Edward Rochester
Edward Fairfax Rochester (often referred to as Mr Rochester) is a character in Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre. The brooding master of Thornfield Hall, Rochester is the employer and eventual husband of the novel's titular protagonist Jane Eyre. He is regarded as an archetypal Byronic hero.
| Edward Rochester | |
|---|---|
Orson Welles as Edward Rochester in Jane Eyre (1943). | |
| First appearance | Jane Eyre (1847) |
| Created by | Charlotte Brontë |
| In-universe information | |
| Full name | Edward Fairfax Rochester |
| Alias | Mr Rochester |
| Spouse |
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| Children |
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| Relatives |
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| Home | Thornfield Hall |
In Jane Eyre
Edward Rochester is the oft-absent master of Thornfield Hall, where Jane Eyre is employed as a governess to his young ward, Adèle Varens. Jane first meets Rochester while on a walk, when his horse slips and he injures his foot. He does not reveal to Jane his identity and it is only that evening back at the house that Jane learns he is Mr Rochester.
Rochester and Jane are immediately interested in each other. She is fascinated by his rough, dark appearance as well as his abrupt manner. Rochester is intrigued by Jane's strength of character, comparing her to an elf or sprite and admiring her unusual strength and stubbornness. The two quickly become friends, often arguing and discussing topical matters. Rochester confides to Jane that Adèle is the daughter of his past lover, French opera dancer Céline Varens, who had run off with another man. Rochester does not claim paternity of Adèle but had brought the orphaned child to England.
Rochester quickly learns that he can rely on Jane in a crisis. On one evening, Jane finds Rochester asleep in his bed with all the curtains and bedclothes on fire; she puts out the flames and rescues him. Jane and Rochester grow closer and fall in love with each other.
While Jane is working at Thornfield, Rochester invites his acquaintances over for a week-long stay, including the beautiful socialite Blanche Ingram. Rochester lets Blanche flirt with him constantly in front of Jane to make her jealous and encourages rumours that he is engaged to Blanche, which devastates Jane. Rochester tells Jane he is to be married, at which point Jane is prepared to leave Thornfield, believing Blanche is his bride. Eventually Rochester stops teasing Jane, admitting that he loves her and that he never intended to marry Blanche, especially as he had exposed Blanche's interest in him as solely mercenary when he caused a rumour that he is far less wealthy than she imagined. He asks Jane to marry him and she accepts.
During their wedding ceremony, two men arrive claiming that Rochester is already married. Rochester admits to this, but believes he is justified in his attempt to marry Jane. He takes the wedding party to see his wife of fifteen years, Bertha Antoinetta Mason, and explains the circumstances of his marriage. He claims he had been rushed into marrying Bertha by his father and the Mason family, and only after they were wed did he discover that Bertha is violently insane. Unable to live with Bertha due to her madness, Rochester tried to keep her existence a secret and kept her on the third floor of Thornfield Hall with a nursemaid, Grace Poole. It was Bertha who had set Rochester's bedsheets on fire, along with a number of other disruptive incidents. Rochester confesses that he had travelled around Europe for ten years trying to forget his failed marriage and keeping various mistresses. Eventually he gave up on searching for a woman he could love, came home to England, and fell in love with Jane.
Rochester asks Jane to go to France with him, where they can pretend to be a married couple. Jane refuses to be his mistress and runs from Thornfield. Much later, she finds out that Rochester searched for her everywhere, and, when he couldn't find her, sent everyone else away from Thornfield and shut himself up alone. After this, Bertha set the house on fire one night and burned it to the ground. Rochester rescued all the servants and tried to save Bertha, too, but she committed suicide by jumping from the roof of the house and he was injured. Now Rochester has lost an eye and a hand and is blind in his remaining eye.
Jane returns to Mr Rochester and offers to take care of him as his nurse or housekeeper. He asks her to marry him and they have a quiet wedding. They adopt Adèle Varens, and after two years of marriage Rochester gradually gets his sight back – enough to see his and Jane's firstborn son.
Characteristics
Rochester is depicted as aloof, intelligent,[1] proud and sardonic.[2] A Romantic figure, he is passionate[3] and impetuous,[4] but tormented beneath his brusque manner.[2]
Aged in his mid to late thirties,[a] Rochester is described as being of average height[5] and an athletic build, "broad-chested and thin-flanked, though neither tall nor graceful."[7] His face is described as not beautiful, but "harsh featured and melancholy looking".[8] He is described as having black hair, a "decisive nose",[7] a "colourless, olive face, square, massive brow, broad and jetty eyebrows, deep eyes, strong features," and a "firm, grim mouth".[8] In the novel, Jane often compares him to a wild bird, such as an eagle, falcon and cormorant.[9][10] During the fire at Thornfield he loses a hand, one eye and his sight, which is only partially returned after he marries Jane.
Rochester is described to have a fine singing voice — "a mellow, powerful bass"[8] — and acting skills which he displays during entertaintments for his guests. He is adept at disguise and deception; while his guests are staying, Rochester disguises himself as a fortune-teller gypsy woman in order to spend time alone with Jane and interrogate her about how she feels about her employer.[11][12]
Influences
Charlotte Brontë may have named the character after John Wilmot (1647-1680), the second Earl of Rochester.[13] Murray Pittock argued that the Earl is not merely Rochester's namesake but that his "career as it was popularly recorded is the model for the rakehell and penitent phases underlying the development of Mr. Rochester's character."[14] Robert Dingley argued that it is possible Brontë drew specifically upon Wilmot's depiction in William Harrison Ainsworth's 1841 novel Old St. Paul's, wherein the Earl has a penchant for disguise and twice attempts to entrap the woman he loves in a spurious marriage.[15]
Literary critics also note the influence of Lord Byron, of whom Brontë was a known admirer, on Rochester's development.[16] The character's threads of Byronism evolved out of Brontë's intimate knowledge of Byron's works including Cain, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan,[17] as well as Thomas Moore's Life of Byron, and William Finden's engravings illustrating Byron's poetry and life.[18] Caroline Franklin specified the narrator of Don Juan as potentially a significant inspiration behind Rochester's mercurial and seductive mannerism.[19]
The character was also influenced by the men in Brontë's personal life. Andrew McCarthy, the director of the Brontë Parsonage Museum, suggested that Rochester may have been inspired by Constantin Héger, a tutor whom Brontë fell in love with while studying in Brussels in 1842.[20] John Pfordresher, author of The Secret History of Jane Eyre, argued that besides Heger, real-life influences on the character were Brontë's ill-tempered father, Patrick, and hedonistic brother, Branwell. In Patrick, Pfordresher argued, Brontë "had observed Rochester’s physical vigor, determined will, passionate temper, and defiant courage." When Patrick began to suffer from cataracts in his old age, Brontë nursed him, as Jane Eyre does the blinded Rochester. Pfordresher argued that Rochester's hedonistic tendencies were inspired by Branwell — who was fired for having an affair with his employer’s wife before becoming the "self-destroying family humiliation" through his abuse of alcohol and opium — and that Jane's playful exchanges with Rochester were based on Brontë's habit of sparring with her brother, "her mental equal" and childhood companion.[21]
Themes
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Byronic hero
Alongside Heathcliff from Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights, Rochester is commonly regarded as an archetypal Byronic hero[22][23] — a "passionate hero with a darkly mysterious erotic past".[24]
Allusions to folklore
Literary critics note Rochester as a parallel of the titular character in the French folktale "Bluebeard" — a wealthy serial bridegroom who keeps the remains of his previous murdered wives in a locked room of his castle. Rochester echoes Bluebeard as a wealthy, middle-aged gentleman with a wife kept in a secret attic of his house, and like Bluebeard, is "a man of voracious sexual appetite."[25] Brontë alluded to Bluebeard in her description of Rochester and his home.[26] Before Rochester's wife's existence is revealed the novel describes the third story of Thornfield Hall where Bertha is secretly kept as looking "like a corridor in some Bluebeard’s castle". While negotiating the terms of her marriage to him, Jane refers to Rochester as a "three-tailed bashaw",[27] a title that was applied to the character of Bluebeard in late 18th-century texts.[26] John Sutherland argues that Rochester is also a wife-killer like Bluebeard; questioning why Rochester does not place Bertha in professional care for her insanity, he considered the character to be responsible for Bertha's death through "indirect assassination".[25]
Rochester has also been equivalated with the sultan Shahriyar in the Middle Eastern folktale collection Arabian Nights, as a disillusioned despot who distrusts women.[28][29] Like Shahriyar, Rochester is tamed and eventually reformed by an intelligent woman.[30][29] Brontë made several direct references to Arabian Nights in Jane Eyre, including having Jane compare Rochester to a sultan.[29][31]
Abigail Heiniger wrote that Jane Eyre resonates closely with the motifs of Beauty and the Beast as "Rochester is not a Prince Charming; he is a beast in need of rehumanising."[32] Rochester resembles the Beast because he is repeatedly described as not being handsome, Karen Rowe wrote,[33] arguing that associating him with the Beast emphasises Jane's confrontation with male sexuality, symbolised by Rochester's "animality".[34] Rowe argues that Rochester transforms in Janes eyes from "monster to seeming prince to an 'idol'", showing her that "immersion in romantic fantasy threatens her integrity".[35]
Reception
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Rochester was voted the most romantic character in literature in a 2009 UK poll by Mills & Boon.[20] Commenting on the poll in The Daily Telegraph, novelist Penny Vincenzi said the result was "no surprise", as Rochester is endowed with a "brooding, difficult, almost savage complexity".[36]
In other literature
Rochester features in much literature inspired by Jane Eyre, including prequels, sequels, rewritings and reinterpretations from different characters' perspectives.
Several novels retell Jane Eyre from the perspective of Rochester.[37] The 2017 novel Mr. Rochester by Sarah Shoemaker gives an account of Rochester's childhood and life prior to his meeting Jane through to the events of the original novel. Rochester is given a childhood to mirror Jane Eyre's, with a father and brother who are cruel towards him and being raised in a boarding school.[38][39]
Wide Sargasso Sea
Jean Rhys' 1966 novel Wide Sargasso Sea gives an account of Rochester's meeting of and marriage to Antoinette Cosway (Rhys' revision of Bertha Mason). The first part of the novel is told from the point of view of Antoinette and the second part from Rochester's perspective.[40] The novel depicts Rochester as an unfaithful and cruel spouse, and in its reshaping of events related to Jane Eyre suggests that Bertha's madness is not congenital but instead the result of negative childhood experiences and Mr. Rochester's unloving treatment of her.[41]
Rochester has appeared in adaptations of Wide Sargasso Sea.
Portrayals in media
Jane Eyre adaptations
Film
Silent films
- Frank H. Crane in Jane Eyre (1910)
- John Charles in Jane Eyre (1914)
- Irving Cummings in Jane Eyre (1914)
- Franklin Ritchie in Jane Eyre (1915)[42]
- Elliott Dexter in Woman and Wife (1918)
- Norman Trevor in Jane Eyre (1921)[43]
- Olaf Fønss in Orphan of Lowood (1926)
Feature films
- Colin Clive in Jane Eyre (1934)[43]
- Orson Welles in Jane Eyre (1943)
- Dilip Kumar as Shankar, Rochester's equivalent in the 1952 Hindi-language adaptation Sangdil (transl. Stone-hearted)
- Yehia Chahine as Murad, Rochester's equivalent in the 1962 Egyptian adaption The Man I Love
- Kalyan Kumar as Rochester's equivalent in the 1968 Indian Kannada-language film Bedi Bandavalu
- Gemini Ganesan as Baskar, Rochester's equivalent in the 1969 Indian Tamil-language film Shanti Nilayam (transl. Peaceful House)
- George C. Scott in Jane Eyre (1970)[43]
- William Hurt in Jane Eyre (1996)[43]
- Ciarán Hinds in Jane Eyre (1997)[43]
- Michael Fassbender in Jane Eyre (2011)
Radio
- Orson Welles in Jane Eyre by The Campbell Playhouse (31 March 1940)[44]
- Brian Aherne in Jane Eyre by The Screen Guild Theater (2 March 1941)[45]
- Orson Welles in Jane Eyre by The Lux Radio Theatre (5 June 1944)
- Victor Jory in Jane Eyre by Matinee Theater (3 December 1944)[46]
- Orson Welles in Jane Eyre by The Mercury Summer Theatre of the Air (28 June 1946)[47]
- Robert Montgomery in Jane Eyre by The Lux Radio Theatre (14 June 1948)[48]
- Ciarán Hinds in Jane Eyre on BBC Radio 7 (24-27 August 2009)[49]
- Tom Burke in Jane Eyre on BBC Radio 4's 15 Minute Drama (2016)[50]
Television
- Charlton Heston in the Studio One in Hollywood episode Jane Eyre, aired on 12 December 1949
- Kevin McCarthy in the Studio One in Hollywood episode Jane Eyre, aired on 4 August 1952
- Stanley Baker in the 1956 BBC miniseries Jane Eyre
- Patrick Macnee in the 1957 NBC Matinee Theatre drama Jane Eyre[51]
- Zachary Scott in Jane Eyre, a 1961 television film directed by Marc Daniels[52]
- Richard Leech in the 1963 BBC series Jane Eyre[53]
- Jan Kačer in Jana Eyrová, a 1972 production by Czechoslovak Television
- Michael Jayston in the 1973 BBC serial Jane Eyre
- Joaquín Cordero as Eduardo, Rochester's equivalent in the 1978 Mexican telenovela Ardiente secreto (transl. The Burning Secret)
- Joe Flaherty in BBC Classics Presents: Jane Eyrehead, a parody by SCTV (1982)
- Timothy Dalton in the 1983 BBC serial Jane Eyre
- Toby Stephens in the 2006 BBC serial Jane Eyre
- Ravindra Randeniya as Edward Deraniyagala, Rochester's equivalent in the 2007 Sri Lankan teledrama Kula Kumariya, screened on Swarnavahini
Theatre
- Reginald Tate in Jane Eyre: A Drama of Passion in Three Acts (1936) adapted by Helen Jerome. The production was aired on British television in 1937.
- Henry Edwards in The Master of Thorfield (1944) adapted by Dorothy Brandon.
- In the 1958 production of Huntington Hartford's American play The Master of Thornfield, Rochester was portrayed by Errol Flynn.[54] After Flynn withdrew from the production it was renamed Jane Eyre and Eric Portman cast as Rochester.[55]
- Charles McKeown in Jane Eyre (1973), adapted by John Cannon.
- In the musical Jane Eyre, Rochester was portrayed by Anthony Crivello from 1995 to 1996 and James Stacy Barbour from 1999 to 2000.
Wide Sargasso Sea adaptations
- Nathaniel Parker in the 1993 film Wide Sargasso Sea
- Rafe Spall in the 2006 television adaption Wide Sargasso Sea.
- Trystan Gravelle in the 2016 BBC Radio Four dramatization Wide Sargasso Sea (repeated 2020).[56]
Notes
References
- ^ "Edward Rochester". Bitesize. BBC. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Edward Fairfax Rochester". CharacTour. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ Sayer (2004), p. 70
- ^ Cregan-Reid, Vybarr (12 May 2020). ""Jane Eyre"". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ a b Brontë (1847), Chapter 12
- ^ Brontë (1847), Chapter 16
- ^ a b Brontë (1847), Chapter 13
- ^ a b c Brontë (1847), Chapter 17
- ^ Taylor, Susan B. (March 2002). . The Victorian Newsletter. ISSN 0042-5192. OCLC 1638972. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014.
- ^ "Bewick's The History of British Birds". The British Library. from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ^ Coleman, Rowan (contrib.) (13 February 2021). "'I can cry just thinking about it': the most romantic moments in literature". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ O'Malley, Sheila (11 March 2011). "On taking too many liberties with 'Jane Eyre' (and too few with Michael Fassbender)". Politico. from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
- ^ Dargis, Manohla (27 January 2006). "Life and decay of 17th-century poet". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ Pittock (1987), p. 462
- ^ Dingley (2010)
- ^ Bloom (2009), p. 7
- ^ Snodgrass (2014), p. 45
- ^ Wootton (2007), p. 229
- ^ Franklin (2012), pp. 137, 147
- ^ a b Baker, Hannah (15 October 2009). "Charlotte's Rochester is literature's 'greatest romantic'". The Telegraph & Argus. from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ Lowry, Elizabeth (29 June 2017). "Loving Mr. Rochester". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
- ^ Thaden (2001), p. 10
- ^ Wootton (2017), p. 8
- ^ Robinson (2016), p. 74
- ^ a b Sutherland (2017), pp. 63-65
- ^ a b "The History of Blue Beard". The British Library. from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ Hermansson (2009), p. 119
- ^ Workman (1988), p. 179
- ^ a b c Irwin (2010), p. 16
- ^ Workman (1988), p. 190
- ^ Zonana (1993)
- ^ Heiniger (2016), p. 10
- ^ Rowe (1983), p. 132
- ^ Rowe (1983), p. 79
- ^ Rowe (1983), p. 81
- ^ Vincenzi, Penny (15 October 2009). "Romantic heroes: here's to you, Mr Rochester". The Telegraph. from the original on 16 October 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ Isaacs, Julienne (13 May 2017). "Retelling of Brontë classic from Rochester's perspective comes up short". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ Tedrowe, Emily Gray (9 May 2017). "Meet 'Mr. Rochester,' Jane Eyre's true love". USA Today. from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ "Fiction Book Review: Mr. Rochester by Sarah Shoemaker". Publishers Weekly. from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ Peres da Costa, Suneeta (9 March 2016). "Wide Sargasso Sea, fifty years on". Sydney Review of Books. Western Sydney University Writing and Society Research Centre. from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ Anderson, Hephzibah (20 October 2016). "The book that changed Jane Eyre forever". BBC Culture. from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ . VH1.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Teachman (2001), pp. 186-187
- ^ "The Campbell Playhouse: Jane Eyre". Orson Welles on the Air, 1938–1946. Indiana University Bloomington. 31 March 1940. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ^ "Screen Guild Theater Jane Eyre" – via Internet Archive.
- ^ The Matinee Theatre — Jane Eyre at the Internet Archive
- ^ . RadioGOLDINdex. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
- ^ The Lux Radio Theatre — Jane Eyre at the Internet Archive
- ^ . Radio Drama Reviews Online. 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ "Jane Eyre". 15 Minute Drama, Radio 4. BBC. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ Hawes (2001), p. 49
- ^ Dick, Kleiner (13 May 1961). "Differences on Opinion on TV". Morning Herald. Hagerstown, Maryland. p. 5.
- ^ "Drama – Jane Eyre – The History of Jane Eyre On-Screen". BBC. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
- ^ "Jane Eyre Cost at 500G So Far". Variety. 7 May 1958. pp. 71, 76.
- ^ Coe, Richard L. (17 April 1958). "'Jane Eyre' At the Shubert". The Washington Post and Times-Herald (1954-1959). Washington, D.C. p. C10.
- ^ "Wide Sargasso Sea", Drama, BBC Radio 4.
- Print sources
- Websites and news articles are listed in the References section only.
- Bloom, Harold (2009) [1996]. Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre. Bloom's Guides. Bloom's Literary Criticism. ISBN 978-1-4381-1461-3.
- Brontë, Charlotte (1847). Jane Eyre.
- Dingley, Robert (2010). "John Wilmot, Mr Rochester and William Harrison Ainsworth". Brontë Studies. Taylor & Francis. 35 (3): 287–291. doi:10.1179/174582210X12804150414262. S2CID 194077137.
- Franklin, Caroline (2012). The Female Romantics: Nineteenth-century Women Novelists and Byronism. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-99541-2.
- Hawes, William (2001). Filmed Television Drama, 1952-1958. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786411320.
- Heiniger, Abigail (2016). Jane Eyre's Fairytale Legacy at Home and Abroad: Constructions and Deconstructions of National Identity. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-11130-6.
- Hermansson, Casie (2009). Bluebeard: A Reader's Guide to the English Tradition. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-60473-353-2.
- Irwin, Robert (contrib.) (2010). The Arabian Nights: Tales of 1,001 Nights: Volume 3. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-194356-5.
- Pittock, Murray G. H. (March 1987). "John Wilmot and Mr. Rochester". Nineteenth-Century Literature. University of California Press. 41 (4): 462–469. doi:10.2307/3045228. JSTOR 3045228.
- Robinson, Amy J. (2016). "Journeying Home: Jane Eyre and Catherine Earnshaw's Coming-of-Age Stories". In Hoeveler, Diane Long; Morse, Deborah Denenholz (eds.). A Companion to the Brontës. Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 64–77. doi:10.1002/9781118405543.ch4. ISBN 978-1-118-40494-2.
- Rowe, Karen E. (1983). "'Fairy-Born and Human-Bred': Jane Eyre's Education in Romance". In Abel, Elizabeth; Hirsch, Marianne; Langland, Elizabeth (eds.). The Voyage in Fictions of Female Development. University Press of New England. pp. 69–89. ISBN 978-0-87451-250-2.
- Sayer, Karen (2004). Jane Eyre: Advanced. York Notes Advanced (7, Revised ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-82305-1.
- Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2014) [2005]. Encyclopedia of Gothic Literature. Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4381-0911-4.
- Sutherland, John (2017) [1997]. Can Jane Eyre Be Happy?: More Puzzles in Classic Fiction (Revised ed.). Icon Books. ISBN 978-1-78578-302-9.
- Teachman, Debra (2001). Understanding Jane Eyre : a student casebook to issues, sources, and historical documents. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-00711-8.
- Thaden, Barbara (2001). Student Companion to Charlotte & Emily Brontë. Student Companions to Classic Writers. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31053-9.
- Wootton, Sarah (2017) [2016]. Byronic Heroes in Nineteenth-Century Women's Writing and Screen Adaptation. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-57934-8.
- Wootton, Sarah (2007). ""Picturing in me a hero of romance": The Legacy of Jane Eyre's Byronic Hero". In Rubrik, Margarete; Mettinger-Schartmann, Elke (eds.). A Breath of Fresh Eyre: Intertextual and Intermedial Reworkings of Jane Eyre. Rodopi. pp. 229–242. doi:10.1163/9789401204477_016. ISBN 978-90-420-2212-6.
- Workman, Nancy V. (1988). "Scheherazade at Thornfield: Mythic Elements in Jane Eyre". Essays in Literature. Western Illinois University. 15 (2): 177–192.
- Zonana, Joyce (1993). "The Sultan and the Slave: Feminist Orientalism and the Structure of Jane Eyre". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 18 (3): 592–617. doi:10.1086/494821. JSTOR 3174859. S2CID 144458623.
External links
- Edward Rochester at BBC Bitesize
- Edward Rochester at SparkNotes
- Mr Rochester and St John Rivers at York Notes
- Edward Rochester at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Edward Fairfax Rochester at Oxford Reference