Nandina domestica (/nænˈdiːnə/nan-DEE-nə)[a][b][c] commonly known as nandina, heavenly bamboo or sacred bamboo, is a species of flowering plant in the familyBerberidaceae, native to eastern Asia from the Himalayas to Japan. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Nandina. It is widely grown in gardens as an ornamental plant with a number of cultivars that display bright-red fall foliage in the cool months, and attractive new foliage growth in spring. Although a popular ornamental shrub, the berries are toxic to birds,[2] especially towards the end of the winter when other food sources become scarce.[3]
The Latin genus name Nandina is derived from the Japanese name nanten (南天).[4] The specific epithetdomestica means 'domesticated', or 'of the household'.[4]
Despite the common name "sacred bamboo", it is not a bamboo but an erect evergreen shrub up to 2 m (7 ft) tall by 1.5 m (5 ft) wide, with numerous, usually unbranched stems growing from ground level. The glossy leaves are sometimes deciduous in colder areas, 50–100 cm (20–39 in) long, bi- or tri-pinnately compound, with the individual leaflets 4–11 cm (2–4 in) long and 1.5–3 cm broad.
Flowers
The young leaves in spring are brightly coloured pink to red before turning green; old leaves turn red or purple again before falling. Its petiolate leaves are 50–100 cm long, compound (two or three pinnacles) with leaflets, elliptical to ovate or lanceolate and of entire margins, 2–10 cm long by 0.5–2 cm wide, with petioles swollen at their bases.
The inflorescences are axillary or terminally erect panicles with numerous hermaphrodite flowers. There are several ovate-oblong sepals of a pinkish white color, and six oblong white petals, each 4 by 2.5 mm. The flowers are borne in early summer in conical clusters held well above the foliage. The fruit is a bright red berry, 5–10 mm diameter, ripening in late autumn and often persisting through the winter.
Garden history and cultivationEdit
Leaves changing colour with seasonDwarf cultivar
N. domestica, grown in Chinese and Japanese gardens for centuries, was brought to Western gardens by William Kerr, who sent it to London in his first consignment from Canton, in 1804.[5] English breeders, unsure of its hardiness, kept it in greenhouses at first. The scientific name given to it by Carl Peter Thunberg is a Latinized version of a Japanese name for the plant, nan-ten.[5] Over 65 cultivars have been named in Japan, where the species is particularly popular and a national Nandina society exists. In Shanghai berried sprays of nandina are sold in the streets at New Year, for the decoration of house altars and temples.[5]
Nandina does not berry profusely in Great Britain, but it can be grown in USDAhardiness zones 6–10 with some cultivars hardy into zone 5. Nandina can take heat and cold, from −10 to 110 °F (−23 to 43 °C). It generally needs no pruning, but can spread via underground runners and can be difficult to remove.
Nandina is extremely toxic to birds[6] and animals.[3] Spent berry stalks can easily be snapped off by hand in spring. Due to the naturally occurring phytochemicals (see above) this plant is commonly used in rabbit, deer, and javelina resistant landscape plantings.
CultivarsEdit
These are some of the popular cultivars of this plant:
Blush – Slightly smaller than the above, it produces red new growth in spring and autumn, and in winter months it turns vivid red.[7]
Fire Power – Height of 2 to 2 1/2 feet tall, is so-named for its impressive red fall and winter foliage.[8]
Gulfstream – Reaching 3 feet wide and 3 to 3 1/2 feet tall, it features narrow, diamond-shaped leaves which are orange-tinted and coppery when young that develop to turquoise in summer, then turn orange-red in fall.[8]
Lemon Lime – Yellowish green spring foliage that transforms to chartreuse in summer.[8]
Moon Bay – Dense and upright reaching 1m, its diamond-shaped leaves (which are similar to Gulfstream) change seasonally from lime green, red, apricot and burgundy.[d]
Moyer's Red – A semi dwarf type that grows 4 to 6 feet tall that features light-pink flowers.[e]
Nana – A dwarf variety suited for a low hedge, it features foliage that turns into lime green to crimson red and scarlet-bronze tones in the cooler months.[f]
Obsession – Related to the above, it grows 2 to 2 1/2 feet tall and wide and features scarlet spring and fall foliage.[8]
Royal Princess – Reaching up to 8 feet tall, this displays blush-coloured blooms.[8]
Sienna Sunrise – Growing 3–4 feet tall, it features glaring red foliage with red highlights in fall.[8]
ToxicityEdit
All parts of the plant are poisonous, containing compounds that decompose[9][10] to produce hydrogen cyanide, and could be fatal if ingested. The plant is placed in Toxicity Category 4, the category "generally considered non-toxic to humans"[citation needed], but the berries are considered toxic to cats and grazing animals.[11] Excessive consumption of the berries will kill birds such as cedar waxwings,[12] because they are subject to cyanide toxicosis, resulting in death to multiple individuals at one time.[13]
The berries also contain alkaloids such as nantenine, which is used in scientific research as an antidote to MDMA (ecstasy).[14][15]
Status as an invasive speciesEdit
Nandina is considered invasive in North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Florida.[16] It was placed on the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council's invasive list as a Category I species, the highest listing. It has been observed in the wild in Florida in Gadsden, Leon, Jackson, Alachua and Citrus counties, in conservation areas, woodlands and floodplains.[17] In general, the purchase or continued cultivation of non-sterile varieties in the southeastern United States is discouraged.
It is also becoming invasive in wild areas farther north, and in May 2017 was added to the Maryland invasive plant list with a tier 2 status.[18]
Although grown extensively in Texas because of its tolerance for dry conditions, fruiting varieties of Nandina are considered invasive there.[19][20] This is primarily due to birds spreading seeds into natural areas where Nandina proliferates and crowds out native species, both through seeding and by the growth of rhizomatous underground stems.
GalleryEdit
Flowers
Flower
Fruits
Fruiting shrub
'Fire power' cultivar in a hedge setting
A cultivar in South Korea
'Gulf Stream' cultivar with diamond-shaped leaflets
Seedling, with two green cotyledons, and a first red-green leaf
Flowers and fruit
NotesEdit
^(or nan-DEE-nuh) Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
^Davis, Jerry W. (28 January 2016). "Nandina Berries Kill Birds". Audubon Arkansas. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
^ ab"Nandina Berries Kill Birds Popular garden shrub berries are toxic to birds and other animals", by Jerry W. Davis, Audubon Arkansas, 28 January 2016.
^ abGledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN9780521685535 (paperback). pp 145, 268
^ abcAlice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Nandina".
^"Why birds don't eat nandina berries" by Rett Davis, The Times News, 28 November 2014.
^ abcdefWhat Are the Different Types of Nandina Shrubs?
^Abrol, Y. P.; Conn, E. E.; Stoker, J. R. (1966) “Studies on the identification, biosynthesis and metabolism of a cyanogenic glucoside in Nandina domestica Thunb.”. Phytochemistry 5(5):1021–1027 doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82800-9
^Olechno, J. D.; Poulton, J. E.; Conn, E. E. “Nandinin: An acylated free cyanohydrin from Nandina domestica”. (1984) Phytochemistry 23(8):1784–1785 doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83491-3
^. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
^Woldemeskel, Moges; Styer, Eloise L. (2010). "Feeding Behavior-Related Toxicity due to Nandina domestica in Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum)". Veterinary Medicine International. 2010: 818159. doi:10.4061/2010/818159. PMC3005831. PMID 21197466.
^"Invasive bushes in Decatur killing cedar waxwings". 3 March 2017.
^Fantegrossi WE, Kiessel CL, Leach PT, Van Martin C, Karabenick RL, Chen X, Ohizumi Y, Ullrich T, Rice KC, Woods JH (May 2004). "Nantenine: an antagonist of the behavioral and physiological effects of MDMA in mice" (PDF). Psychopharmacology. 173 (3–4): 270–7. doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1741-2. hdl:2027.42/46360. PMID 14740148. S2CID 8425621.
^Chaudhary S, Pecic S, Legendre O, Navarro HA, Harding WW (May 2009). "(+/-)-Nantenine analogs as antagonists at human 5-HT(2A) receptors: C1 and flexible congeners". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 19 (9): 2530–2. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.048. PMC2677726. PMID 19328689.
^. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
^"Nandina". Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
^"Maryland Invasive Plants Prevention and Control". Maryland Department of Agriculture, Maryland Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
nandina, domestica, commonly, known, nandina, heavenly, bamboo, sacred, bamboo, species, flowering, plant, family, berberidaceae, native, eastern, asia, from, himalayas, japan, only, member, monotypic, genus, widely, grown, gardens, ornamental, plant, with, nu. Nandina domestica n ae n ˈ d iː n e nan DEE ne a b c commonly known as nandina heavenly bamboo or sacred bamboo is a species of flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae native to eastern Asia from the Himalayas to Japan It is the only member of the monotypic genus Nandina It is widely grown in gardens as an ornamental plant with a number of cultivars that display bright red fall foliage in the cool months and attractive new foliage growth in spring Although a popular ornamental shrub the berries are toxic to birds 2 especially towards the end of the winter when other food sources become scarce 3 Nandina domesticaScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsOrder RanunculalesFamily BerberidaceaeGenus NandinaThunb Species N domesticaBinomial nameNandina domesticaThunb The Latin genus name Nandina is derived from the Japanese name nanten 南天 4 The specific epithet domestica means domesticated or of the household 4 Contents 1 Description 2 Garden history and cultivation 2 1 Cultivars 3 Toxicity 4 Status as an invasive species 5 Gallery 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksDescription Edit nbsp Despite the common name sacred bamboo it is not a bamboo but an erect evergreen shrub up to 2 m 7 ft tall by 1 5 m 5 ft wide with numerous usually unbranched stems growing from ground level The glossy leaves are sometimes deciduous in colder areas 50 100 cm 20 39 in long bi or tri pinnately compound with the individual leaflets 4 11 cm 2 4 in long and 1 5 3 cm broad nbsp FlowersThe young leaves in spring are brightly coloured pink to red before turning green old leaves turn red or purple again before falling Its petiolate leaves are 50 100 cm long compound two or three pinnacles with leaflets elliptical to ovate or lanceolate and of entire margins 2 10 cm long by 0 5 2 cm wide with petioles swollen at their bases The inflorescences are axillary or terminally erect panicles with numerous hermaphrodite flowers There are several ovate oblong sepals of a pinkish white color and six oblong white petals each 4 by 2 5 mm The flowers are borne in early summer in conical clusters held well above the foliage The fruit is a bright red berry 5 10 mm diameter ripening in late autumn and often persisting through the winter Garden history and cultivation Edit nbsp Leaves changing colour with season nbsp Dwarf cultivarN domestica grown in Chinese and Japanese gardens for centuries was brought to Western gardens by William Kerr who sent it to London in his first consignment from Canton in 1804 5 English breeders unsure of its hardiness kept it in greenhouses at first The scientific name given to it by Carl Peter Thunberg is a Latinized version of a Japanese name for the plant nan ten 5 Over 65 cultivars have been named in Japan where the species is particularly popular and a national Nandina society exists In Shanghai berried sprays of nandina are sold in the streets at New Year for the decoration of house altars and temples 5 Nandina does not berry profusely in Great Britain but it can be grown in USDA hardiness zones 6 10 with some cultivars hardy into zone 5 Nandina can take heat and cold from 10 to 110 F 23 to 43 C It generally needs no pruning but can spread via underground runners and can be difficult to remove Nandina is extremely toxic to birds 6 and animals 3 Spent berry stalks can easily be snapped off by hand in spring Due to the naturally occurring phytochemicals see above this plant is commonly used in rabbit deer and javelina resistant landscape plantings Cultivars Edit These are some of the popular cultivars of this plant Blush Slightly smaller than the above it produces red new growth in spring and autumn and in winter months it turns vivid red 7 Fire Power Height of 2 to 2 1 2 feet tall is so named for its impressive red fall and winter foliage 8 Gulfstream Reaching 3 feet wide and 3 to 3 1 2 feet tall it features narrow diamond shaped leaves which are orange tinted and coppery when young that develop to turquoise in summer then turn orange red in fall 8 Lemon Lime Yellowish green spring foliage that transforms to chartreuse in summer 8 Moon Bay Dense and upright reaching 1m its diamond shaped leaves which are similar to Gulfstream change seasonally from lime green red apricot and burgundy d Moyer s Red A semi dwarf type that grows 4 to 6 feet tall that features light pink flowers e Nana A dwarf variety suited for a low hedge it features foliage that turns into lime green to crimson red and scarlet bronze tones in the cooler months f Obsession Related to the above it grows 2 to 2 1 2 feet tall and wide and features scarlet spring and fall foliage 8 Royal Princess Reaching up to 8 feet tall this displays blush coloured blooms 8 Sienna Sunrise Growing 3 4 feet tall it features glaring red foliage with red highlights in fall 8 Toxicity EditAll parts of the plant are poisonous containing compounds that decompose 9 10 to produce hydrogen cyanide and could be fatal if ingested The plant is placed in Toxicity Category 4 the category generally considered non toxic to humans citation needed but the berries are considered toxic to cats and grazing animals 11 Excessive consumption of the berries will kill birds such as cedar waxwings 12 because they are subject to cyanide toxicosis resulting in death to multiple individuals at one time 13 The berries also contain alkaloids such as nantenine which is used in scientific research as an antidote to MDMA ecstasy 14 15 Status as an invasive species EditNandina is considered invasive in North Carolina Tennessee Georgia and Florida 16 It was placed on the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council s invasive list as a Category I species the highest listing It has been observed in the wild in Florida in Gadsden Leon Jackson Alachua and Citrus counties in conservation areas woodlands and floodplains 17 In general the purchase or continued cultivation of non sterile varieties in the southeastern United States is discouraged It is also becoming invasive in wild areas farther north and in May 2017 was added to the Maryland invasive plant list with a tier 2 status 18 Although grown extensively in Texas because of its tolerance for dry conditions fruiting varieties of Nandina are considered invasive there 19 20 This is primarily due to birds spreading seeds into natural areas where Nandina proliferates and crowds out native species both through seeding and by the growth of rhizomatous underground stems Gallery Edit nbsp Flowers nbsp Flower nbsp Fruits nbsp Fruiting shrub nbsp nbsp Fire power cultivar in a hedge setting nbsp A cultivar in South Korea nbsp Gulf Stream cultivar with diamond shaped leaflets nbsp Seedling with two green cotyledons and a first red green leaf nbsp Flowers and fruitNotes Edit or nan DEE nuh Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 606 607 Oxford English Dictionary 1 The unexpected pronunciation iː approximates the Japanese nanten Nandina Moon Bay 14cm Nandina domestica Moyer s Red Nandina NanaReferences Edit Nandina Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Davis Jerry W 28 January 2016 Nandina Berries Kill Birds Audubon Arkansas Retrieved 17 December 2020 a b Nandina Berries Kill Birds Popular garden shrub berries are toxic to birds and other animals by Jerry W Davis Audubon Arkansas 28 January 2016 a b Gledhill David 2008 The Names of Plants Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521866453 hardback ISBN 9780521685535 paperback pp 145 268 a b c Alice M Coats Garden Shrubs and Their Histories 1964 1992 s v Nandina Why birds don t eat nandina berries by Rett Davis The Times News 28 November 2014 Blush Nandina domestica a b c d e f What Are the Different Types of Nandina Shrubs Abrol Y P Conn E E Stoker J R 1966 Studies on the identification biosynthesis and metabolism of a cyanogenic glucoside in Nandina domestica Thunb Phytochemistry 5 5 1021 1027 doi 10 1016 S0031 9422 00 82800 9 Olechno J D Poulton J E Conn E E Nandinin An acylated free cyanohydrin from Nandina domestica 1984 Phytochemistry 23 8 1784 1785 doi 10 1016 S0031 9422 00 83491 3 North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service Poisonous Plants of North Carolina Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 Retrieved 2 May 2011 Woldemeskel Moges Styer Eloise L 2010 Feeding Behavior Related Toxicity due to Nandina domestica in Cedar Waxwings Bombycilla cedrorum Veterinary Medicine International 2010 818159 doi 10 4061 2010 818159 PMC 3005831 PMID 21197466 Invasive bushes in Decatur killing cedar waxwings 3 March 2017 Fantegrossi WE Kiessel CL Leach PT Van Martin C Karabenick RL Chen X Ohizumi Y Ullrich T Rice KC Woods JH May 2004 Nantenine an antagonist of the behavioral and physiological effects of MDMA in mice PDF Psychopharmacology 173 3 4 270 7 doi 10 1007 s00213 003 1741 2 hdl 2027 42 46360 PMID 14740148 S2CID 8425621 Chaudhary S Pecic S Legendre O Navarro HA Harding WW May 2009 Nantenine analogs as antagonists at human 5 HT 2A receptors C1 and flexible congeners Bioorganic amp Medicinal Chemistry Letters 19 9 2530 2 doi 10 1016 j bmcl 2009 03 048 PMC 2677726 PMID 19328689 Tneppc Archived from the original on 23 December 2016 Retrieved 31 May 2011 Nandina Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants University of Florida Retrieved 24 December 2010 Maryland Invasive Plants Prevention and Control Maryland Department of Agriculture Maryland Department of Agriculture Retrieved 23 May 2017 Texas Invasives Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center the University of Texas at Austin External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nandina domestica Huxley A ed 1992 New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 3 284 285 Macmillan Flora of North America Nandina domestica deals with the species as an introduced plant Nandina domestica database Nandina domestica information Species Profile Sacred Bamboo Nandina domestica National Invasive Species Information Center United States National Agricultural Library Heavenly Bamboo information and resources Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nandina amp oldid 1174532429, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
