Marcus was born in Malchin, in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin into a Jewish family. Today Malchin is part of Germany. He began work at age 12 as an apprentice mechanic. At 17 he joined Siemens and Halske, an engineering company that built telegraph lines. He moved to Vienna, the capital of the Austrian Empire, in 1852, working first as a technician in the Physical Institute of the Medical School. He then worked as an assistant to Professor Carl Ludwig, a physiologist. In 1860 Marcus opened his own workshop which made mechanical and electrical equipment.[1] The first was located at Mariahilferstrasse 107 and the second at Mondscheingasse 4.
His chief improvements include telegraph relay system and ignition devices such as the "Wiener Zünder", a blasting machine. Marcus was buried at the Protestant Cemetery at Hütteldorf, Vienna. Later, his remains were transferred to an "Honorary Tomb" of Vienna's Central Cemetery. During his lifetime he was awarded the Golden Cross of Merit by the then Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph for his scientific achievements.[2]
Nazi rewrite
Monument at Vienna Technical Museum
Golden Cross of Merit
Because of Marcus' Jewish ancestry, his name and all memorabilia, particularly in Austria, vanished under the Nazis. In 1937 the Austrian Harand Movement Against Racial Hatred had issued a series of stamps featuring prominent Jews, including Marcus, who had contributed to mankind in response to the Ewiger Jude (eternal Jew) exhibition by Julius Streicher in Munich. Marcus was credited as having invented the petrol driven motor car.[3] With the German occupation of Austria in March 1938, the memorial in front of the Vienna Technical University was removed. After World War II, the monument was rebuilt and his car, which had been hidden, was returned to display.
Marcus was removed from German encyclopedias as the inventor of the modern car, under a directive from the German Ministry for Propaganda during World War II. His name was replaced with the names of Daimler and Benz. The directive (in German) read as follows:
Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda
Geschäftszeichen. S 8100/4.7.4.0/7 1
Berlin W8, den 4. Juli 1940 Wilhelmplatz 8-9
An die Direktion der Daimler-Benz-A.G. Stuttgart-Untertürkheim
Betrifft: Eigentlichen Erfinder des Automobils Auf Ihr Schreiben vom 30. Mai 1940 Dr.Wo/Fa.
Das Bibliographische Institut und der Verlag F.A. Brockhaus sind darauf hingewiesen worden, dass in Meyers Konversations Lexikon und im Großen Brockhaus künftig nicht Siegfried Marcus, sondern die beiden deutschen Ingenieure Gottlieb Daimler und Carl Benz als Schöpfer des modernen Kraftwagens zu bezeichnen sind.
In English this would be
Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda
Reference number S 8100 / 4.7.4.0 / 7 1
Berlin W8, 4 July 1940 Wilhelmsplatz 8-9
To the Directorate of Daimler-Benz A.G. Stuttgart-Untertürkheim
Subject: True inventor of the automobile Referring to your letter of 30 May 1940 Dr.Wo / Fa.
The Bibliographical Institute and the publisher F. A. Brockhaus have been notified that in the future, [the encyclopedias] Meyers Konversations Lexikon and the Große Brockhaus are to refer to the two German engineers Gottlieb Daimler and Carl Benz as the creators of the modern automobile, not to Siegfried Marcus.
Current Austrian thinking is that Marcus' first car ran in the late 1880s.[4] However, early publications suggest that he may have had a petrol powered vehicle running earlier than 1870.[5] The deliberate destruction of evidence of Marcus' inventions by the Nazi regime has left these dates open to debate and speculation.[6]Britannica cites 1864 for Marcus' first car with a 10-year gap to the second, which is consistent with other sources.[7]
Based on the information from existing sources, Marcus' first machine was built on a simple handcart in 1870.[8] but had to be started by lifting the drive wheels off the ground and spinning them. The internal combustion engine was designed for liquid combustibles and made him the first to propel a vehicle by means of petrol. Marcus was not satisfied with this cart and dismantled it.[7] However, his first automobile model was displayed at the Vienna Exhibition in 1864 (more likely the 1873 Vienna Internation Exhibition according to earliest sources) and his second model was made and driven in 1875.[9][10]
In 1883 a patent for a low-voltage ignition magneto was given to Marcus in Germany and a new petrol engine built.[11]
This design was used for all further engines, including that of the only existing Marcus car from 1888 to 1889. It was this ignition, in conjunction with the "rotating brush carburettor", that made the engine's design very innovative. By 1886 the German navy was using the engine in its torpedo boats.[12]
In 1887, Marcus started a co-operation with the Moravian company Märky, Bromovsky & Schulz. They offered two stroke and — after the fall of the Otto-Patent in 1886 — four stroke engines of the Marcus type.
In a 1904 book, "The Motor," it states: Who was the Inventor? Siegfried Marcus is widely credited with having invented the benzine motor.[14]
John Nixon of the London Times in 1938 considered Marcus' development of the motor car to have been experimental, as opposed to Benz who took the concept from experimental to production. Nixon described Marcus' cars as impractical.[15] 12 years later, in 1950, the Times described the car at the Vienna Technical Museum as being built in 1875 and the first petrol-powered road vehicle. A description of its first journey of 7.5 miles from Vienna to Klosterneuberg was included in the article.[16] Since the car was moved to the Museum in 1918, it had only been driven twice. once when sent for display in Sweden.[17]
Patents
Marcus was the holder of 131 patents in 16 countries. He never applied for a patent for the motorcar and, of course, he never held one. Nevertheless, he was the first to use petrol to propel a vehicle, in the simple handcart of 1864, but it is uncertain whether the extant Marcus car ran before 1890.[citation needed]
Some examples of his patents:
33258, 10 September 1861, Improvements to relay magnets[18]
2058, 6 July 1872, Device for mixing of fuel with air[19]
306339, 7 October 1884, Electrical igniting device for gas engines[21]
In conjunction with Captain E von Wohlgemuth of the Imperial German Navy, Marcus invented an electrical ignition of ships cannons. The advantages of the system were that it allowed for the simultaneous firing of the cannons, or selection of a particular firing pattern, and the ability to fire them from the ship's bridge.[22]
Sources
Bürbaumer, Ursula (1998). Das erste Auto der Welt? [The first car in the world?] (in German). Vienna: Erasmus.
Hardenberg, Horst (2000). Siegfried Marcus, Mythos und Wirklichkeit [Siegfried Marcus, Myth and Reality]. aus der Wissenschaftlichen * Schriftenreihe des DaimlerChrysler Konzernarchivs (in German). Bielefeld: Delius & Klasing. Awarded as the June 2001 book of the month by the Austrian Academy of Science.
Böttcher, Norbert (2005). Siegfried Marcus (in German). Teetz: Hentrich & Hentrich.
^The Jewish inventor of the automobile, The Modern View (St. Louis, Missouri)24 Sep 1931, Thu, Page 23, retrieved from Newspapers.com on 3 November 2021
^Austo-Hungary, The Jewish Voice (St. Louis, Missouri)11 Nov 1904, Fri, Page 8, retrieved from Newspapers.Com on 3 November 2021
^"Ignition". The Record-Union. Sacramento, California. 13 December 1884. p. 7.
^"Austro-Hungary". The Times. London. 16 November 1886. p. 5.
^Nixon, John C. (29 March 1938). "The First Motor Car". The Times. No. 47955. London. p. 52.
^"1875 Motor-Car Driven Again". The Times. No. 51667. London. 17 April 1950. p. 3.
^Chore to drive this, News-Pilot (San Pedro, California)12 Apr 1955, Tue, Page 7, retrieved through Newspapers.com 3 November 2021
^Report of the Commissioner of Patents, Volume 1, Published 1863, page 494
^The London Gazette, Part 3 Publisher T. Neuman, 19 July 1872, page 3270
^Specifications and Drawings of Patents Relating to Electricity Issued by the U. S., Volume 33, Published 1885
^Specifications and Drawings of Patents Relating to Electricity Issued by the U. S., Volume 37, Published 1886
^"Electrical discharge of artillery on board men-of-war". Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review. 16: 442–443. 16 May 1885.
External links
Isaac Landman; Simon Cohen (1942). The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Incorporated. p. 350.
"Marcus, Siegfried". AEIOU Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
"Siegfried Marcus". Museum Malchin (in German). Retrieved 22 September 2016.
Buerbaumer, Ursula (2003). "Siegfried Marcus in Wien. Der Mikrokosmos eines unkonventionellen Mechanikers" [Siegfried Marcus in Vienna. The microcosm of an unorthodox mechanic]. Österr. Bibliothekenverbund & Service GmbH. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
Kurinsky, Samuel. "Siegfried Marcus An Uncredited Inventive Genius". Hebrew History Federation. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
"Siegfried Marcus invented the 'auto-mobile'". Texas Jewish Post. 4 September 2019.
January 30, 2023
siegfried, marcus, siegfried, samuel, marcus, german, ˈziːkfʁiːt, ˈmaʁkʊs, september, 1831, july, 1898, german, inventor, marcus, born, jewish, descent, malchin, grand, duchy, mecklenburg, schwerin, made, first, petrol, powered, vehicle, 1864, while, living, v. Siegfried Samuel Marcus German ˈziːkfʁiːt ˈmaʁkʊs 18 September 1831 1 July 1898 was a German inventor Marcus was born of Jewish descent in Malchin in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Schwerin He made the first petrol powered vehicle in 1864 while living in Vienna Austria 1 Siegfried MarcusSiegfried Marcus 1831 1898Born18 September 1831Malchin Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg SchwerinDied1 July 1898 1898 08 aged 66 Vienna Austria HungaryNationalityborn JewishOccupationEngineerEngineering careerProjectsthe first petrol powered vehicleSignificant advanceAutomobile Contents 1 Life 2 Nazi rewrite 3 Marcus cars 4 Patents 5 Sources 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksLife Edit Blasting machine Wiener Zunder Viennese Igniter 1864 Marcus was born in Malchin in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Schwerin into a Jewish family Today Malchin is part of Germany He began work at age 12 as an apprentice mechanic At 17 he joined Siemens and Halske an engineering company that built telegraph lines He moved to Vienna the capital of the Austrian Empire in 1852 working first as a technician in the Physical Institute of the Medical School He then worked as an assistant to Professor Carl Ludwig a physiologist In 1860 Marcus opened his own workshop which made mechanical and electrical equipment 1 The first was located at Mariahilferstrasse 107 and the second at Mondscheingasse 4 His chief improvements include telegraph relay system and ignition devices such as the Wiener Zunder a blasting machine Marcus was buried at the Protestant Cemetery at Hutteldorf Vienna Later his remains were transferred to an Honorary Tomb of Vienna s Central Cemetery During his lifetime he was awarded the Golden Cross of Merit by the then Austro Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph for his scientific achievements 2 Nazi rewrite Edit Monument at Vienna Technical Museum Golden Cross of Merit Because of Marcus Jewish ancestry his name and all memorabilia particularly in Austria vanished under the Nazis In 1937 the Austrian Harand Movement Against Racial Hatred had issued a series of stamps featuring prominent Jews including Marcus who had contributed to mankind in response to the Ewiger Jude eternal Jew exhibition by Julius Streicher in Munich Marcus was credited as having invented the petrol driven motor car 3 With the German occupation of Austria in March 1938 the memorial in front of the Vienna Technical University was removed After World War II the monument was rebuilt and his car which had been hidden was returned to display Marcus was removed from German encyclopedias as the inventor of the modern car under a directive from the German Ministry for Propaganda during World War II His name was replaced with the names of Daimler and Benz The directive in German read as follows Reichsministerium fur Volksaufklarung und PropagandaGeschaftszeichen S 8100 4 7 4 0 7 1Berlin W8 den 4 Juli 1940 Wilhelmplatz 8 9An die Direktion der Daimler Benz A G Stuttgart UnterturkheimBetrifft Eigentlichen Erfinder des Automobils Auf Ihr Schreiben vom 30 Mai 1940 Dr Wo Fa Das Bibliographische Institut und der Verlag F A Brockhaus sind darauf hingewiesen worden dass in Meyers Konversations Lexikon und im Grossen Brockhaus kunftig nicht Siegfried Marcus sondern die beiden deutschen Ingenieure Gottlieb Daimler und Carl Benz als Schopfer des modernen Kraftwagens zu bezeichnen sind In English this would be Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and PropagandaReference number S 8100 4 7 4 0 7 1Berlin W8 4 July 1940 Wilhelmsplatz 8 9To the Directorate of Daimler Benz A G Stuttgart UnterturkheimSubject True inventor of the automobile Referring to your letter of 30 May 1940 Dr Wo Fa The Bibliographical Institute and the publisher F A Brockhaus have been notified that in the future the encyclopedias Meyers Konversations Lexikon and the Grosse Brockhaus are to refer to the two German engineers Gottlieb Daimler and Carl Benz as the creators of the modern automobile not to Siegfried Marcus Current Austrian thinking is that Marcus first car ran in the late 1880s 4 However early publications suggest that he may have had a petrol powered vehicle running earlier than 1870 5 The deliberate destruction of evidence of Marcus inventions by the Nazi regime has left these dates open to debate and speculation 6 Britannica cites 1864 for Marcus first car with a 10 year gap to the second which is consistent with other sources 7 Marcus cars Edit Marcus cart of 1870 Marcus Car of 1875 4 Based on the information from existing sources Marcus first machine was built on a simple handcart in 1870 8 but had to be started by lifting the drive wheels off the ground and spinning them The internal combustion engine was designed for liquid combustibles and made him the first to propel a vehicle by means of petrol Marcus was not satisfied with this cart and dismantled it 7 However his first automobile model was displayed at the Vienna Exhibition in 1864 more likely the 1873 Vienna Internation Exhibition according to earliest sources and his second model was made and driven in 1875 9 10 In 1883 a patent for a low voltage ignition magneto was given to Marcus in Germany and a new petrol engine built 11 This design was used for all further engines including that of the only existing Marcus car from 1888 to 1889 It was this ignition in conjunction with the rotating brush carburettor that made the engine s design very innovative By 1886 the German navy was using the engine in its torpedo boats 12 In 1887 Marcus started a co operation with the Moravian company Marky Bromovsky amp Schulz They offered two stroke and after the fall of the Otto Patent in 1886 four stroke engines of the Marcus type In 1875 Marky Bromovsky amp Schulz built the car which can still be seen in Vienna s Technical Museum This car made Marcus well known all over the world 13 The car was named a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1 In a 1904 book The Motor it states Who was the Inventor Siegfried Marcus is widely credited with having invented the benzine motor 14 John Nixon of the London Times in 1938 considered Marcus development of the motor car to have been experimental as opposed to Benz who took the concept from experimental to production Nixon described Marcus cars as impractical 15 12 years later in 1950 the Times described the car at the Vienna Technical Museum as being built in 1875 and the first petrol powered road vehicle A description of its first journey of 7 5 miles from Vienna to Klosterneuberg was included in the article 16 Since the car was moved to the Museum in 1918 it had only been driven twice once when sent for display in Sweden 17 Patents EditMarcus was the holder of 131 patents in 16 countries He never applied for a patent for the motorcar and of course he never held one Nevertheless he was the first to use petrol to propel a vehicle in the simple handcart of 1864 but it is uncertain whether the extant Marcus car ran before 1890 citation needed Some examples of his patents 33258 10 September 1861 Improvements to relay magnets 18 2058 6 July 1872 Device for mixing of fuel with air 19 286030 2 October 1883 Improved gas engine 20 306339 7 October 1884 Electrical igniting device for gas engines 21 In conjunction with Captain E von Wohlgemuth of the Imperial German Navy Marcus invented an electrical ignition of ships cannons The advantages of the system were that it allowed for the simultaneous firing of the cannons or selection of a particular firing pattern and the ability to fire them from the ship s bridge 22 Sources EditBurbaumer Ursula 1998 Das erste Auto der Welt The first car in the world in German Vienna Erasmus Hardenberg Horst 2000 Siegfried Marcus Mythos und Wirklichkeit Siegfried Marcus Myth and Reality aus der Wissenschaftlichen Schriftenreihe des DaimlerChrysler Konzernarchivs in German Bielefeld Delius amp Klasing Awarded as the June 2001 book of the month by the Austrian Academy of Science Bottcher Norbert 2005 Siegfried Marcus in German Teetz Hentrich amp Hentrich Burbaumer Ursula Steinbock Johannes Hardenberg Horst Schaukal Gerhard Mergl Ladislav 2000 Grossing Helmuth ed Autos Fahrer Konstrukteure in German Vienna Erasmus Burbaumer Ursula 2003 Siegfried Marcus in Wien Dissertation Database in German Austrian Research CentersSee also EditHistory of the internal combustion engine List of Austrian scientistsReferences Edit a b c Siegfried Marcus Car ca 1875 Landmarks American Society of Mechanical Engineers Retrieved 22 September 2016 Siegfied Marcus Dayton Daily News Dayton Ohio 04 Jan 1928 Wed Page 8 accessed through Newspapers Com 3 November 2021 Philosemitic Aryans The Daily Telegraph No 25742 London 30 November 1937 p 14 a b Ebert Anne Katrin Marcus Wagen 1888 1889 Vienna Technical Museum Retrieved 21 September 2016 Motor Notes By Accumulator Progress II 5 20 1 March 1907 Retrieved 22 September 2016 Kurinsky Samuel Siegfried Marcus An Uncredited Inventive Genius Fact Paper 32 I Hebrew History Foundation Retrieved 21 September 2016 a b Siegfried Marcus German inventor Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 21 September 2016 handritten notes of Marcus himself on the photo The Jewish inventor of the automobile The Modern View St Louis Missouri 24 Sep 1931 Thu Page 23 retrieved from Newspapers com on 3 November 2021 Austo Hungary The Jewish Voice St Louis Missouri 11 Nov 1904 Fri Page 8 retrieved from Newspapers Com on 3 November 2021 Ignition The Record Union Sacramento California 13 December 1884 p 7 Austro Hungary The Times London 16 November 1886 p 5 Osterreich Lexikon Austria Lexicon Vol 2 Vienna 2004 The Motor Volume 6 IPC Specialist amp Professional Press Limited 1904 p 375 Nixon John C 29 March 1938 The First Motor Car The Times No 47955 London p 52 1875 Motor Car Driven Again The Times No 51667 London 17 April 1950 p 3 Chore to drive this News Pilot San Pedro California 12 Apr 1955 Tue Page 7 retrieved through Newspapers com 3 November 2021 Report of the Commissioner of Patents Volume 1 Published 1863 page 494 The London Gazette Part 3 Publisher T Neuman 19 July 1872 page 3270 Specifications and Drawings of Patents Relating to Electricity Issued by the U S Volume 33 Published 1885 Specifications and Drawings of Patents Relating to Electricity Issued by the U S Volume 37 Published 1886 Electrical discharge of artillery on board men of war Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review 16 442 443 16 May 1885 External links EditIsaac Landman Simon Cohen 1942 The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia Vol 7 Universal Jewish Encyclopedia Incorporated p 350 Marcus Siegfried AEIOU Encyclopedia Retrieved 22 September 2016 Siegfried Marcus Museum Malchin in German Retrieved 22 September 2016 Buerbaumer Ursula 2003 Siegfried Marcus in Wien Der Mikrokosmos eines unkonventionellen Mechanikers Siegfried Marcus in Vienna The microcosm of an unorthodox mechanic Osterr Bibliothekenverbund amp Service GmbH Retrieved 22 September 2016 Kurinsky Samuel Siegfried Marcus An Uncredited Inventive Genius Hebrew History Federation Retrieved 4 September 2020 Siegfried Marcus invented the auto mobile Texas Jewish Post 4 September 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Siegfried Marcus amp oldid 1110503433, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
