the neo Friesian School named after post Kantian philosopher Jakob Friedrich Fries which emphasized philosophy of science 3 The neo Kantian schools tended to emphasize scientific readings of Kant often downplaying the role of intuition in favour of concepts However the ethical aspects of neo Kantian thought often drew them within the orbit of socialism and they had an important influence on Austromarxism and the revisionism of Eduard Bernstein Lange and Cohen in particular were keen on this connection between Kantian thought and socialism 4 Another important aspect of the neo Kantian movement was its attempt to promote a revised notion of Judaism particularly in Cohen s seminal work one of the few works of the movement available in English translation The neo Kantian school was of importance in devising a division of philosophy that has had durable influence well beyond Germany It made early use of terms such as epistemology and upheld its prominence over ontology Natorp had a decisive influence on the history of phenomenology and is often credited with leading Edmund Husserl to adopt the vocabulary of transcendental idealism Emil Lask was influenced by Edmund Husserl s work 5 and himself exerted a remarkable influence on the young Martin Heidegger The debate between Cassirer and Heidegger over the interpretation of Kant led the latter to formulate reasons for viewing Kant as a forerunner of phenomenology this view was disputed in important respects by Eugen Fink An abiding achievement of the neo Kantians was the founding of the journal Kant Studien which still survives today By 1933 after the rise of Nazism the various neo Kantian circles in Germany had dispersed 6 Further influence editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2023 The Neo Kantian movement had a significant impact on the development of 20th century philosophy particularly in the areas of epistemology metaphysics and ethics It continues to be an important influence on contemporary philosophy particularly in the fields of social and political philosophy Notable neo Kantian philosophers editEduard Zeller 1814 1908 Charles Bernard Renouvier 1815 1903 Hermann Lotze 7 1817 1881 Hermann von Helmholtz 1821 1894 Kuno Fischer 1824 1907 Friedrich Albert Lange 1828 1875 Wilhelm Dilthey 1833 1911 African Spir 1837 1890 Otto Liebmann 1840 1912 Hermann Cohen 1842 1918 Alois Riehl 1844 1924 Wilhelm Windelband 1848 1915 Johannes Volkelt 1848 1930 Benno Erdmann 1851 1921 Hans Vaihinger 1852 1933 Paul Natorp 1854 1924 Emile Meyerson 1859 1933 Karl Vorlander 1860 1928 Heinrich Rickert 1863 1936 Ernst Troeltsch 1865 1923 Jonas Cohn 1869 1947 Robert Reininger 1869 1955 Ernst Cassirer 1874 1945 Emil Lask 1875 1915 Richard Honigswald 1875 1947 Bruno Bauch 1877 1942 Leonard Nelson 1882 1927 Nicolai Hartmann 1882 1950 Hans Kelsen 1881 1973 Joseph B Soloveitchik 1903 1993 Related thinkers Robert Adamson 1852 1902 Henri Poincare 8 1854 1912 Georg Simmel 1858 1918 Max Weber 1864 1920 Jose Ortega y Gasset 9 1883 1955 Gyorgy Lukacs 10 1885 1971 Hermann Weyl 11 1885 1955 Contemporary neo Kantianism editIn the analytic tradition the revival of interest in the work of Kant that has been underway since Peter Strawson s work The Bounds of Sense 1966 can also be viewed as effectively neo Kantian not least due to its continuing emphasis on epistemology at the expense of ontology Around the same time as Strawson Wilfrid Sellars also renewed interest in Kant s philosophy His project of introducing a Kantian turn in contemporary analytic philosophy has been taken up by his student Robert Brandom Brandom s work has transformed Sellars project to introducing a Hegelian phase in analytic philosophy 12 In the 1980s interest in neo Kantianism has revived in the wake of the work of Gillian Rose who is a critic of this movement s influence on modern philosophy and because of its influence on the work of Max Weber The Kantian concern for the limits of perception strongly influenced the antipositivist sociological movement in late 19th century Germany particularly in the work of Georg Simmel Simmel s question What is society is a direct allusion to Kant s own What is nature 13 The current work of Michael Friedman is explicitly neo Kantian Continental philosophers drawing on the Kantian understandings of the transcendental include Jean Francois Lyotard and Jean Luc Nancy Classical conservative thinker Roger Scruton has been greatly influenced by Kantian ethics and aesthetics See also editGerman idealism North American Kant SocietyNotes edit Frederick Copleston A History of Philosophy volume VII 1963 p 436 states that at the turn of the 20th century Neo Kantianism was the dominant academic philosophy or Schulphilosophie in the German universities He attributes p 361 the back to Kant Zuruck zu Kant slogan to Otto Liebmann Kant und die Epigonen 1865 Neo Kantianism Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy archived from the original on April 15 2023 retrieved July 2 2023 Helmut Pulte 2013 J F Fries Philosophy of Science the New Friesian School and the Berlin Group On Divergent Scientific Philosophies Difficult Relations and Missed Opportunities in N Milkov amp V Peckhaus eds The Berlin Group and the Philosophy of Logical Empiricism Springer pp 43 66 Nguyen Duy Lap 2022 Walter Benjamin and the Critique of Political Economy London Bloomsbury academic pp 123 151 Karl Schuhmann and Barry Smith Two Idealisms Lask and Husserl Kant Studien 83 1993 448 466 Luft 2015 p xxvi Hermann Lotze Thought logic and language Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Poincare s Philosophy of Mathematics entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Holmes Oliver Jose Ortega y Gasset The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Summer 2011 Edition Edward N Zalta ed Georg Lukacs Neo Kantian Aesthetics Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Hermann Weyl Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Robert Brandom A Spirit of Trust A Reading of Hegel s Phenomenology Harvard University Press 2019 Donald Levine ed Simmel On Individuality and Social Forms Chicago University Press 1971 p xix References editSebastian Luft ed The Neo Kantian Reader Routledge 2015 Further reading editFrederick C Beiser 2014 The Genesis of Neo Kantianism 1796 1880 Oxford Oxford University Press Hermann Cohen 1919 Religion of Reason Out of the Sources of Modern Judaism 1978 trans New York Harry van der Linden 1988 Kantian Ethics and Socialism Hackett Publishing Company Indianapolis and Cambridge Thomas Mormann Mikhail Katz Infinitesimals as an issue of neo Kantian philosophy of science HOPOS The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 3 2013 no 2 236 280 See https www jstor org stable 10 1086 671348 and https arxiv org abs 1304 1027 Gillian Rose 1981 Hegel Contra Sociology Athlone London Arthur Schopenhauer 1818 The World as Will and Representation 1969 trans Dover New York Homburg Phillip Walter Benjamin and the Post Kantian Tradition Rowman amp Littlefield International 2018 External links edit nbsp Quotations related to Neo Kantianism at Wikiquote Neo Kantianism article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neo Kantianism amp oldid 1169839689, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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