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Nandinagari

January 01, 1970

Nandināgarī is a Brahmic script derived from the Nāgarī script which appeared in the 7th century AD.[2] This script and its variants were used in the central Deccan region and south India,[2] and an abundance of Sanskrit manuscripts in Nandināgarī have been discovered but remain untransliterated.[3][4] Some of the discovered manuscripts of Madhvacharya of the Dvaita Vedanta school of Hinduism are in Nandināgarī script.[5]

Nandināgarī
𑧁𑧞𑦿𑧒𑧁𑧑𑦰𑧈𑧓
The word Nandināgarī in Nandināgarī script
Script type
Time period
c. 7th to 19th century
DirectionLeft-to-right 
LanguagesSanskrit and Kannada
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Devanāgarī, Kaithi, Gujarāti, Moḍī
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Nand (311), ​Nandinagari
Unicode
Unicode alias
Nandinagari
U+119A0–U+119FF
  1. ^ a b c A Semitic origin for the Brāhmī script is not universally accepted.
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
A 16th century CE Sanskrit record of Sadasiva Raya in Nandināgarī script engraved on copper plates.[1] Manuscripts and records in Nandināgarī were created and preserved historically by creating inscriptions on metal plates, specially treated palm leaves, slabs of stone and paper.

It is a sister script to Devanāgarī, which is common in other parts of India.[6]

Etymology edit

Nāgarī comes from नगर (nagara), which means city.[7]

There have been Nandināgarī inscriptions from the Kakatiya period found in Mahabubabad, located 212 km from Nandi Nagar, Hyderabad.[8]

The first part of the term "Nandi" is ambiguous in its context. It may mean "sacred" or "auspicious" (cf. Nandi verses in Sanskrit drama).[citation needed] Nandi is the name of Lord Siva's Vrishabhavahana (bull vehicle), a revered icon, and it may be the source of the name.[citation needed]

History edit

Nandināgarī is a Brāhmī-based script that was used in southern India between the 11th and 19th centuries AD for producing manuscripts and inscriptions in Sanskrit in south Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It derives from the central group of Nāgarī scripts and is related to Devanāgarī. There are also several styles of Nandināgarī, considered by scholars as variant forms of the script.[6][9]

Some of the earliest inscriptions in Nandināgarī have been found in Tamil Nadu. The 8th century Narasimha Pallava's stone inscriptions in Mamallapuram on Tamil Nadu's coast, the 10th-century coins from Chola king Rajaraja's period, the Paliyam copper plate inscriptions of the 9th century Ay king Varagunam are all in Nandināgarī script.[10][11] A Rigveda manuscript has been found written in Nandināgarī script,[12] as well as manuscripts of other Vedas.[13] Manuscripts of the first century BCE Vikramacarita, also known as the "Adventures of Vikrama" or the "Hindu Book of Tales",[14] have been found in Nandinagari script.[15]

In a Travancore temple of Kerala, an Anantasayana Mahatmya palm-leaf manuscript was found, and it is in Nandināgarī script.[16]

Nandināgarī script was used to spell the Sanskrit language, and many Sanskrit copper plate inscriptions of the Vijayanagar Empire were written in that script.[1]

  •  
    A Nandināgarī manuscript

Numerous Sanskrit manuscripts written in Nandināgarī have been discovered in South India, but it is one of the least documented and studied ancient scripts of India.[17] These cover Vedas, philosophy, commentaries on ancient works,[18] mythology, science and arts.[4][19][20] These are preserved in the manuscript libraries, particularly those in the southern regions of the country.[3] Some Nandināgarī texts are in biscript that include other major south India language scripts, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada scripts.[21]

Comparison to Devanāgarī edit

Nandināgarī and Devanāgarī scripts are very close and share many similarities, but they also show systematic differences. Nandināgarī differs from Devanāgarī more in the shape of its vowels, and less in many consonant shapes.[1] It has an overline at the top of each character but does not conjoin them across whole words as one long, connected, horizontal line (shirorekhā). Nandināgarī is thus a sister script of Devanāgarī, but not a trivial variation.[6]

The Nandināgarī manuscripts also show cosmetic and style differences, such as the use of distinct Anusvaras and method of labeling each hymn or verse.[22]

  •  
    A chart showing Nandinagari script

Unicode edit

Main article: Nandinagari (Unicode block)

Nandināgarī script was added to the Unicode Standard in March 2019 with the release of version 12.0.

The Unicode block for Nandināgarī is U+119A0–U+119FF:

Nandinagari[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+119Ax 𑦠 𑦡 𑦢 𑦣 𑦤 𑦥 𑦦 𑦧 𑦪 𑦫 𑦬 𑦭 𑦮 𑦯
U+119Bx 𑦰 𑦱 𑦲 𑦳 𑦴 𑦵 𑦶 𑦷 𑦸 𑦹 𑦺 𑦻 𑦼 𑦽 𑦾 𑦿
U+119Cx 𑧀 𑧁 𑧂 𑧃 𑧄 𑧅 𑧆 𑧇 𑧈 𑧉 𑧊 𑧋 𑧌 𑧍 𑧎 𑧏
U+119Dx 𑧐 𑧑 𑧒 𑧓 𑧔 𑧕 𑧖 𑧗 𑧚 𑧛 𑧜 𑧝 𑧞 𑧟
U+119Ex 𑧠 𑧡 𑧢 𑧣 𑧤
U+119Fx
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

See also edit

  • Shiksha – the Vedic study of sound, focusing on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Prathima, G. & Rao, G. K. (2011). A Survey of Nandinagari Manuscript Recognition System. International Journal of Science & Technology, 1(1), 30-36.
  2. ^ a b George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415772945, page 75
  3. ^ a b Reinhold Grünendahl (2001), South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447045049, pages xxii, 201-210
  4. ^ a b P. Visalakshy (2003), The Fundamentals of Manuscriptology, Dravidian Linguistics Association, ISBN 978-8185691107, pages 55-62
  5. ^ Friedrich Otto Schrader (1988), A descriptive catalogue of the Sanskrit manuscripts in the Adyar Library, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
  6. ^ a b c Pandey, Anshuman. (2013). Preliminary Proposal to Encode Nandinagari in ISO/IEC 10646.
  7. ^ "Sanskrit and Tamil Dictionaries". www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  8. ^ U. Sudhakar Reddy (12 June 2018). "Kakatiya dynasty: Nandinagar script inscription from Kakatiya rule found in Mahabubabad | Hyderabad News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  9. ^ Pandey, Anshuman. (2017). Final proposal to encode Nandinagari in Unicode.
  10. ^ Nagari script 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu (2011)
  11. ^ I Nakacami (2008), Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195693737, pages 29-30
  12. ^ AC Burnell, Elements of South-Indian Palaeography from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century AD, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1108046107, page 61 with footnote 1
  13. ^ MacKenzie Collection of Oriental Manuscripts, p. PA3, at Google Books, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 3, 6-7
  14. ^ A Hindu Book of Tales: The Vikramacarita, Franklin Edgerton, The American Journal of Philology, Volume 33, No. 131, page 249-252
  15. ^ A Hindu Book of Tales: The Vikramacarita, Franklin Edgerton, The American Journal of Philology, Volume 33, No. 131, page 262
  16. ^ H. H. Wilson and Colin Mackenzie, Mackenzie Collection: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oriental Manuscripts, p. 62, at Google Books, Asiatic Society, page 62
  17. ^ Reinhold Grünendahl (2001), South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints: Grantha Tamil - Malayalam - Telugu - Kannada - Nandinagari, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447045049, page xxii
  18. ^ David Pingree (1981), Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit, Volume 4, American Philosophical Society, ISBN 978-0871691460, pages 29, 201, 217, 260, 269, 409
  19. ^ A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oriental Manuscripts, p. PA2, at Google Books, H. H. Wilson, Mackenzie Collection of Nandinagari, Devanagari, Grandham and Telugu Manuscripts (South India), pages 2-8, 12-14
  20. ^ David Pingree (1970), Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit, Volume 5, American Philosophical Society, ISBN 978-0871692139, pages 26-27, 79-81, 237-241
  21. ^ David Pingree (1970), Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit, Volume 1 and 2, American Philosophical Society, ISBN 978-0871690814, see Preface and Introduction
  22. ^ Srinidhi (2015), Encoding of Vedic characters used in non-Devanagari scripts, UNICODE International, pages 7-9

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nandinagari.
  • Palaeographical Importance of Nandinagari, HareKrsna.com

January 01, 1970
nandinagari, nandināgarī, brahmic, script, derived, from, nāgarī, script, which, appeared, century, this, script, variants, were, used, central, deccan, region, south, india, abundance, sanskrit, manuscripts, nandināgarī, have, been, discovered, remain, untran. Nandinagari is a Brahmic script derived from the Nagari script which appeared in the 7th century AD 2 This script and its variants were used in the central Deccan region and south India 2 and an abundance of Sanskrit manuscripts in Nandinagari have been discovered but remain untransliterated 3 4 Some of the discovered manuscripts of Madhvacharya of the Dvaita Vedanta school of Hinduism are in Nandinagari script 5 Nandinagari𑧁 𑦿 𑧁 𑦰𑧈 The word Nandinagari in Nandinagari scriptScript typeAbugidaTime periodc 7th to 19th centuryDirectionLeft to right LanguagesSanskrit and KannadaRelated scriptsParent systemsProto Sinaitic a Phoenician a Aramaic a BrahmiGuptaSiddhaṃNagariNandinagariSister systemsDevanagari Kaithi Gujarati MoḍiISO 15924ISO 15924Nand 311 NandinagariUnicodeUnicode aliasNandinagariUnicode rangeU 119A0 U 119FF a b c A Semitic origin for the Brahmi script is not universally accepted This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters This article contains Indic text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks or boxes misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text A 16th century CE Sanskrit record of Sadasiva Raya in Nandinagari script engraved on copper plates 1 Manuscripts and records in Nandinagari were created and preserved historically by creating inscriptions on metal plates specially treated palm leaves slabs of stone and paper It is a sister script to Devanagari which is common in other parts of India 6 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Comparison to Devanagari 4 Unicode 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksEtymology editNagari comes from नगर nagara which means city 7 There have been Nandinagari inscriptions from the Kakatiya period found in Mahabubabad located 212 km from Nandi Nagar Hyderabad 8 The first part of the term Nandi is ambiguous in its context It may mean sacred or auspicious cf Nandi verses in Sanskrit drama citation needed Nandi is the name of Lord Siva s Vrishabhavahana bull vehicle a revered icon and it may be the source of the name citation needed History editNandinagari is a Brahmi based script that was used in southern India between the 11th and 19th centuries AD for producing manuscripts and inscriptions in Sanskrit in south Maharashtra Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh It derives from the central group of Nagari scripts and is related to Devanagari There are also several styles of Nandinagari considered by scholars as variant forms of the script 6 9 Some of the earliest inscriptions in Nandinagari have been found in Tamil Nadu The 8th century Narasimha Pallava s stone inscriptions in Mamallapuram on Tamil Nadu s coast the 10th century coins from Chola king Rajaraja s period the Paliyam copper plate inscriptions of the 9th century Ay king Varagunam are all in Nandinagari script 10 11 A Rigveda manuscript has been found written in Nandinagari script 12 as well as manuscripts of other Vedas 13 Manuscripts of the first century BCE Vikramacarita also known as the Adventures of Vikrama or the Hindu Book of Tales 14 have been found in Nandinagari script 15 In a Travancore temple of Kerala an Anantasayana Mahatmya palm leaf manuscript was found and it is in Nandinagari script 16 Nandinagari script was used to spell the Sanskrit language and many Sanskrit copper plate inscriptions of the Vijayanagar Empire were written in that script 1 nbsp A Nandinagari manuscript Numerous Sanskrit manuscripts written in Nandinagari have been discovered in South India but it is one of the least documented and studied ancient scripts of India 17 These cover Vedas philosophy commentaries on ancient works 18 mythology science and arts 4 19 20 These are preserved in the manuscript libraries particularly those in the southern regions of the country 3 Some Nandinagari texts are in biscript that include other major south India language scripts such as Telugu Tamil Malayalam and Kannada scripts 21 Comparison to Devanagari editNandinagari and Devanagari scripts are very close and share many similarities but they also show systematic differences Nandinagari differs from Devanagari more in the shape of its vowels and less in many consonant shapes 1 It has an overline at the top of each character but does not conjoin them across whole words as one long connected horizontal line shirorekha Nandinagari is thus a sister script of Devanagari but not a trivial variation 6 The Nandinagari manuscripts also show cosmetic and style differences such as the use of distinct Anusvaras and method of labeling each hymn or verse 22 nbsp A chart showing Nandinagari scriptUnicode editMain article Nandinagari Unicode block Nandinagari script was added to the Unicode Standard in March 2019 with the release of version 12 0 The Unicode block for Nandinagari is U 119A0 U 119FF Nandinagari 1 2 Official Unicode Consortium code chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U 119Ax 𑦠 𑦡 𑦢 𑦣 𑦤 𑦥 𑦦 𑦧 𑦪 𑦫 𑦬 𑦭 𑦮 𑦯 U 119Bx 𑦰 𑦱 𑦲 𑦳 𑦴 𑦵 𑦶 𑦷 𑦸 𑦹 𑦺 𑦻 𑦼 𑦽 𑦾 𑦿 U 119Cx 𑧀 𑧁 𑧂 𑧃 𑧄 𑧅 𑧆 𑧇 𑧈 𑧉 𑧊 𑧋 𑧌 𑧍 𑧎 𑧏 U 119Dx 𑧐 U 119Ex 𑧡 𑧣 U 119Fx Notes 1 As of Unicode version 15 1 2 Grey areas indicate non assigned code pointsSee also editShiksha the Vedic study of sound focusing on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabetReferences edit a b c Prathima G amp Rao G K 2011 A Survey of Nandinagari Manuscript Recognition System International Journal of Science amp Technology 1 1 30 36 a b George Cardona and Danesh Jain 2003 The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge ISBN 978 0415772945 page 75 a b Reinhold Grunendahl 2001 South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3447045049 pages xxii 201 210 a b P Visalakshy 2003 The Fundamentals of Manuscriptology Dravidian Linguistics Association ISBN 978 8185691107 pages 55 62 Friedrich Otto Schrader 1988 A descriptive catalogue of the Sanskrit manuscripts in the Adyar Library Otto Harrassowitz Verlag a b c Pandey Anshuman 2013 Preliminary Proposal to Encode Nandinagari in ISO IEC 10646 Sanskrit and Tamil Dictionaries www sanskrit lexicon uni koeln de Retrieved 22 May 2021 U Sudhakar Reddy 12 June 2018 Kakatiya dynasty Nandinagar script inscription from Kakatiya rule found in Mahabubabad Hyderabad News Times of India The Times of India Retrieved 22 May 2021 Pandey Anshuman 2017 Final proposal to encode Nandinagari in Unicode Nagari script Archived 2016 03 04 at the Wayback Machine Department of Archaeology Government of Tamil Nadu 2011 I Nakacami 2008 Mahabalipuram Mamallapuram Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0195693737 pages 29 30 AC Burnell Elements of South Indian Palaeography from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century AD Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1108046107 page 61 with footnote 1 MacKenzie Collection of Oriental Manuscripts p PA3 at Google Books Asiatic Society of Bengal pages 3 6 7 A Hindu Book of Tales The Vikramacarita Franklin Edgerton The American Journal of Philology Volume 33 No 131 page 249 252 A Hindu Book of Tales The Vikramacarita Franklin Edgerton The American Journal of Philology Volume 33 No 131 page 262 H H Wilson and Colin Mackenzie Mackenzie Collection A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oriental Manuscripts p 62 at Google Books Asiatic Society page 62 Reinhold Grunendahl 2001 South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints Grantha Tamil Malayalam Telugu Kannada Nandinagari Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3447045049 page xxii David Pingree 1981 Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Volume 4 American Philosophical Society ISBN 978 0871691460 pages 29 201 217 260 269 409 A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oriental Manuscripts p PA2 at Google Books H H Wilson Mackenzie Collection of Nandinagari Devanagari Grandham and Telugu Manuscripts South India pages 2 8 12 14 David Pingree 1970 Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Volume 5 American Philosophical Society ISBN 978 0871692139 pages 26 27 79 81 237 241 David Pingree 1970 Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Volume 1 and 2 American Philosophical Society ISBN 978 0871690814 see Preface and Introduction Srinidhi 2015 Encoding of Vedic characters used in non Devanagari scripts UNICODE International pages 7 9External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nandinagari Palaeographical Importance of Nandinagari HareKrsna com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nandinagari amp oldid 1148395674, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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