In music, monophony is the simplest of musical textures, consisting of a melody (or "tune"), typically sung by a single singer or played by a single instrument player (e.g., a flute player) without accompanyingharmony or chords. Many folk songs and traditional songs are monophonic. A melody is also considered to be monophonic if a group of singers (e.g., a choir) sings the same melody together at the unison (exactly the same pitch) or with the same melody notes duplicated at the octave (such as when men and women sing together). If an entire melody is played by two or more instruments or sung by a choir with a fixed interval, such as a perfect fifth, it is also said to be monophony (or "monophonic"). The musical texture of a song or musical piece is determined by assessing whether varying components are used, such as an accompaniment part or polyphonic melody lines (two or more independent lines).
In the Early Middle Ages, the earliest Christian songs, called plainchant (a well-known example is Gregorian chant), were monophonic. Even into the twenty-first century, songwriters still often write songs that intersperse sections using monophony, heterophony (two singers or instrumentalists doing varied versions of the same melody together), polyphony (two or more singers or instrumentalists playing independent melodic lines at the same time), homophony (a melody accompanied by chords), or monody (a single melodic line with instrumental accompaniment) elements throughout the melody to create different atmospheres and styles. Monophony may not have underlying rhythmic textures, and must consist of only a single melodic line.
According to Ardis Butterfield (1997), monophony "is the dominant mode of the European vernacular genres as well as of Latin song ... in polyphonic works, it remains a central compositional principle."[2]
Pange Lingua sung
This is the plainchant version (mode iii) of Pange Lingua sung to its traditional Latin text.
The earliest recorded Christian monophony was plainchant or plainsong (of which one well-known style was called Gregorian chant) a single unaccompanied vocal melody sung by monks. Sung by multiple voices in unison (i.e. the same pitch and rhythm), this music is still considered monophonic. Plainsong was the first and foremost musical style of Italy, Ireland, Spain, and France. In the early 9th century, the organum tradition developed by adding voices in parallel to plainchant melodies. The earliest organum merely augmented the texture of the melody by adding a second voice in parallel octaves or parallel fifths, which could still be considered monophonic; however, by the 11th century the organum had developed a style called "free organum" in which the voices were more independent, evolving into a polyphonic tradition.
Mozarabic chant, Byzantine Chant, Armenian chant, Beneventan chant, Ambrosian chant, Gregorian chant and others were various forms of plainsong which were all monophonic. Many of these monophonic chants were written down, and contain the earliest music notation to develop after the loss of the ancient Greek system. For example, Dodecachordon[3] was published by the Swiss Renaissance composer Heinrich Glarean (also Glareanus) and included plainsong or Gregorian chant and monophony. The earliest manuscripts which contain plainsong were written in neumes, a primitive system which recorded only the outline of the melody, and it was not until the 11th century that Guido d'Arezzo invented a more modern musical notation system that the exact notes of the melodies were preserved.
Troubador song monophony
Most troubadour songs were monophonic. Troubadour songs were written from 1100–1350 and they were usually poems about chivalry or courtly love with the words set to a melody. Aristocratic troubadours and trouvères typically played in courtly performances for kings, queens, and countesses. Poets and composers in the 14th century produced many songs which can be seen as extensions of the Provençal troubador tradition, such as secular monophonic lais and virelais. Jehan de Lescurel (or Jehannot de l'Escurel), a poet and composer from northern French from the Trouvère style also wrote monophonic songs in the style of virelais, ballades, rondeaux and diz entés. Minnesänger were similar to the French style but in Middle High German.[4]
Geisslerlieder or Flagellant songs
A tradition of Lauda, or sacred songs in the style of Troubador songs, was popularized in the 13th and 14th centuries by Geisslerlieder, or Flagellant songs. These monophonic Laude spirituale songs were used in the 13th and 17th century by flagellants, as recorded in the medieval chronicle Chronicon Hugonis sacerdotis de Rutelinga (1349).[5]
Lutheran church chorale
Monophony was the first type of texture in the Lutheran Church. A well-known example is Martin Luther's hymn "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"), written as a monophonic tune sometime between 1527 and 1529. Many of Luther's hymns were later harmonized for multiple voices by other composers, and were also used in other polyphonic music such as the cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach.
DeLone[6] more loosely defines monophony as "passages, movements, or sections in which notes sound alone, despite instrumental doubling" even if "such passages may involve several instruments or voices."
Indian classical music is an ancient musical tradition where monophonic melodies called ragas are played over drones, sometimes accompanied by percussion and other accompaniment.
^Kliewer, Vernon (1975). "Melody: Linear Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music", Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music. Wittlich, Gary (ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN0-13-049346-5.
^Ardis Butterfield (1997). "Monophonic song: questions of category", Companion to Medieval & Renaissance Music. Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-816540-4.
^texte, Glarean (1488-1563) Auteur du (1547). Dodecachordon.
^crusades article template Music of the Crusades Era
^Medieval secular song: Introduction 2007-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
^DeLone, Richard (1975). "Timbre and Texture in Twentieth-Century Music", p. 99, Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music. Wittlich, Gary (ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN0-13-049346-5.
Further reading
Copland, Aaron (1999). "What to Listen for in Music". New York: Mentor LCCN 98-53893.
External links
What is monophony, polyphony, homophony, monody etc.?
Music Texture Monophony Polyphony
Ratio Representation Project
February 06, 2023
monophony, other, uses, disambiguation, music, monophony, simplest, musical, textures, consisting, melody, tune, typically, sung, single, singer, played, single, instrument, player, flute, player, without, accompanying, harmony, chords, many, folk, songs, trad. For other uses see Monophony disambiguation In music monophony is the simplest of musical textures consisting of a melody or tune typically sung by a single singer or played by a single instrument player e g a flute player without accompanying harmony or chords Many folk songs and traditional songs are monophonic A melody is also considered to be monophonic if a group of singers e g a choir sings the same melody together at the unison exactly the same pitch or with the same melody notes duplicated at the octave such as when men and women sing together If an entire melody is played by two or more instruments or sung by a choir with a fixed interval such as a perfect fifth it is also said to be monophony or monophonic The musical texture of a song or musical piece is determined by assessing whether varying components are used such as an accompaniment part or polyphonic melody lines two or more independent lines This melody for the traditional song Pop Goes the Weasel is monophonic as long as it is performed without chordal accompaniment 1 Play help info In the Early Middle Ages the earliest Christian songs called plainchant a well known example is Gregorian chant were monophonic Even into the twenty first century songwriters still often write songs that intersperse sections using monophony heterophony two singers or instrumentalists doing varied versions of the same melody together polyphony two or more singers or instrumentalists playing independent melodic lines at the same time homophony a melody accompanied by chords or monody a single melodic line with instrumental accompaniment elements throughout the melody to create different atmospheres and styles Monophony may not have underlying rhythmic textures and must consist of only a single melodic line According to Ardis Butterfield 1997 monophony is the dominant mode of the European vernacular genres as well as of Latin song in polyphonic works it remains a central compositional principle 2 Pange Lingua sung source source This is the plainchant version mode iii of Pange Lingua sung to its traditional Latin text Problems playing this file See media help The Four Ogives source source source Erik Satie The Four Ogives Their calm slow melodies are built up from paired phrases reminiscent of plainchant Problems playing this file See media help Liber Usualis Antiphon O Adonai II Great Advent Antiphon source source source A monophonic Antiphon from the Gregorian Chant collection Liber Usualis Problems playing this file See media help Contents 1 Western singing 1 1 Plainchant 1 2 Plainchant styles 1 3 Troubador song monophony 1 4 Geisslerlieder or Flagellant songs 1 5 Lutheran church chorale 2 Monophony with instrumental doubling 3 Music of India 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksWestern singing EditPlainchant Edit The earliest recorded Christian monophony was plainchant or plainsong of which one well known style was called Gregorian chant a single unaccompanied vocal melody sung by monks Sung by multiple voices in unison i e the same pitch and rhythm this music is still considered monophonic Plainsong was the first and foremost musical style of Italy Ireland Spain and France In the early 9th century the organum tradition developed by adding voices in parallel to plainchant melodies The earliest organum merely augmented the texture of the melody by adding a second voice in parallel octaves or parallel fifths which could still be considered monophonic however by the 11th century the organum had developed a style called free organum in which the voices were more independent evolving into a polyphonic tradition Gregorian chant of the Kyrie plainsong Plainchant styles Edit Mozarabic chant Byzantine Chant Armenian chant Beneventan chant Ambrosian chant Gregorian chant and others were various forms of plainsong which were all monophonic Many of these monophonic chants were written down and contain the earliest music notation to develop after the loss of the ancient Greek system For example Dodecachordon 3 was published by the Swiss Renaissance composer Heinrich Glarean also Glareanus and included plainsong or Gregorian chant and monophony The earliest manuscripts which contain plainsong were written in neumes a primitive system which recorded only the outline of the melody and it was not until the 11th century that Guido d Arezzo invented a more modern musical notation system that the exact notes of the melodies were preserved Troubador song monophony Edit Most troubadour songs were monophonic Troubadour songs were written from 1100 1350 and they were usually poems about chivalry or courtly love with the words set to a melody Aristocratic troubadours and trouveres typically played in courtly performances for kings queens and countesses Poets and composers in the 14th century produced many songs which can be seen as extensions of the Provencal troubador tradition such as secular monophonic lais and virelais Jehan de Lescurel or Jehannot de l Escurel a poet and composer from northern French from the Trouvere style also wrote monophonic songs in the style of virelais ballades rondeaux and diz entes Minnesanger were similar to the French style but in Middle High German 4 Geisslerlieder or Flagellant songs Edit A tradition of Lauda or sacred songs in the style of Troubador songs was popularized in the 13th and 14th centuries by Geisslerlieder or Flagellant songs These monophonic Laude spirituale songs were used in the 13th and 17th century by flagellants as recorded in the medieval chronicle Chronicon Hugonis sacerdotis de Rutelinga 1349 5 Lutheran church chorale Edit Monophony was the first type of texture in the Lutheran Church A well known example is Martin Luther s hymn Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott A Mighty Fortress Is Our God written as a monophonic tune sometime between 1527 and 1529 Many of Luther s hymns were later harmonized for multiple voices by other composers and were also used in other polyphonic music such as the cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach Monophony with instrumental doubling EditSee Voicing music DoublingDeLone 6 more loosely defines monophony as passages movements or sections in which notes sound alone despite instrumental doubling even if such passages may involve several instruments or voices Music of India EditSee also Music history of India Indian classical music is an ancient musical tradition where monophonic melodies called ragas are played over drones sometimes accompanied by percussion and other accompaniment Hindustani music from the North of India Carnatic music from the South of India encompassing compositions in Kannada Telugu Tamil Sanskrit and Malayalam See also EditDrone music Duophonic Polyphony Voicing music DoublingReferences Edit Kliewer Vernon 1975 Melody Linear Aspects of Twentieth Century Music Aspects of Twentieth Century Music Wittlich Gary ed Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice Hall ISBN 0 13 049346 5 Ardis Butterfield 1997 Monophonic song questions of category Companion to Medieval amp Renaissance Music Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 816540 4 texte Glarean 1488 1563 Auteur du 1547 Dodecachordon crusades article template Music of the Crusades Era Medieval secular song Introduction Archived 2007 03 15 at the Wayback Machine DeLone Richard 1975 Timbre and Texture in Twentieth Century Music p 99 Aspects of Twentieth Century Music Wittlich Gary ed Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice Hall ISBN 0 13 049346 5 Further reading EditCopland Aaron 1999 What to Listen for in Music New York Mentor LCCN 98 53893 External links EditWhat is monophony polyphony homophony monody etc 3EarlyMusic monophony Music Texture Monophony Polyphony Ratio Representation Project Chapter 1 Plainchant and Secular Monophony Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Monophony amp oldid 1119551424, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
