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Mokpo

Mokpo (Korean pronunciation: [mok̚.pʰo]; Mokpo-si) is the third largest and most densely populated city in South Jeolla Province, South Korea, located at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula, close to Yudal mountain. Mokpo has frequent high-speed train services to Seoul, and is the terminus for a number of ferry routes serving islands in the adjacent Yellow Sea and Dadohae National Maritime Park.

Mokpo
목포시
Korean transcription(s)
 • Hangul목포시
 • Hanja木浦市
 • Revised RomanizationMokpo-si
 • McCune-ReischauerMokp'o-si
Panorama view of Mokpo from Yudalsan
Location in South Korea
Coordinates: 34°45′32″N 126°22′48″E / 34.7589°N 126.38°E / 34.7589; 126.38
Country South Korea
ProvinceSouth Jeolla
Administrative divisions22 dong
Government
 • MayorBak Hong-ryul (박홍률)
Area
 • Total50.08 km2 (19.34 sq mi)
Population
 (November, 2022)
 • Total217,041
 • Density4,300/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+9 (Korea Standard Time)
Area code+82-61

During the Japanese Occupation (1910–1945), Mokpo served as a crucial port for both commercial ventures and public transportation, due to its location along the sea routes between the Japanese archipelago and the Chinese mainland. The large number of islands surrounding Mokpo have also served as a protective barrier, making the city less vulnerable to high tides and tsunamis. In the occupation era, large residential areas were built to accommodate the Japanese colonists, which are now the city's historic districts. The end of World War II and Korea's independence in 1945 were responsible for the city slowly losing its position as a host to major government organizations and wartime industries. This led to a reduction in the size of Mokpo, which is currently a mid-sized city of the Honam region.

Etymology Edit

The term Mokpo (木浦 in Hanja) loosely translates as "the harbour with a large portion of forests". This terminology initially appeared in the Goryeosa (History of Goryeo). Therefore, some historians argue that the city's name referred to trees within the region of the port of Mokpo. Another theory suggests that the "mok" in the city's name refers to "the throat," a metaphor for the importance of the city's location as an entrance to the Yellow Sea.[1]

History Edit

Mahan and Three Kingdoms eras Edit

Mokpo belonged to the Mahan confederacy during the early era of the three Han confederacies during the Samhan period, and was called Mul'ahye-gun while under the control of the Baekje kingdom. After Silla defeated Baekje, Mokpo's region was absorbed, and its name was changed to Myeonju. In 946, its name was once again changed to Mullyang-gun, and it became part of the Muan prefecture, in the Haeyang province. At the time, the prefecture of Muan referred to a much larger area, which incorporated not only Mokpo but also the area currently called Muan and several islands of Sinan county.[2] According to a KBS documentary, coastal and offshore areas of Mokpo witnessed superior productivity of crops, and important shipping routes to Naju were established along the Yeongsan River.[3]

Goryeo and Joseon dynasties Edit

 
To commemorate his role in the region's history, a statue of Admiral Yi Sun-sin now stands guard over Mokpo.

What is today known as Mokpo had its origins in the Goryeo period. That dynasty's founder, Wang Geon, was serving as a general for later Goguryeo (also known as Taebong), ruled by Gung Ye. Taebong covered the central area of the Korean peninsula including current-day Gaeseong, which was then called Song'ak.

As a naval power, Wang Geon was ordered to attack the kingdom of Later Baekje, which, like later Goguryeo, was a kingdom which emerged after the disintegration of Unified Silla. The operation met fairly successful results. During this time, Wang Geon met his second queen, Queen Janghwa, with whom he had a son, who eventually became Hyejong of Goryeo.

In 1439, 21 years after King Sejong of the Joseon Dynasty came to power, the Mokpo garrison (jin) was established, which was designed to control twelve offshore islands. During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), Admiral Yi Sun-sin established a garrison of naval forces at Mokpo and the island of Goha, to secure a base for provisions and ship repairs, such as the turtle ships, also known as the geobukseon and panokseon.[4]

Open port Edit

On 1 October 1897, Mokpo became an open port, fifteen years after the opening of the port of Incheon. For Japan, Mokpo held a geographical advantage being located midway between Nagasaki, Japan, and the Chinese mainland. Japan also valued Mokpo for its proximity to the abundant crops of the Jeolla provinces. After its opening, housing for Japanese settlers was rapidly developed to establish self-government.[5] The Japanese settled predominately in what is today the Yudal-dong neighborhood, close to the main port. The Japanese consulate remained there until the establishment of the Japanese protectorate over Korea.

The Japanese settlers gradually bought farmland in the vicinity of Mokpo, which had previously been illegal. These agricultural fields were desirable because they were inexpensive and not heavily taxed. The resulting harvests from these fields made rice cheaper in Japan, although the price of rice in Jeolla province doubled as a result.[6] After 1905, the influx of Japanese settlers increased and they expanded into Geumhwa-dong, where many cherry trees were planted along the street. Japanese called this area "Sakuramachi", which means "the downtown of cherry blossom trees."[7] With Korea's full annexation by Japan in 1910, the city was given a new name, Mokpo-bu, and saw the construction of the colonial institution, the Oriental Development Company.[8]

Under Japanese rule Edit

See also: Korea under Japanese rule

Mokpo's status as an open port made it a viable option to use the nearby county of Wando as a link to the region's many offshore islands. In 1914, the completion of the Honam railway line connected the city to Daejeon. On 1 April 1914, the county of Mokpo-bu was divided into several administrative sections. Only the county's urban downtown area, Bunae-myeon, became what is today Mokpo City. Following Order Number 11 of the General Japanese Government of Korea, Muan county incorporated Jido, Palguem, and Docho, which were the other areas formerly comprising Mokpo-bu. During the Japanese colonial period, Mokpo's harbor was used to forcibly export the produce of the region.

In 1918, the colonists established ginning facilities for manufacturing large amounts of goods in both Mokpo and Iri (current Iksan in North Jeolla province).[9] In 1932, the city incorporated parts of Muan, becoming the 6th largest city in the Korean peninsula with a population of 60,000. Indigenous products were cloth, rice, salt, and coastal foods.[10] The harbor played an important role, supplying goods to Japan, including large quantities of cotton.[11]

After independence Edit

In 1949, Mokpo-Bu was redesignated Mokpo City, after the government altered the administrative region. In 1973 and 1987, large areas were added to Mokpo city, including one of the most famous tourist spots, Samhakdo (Three Crane Island). Samhakdo was reclaimed by connecting a series of islands, a process of landfill operations which lasted from 1968 to 1973. The island is divided into three major sections, and over six years the city constructed five bridges to link those three sections. In 2000, the city initiated a plan to restore a naturalized island for tourism, which brought tremendous criticism from environmental groups. On 1 March 2007, Samhakdo was opened to the public.[12][13] Other projects in Mokpo included a coastal filling process near the North Harbor and the building of a new port in Chungmu-dong.

In 1980, the Gwangju Democratization Movement swept the area. In Mokpo, student movements were initiated by several people marching along the boulevard from Mokpo Station to the second plaza, carrying cards displaying the word "Freedom." Mokpo Station served as a hub for many groups supporting the people of Gwangju.[14]

On 1 October 1997, Mokpo celebrated its centennial as a port city, and announced the second opening of the port. Mokpo is the hometown of former President Kim Dae-jung, who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001.[15]

Following the sinking of MV Sewol on 16 April 2014, the ship was moved to Mokpo for salvage operations.[16]

Administration Edit

 
A view of the city.

Mayor Edit

Mokpo began its local government in 1994. In July 1995 it inaugurated its first mayor, Gwon I Dam, who had been the president of the Munhwa broadcasting corporation. The city's lack of supply in the past caused Gwon to focus on improving the city's water supplies. In 2000, the mayor officially provided aid for North Korea in the form of rice shipments.[17] However, Gwon came into conflict with the leaders of the Democratic Party over fair election practices, causing him to leave the party. He filed a lawsuit against the Democratic Party, which the courts subsequently rejected.[18]

Jeon Tae Hong, the next mayor, made some important contributions to Mokpo's government,[clarification needed][19] but he died suddenly in 2005.[20] Following his death, Jeong Jong Deuk was elected mayor, promising protection of the tourism industry.[21][22] Once in office, Deuk responded to concerns about the depressed condition of the old downtown area by establishing the Office of Original City Replanning and adopted the slogan "City of Light."[23]

Deuk was re-elected in 2006 and, during his second term, the city received several civil and tourism awards.[24][25] He faced criticism from the local press regarding Mokpo's ability to draw people into the city and changing the attitudes regarding the city's imbalanced economy.[26][27]

Another dispute arose in 2009, when non-governmental organizations based in Mokpo sued the government to disclose information about budgetary spending, which had been controlled by a city committee chosen by the mayor. The courts sided with the organizations, saying that the budget plan should be reported and monitored.[28]

Disputes upon merge Edit

In 2004, civil groups promoted merging the three adjacent communities: Sinan, Muan and Mokpo. On 25 September 2009, the city council of Mokpo officially submitted a plan to merge into one central government,[29][30] but the plan was voted down due to objections from the community.[31]

Population Edit

In 2007, the population of Mokpo had increased to 90,000 households, with an average of 2.7 people per household. The population density was the 10th highest in South Korea, and it was the second fastest-growing region (after Gyeonggi province). In 2010, the Bank of Korea reported that the population of western South Jeolla province was declining due to several economic, social and educational issues.[32]

Education Edit

One of the oldest elementary schools, Bukgyo, was established in 1897 for the aristocracy during the Joseon Dynasty, following Order No. 145 of the Gojong of the Korean Empire.[33] However, after its annexation by Japan, education in Mokpo was directed towards Japanese students.

Mokpo Commercial high school opened in 1920 as the first secondary-level school. Its name was later changed to Jeonnam Jeil high school. Former president Kim Dae Jung graduated from Jeil.

Universities Edit

Mokpo National University (MNU) became a nationally supported school in 1976, after 30 years of existence. The school has become regionally famous for its shipbuilding research and other culturally related fields of study.[34][35] A 2007 study of national universities ranked MNU highly, equal with Seoul National University and Jeonnam National University.[36] Mokpo National Maritime University is a government-funded school specializing in maritime-related studies.[37] Mokpo Catholic University was established in 1967 as Sungshin Nursing College, and later expanded its vocational training to include other fields.[38]

Economy Edit

The harbor began operations earlier than other port cities on the Korean peninsula, allowing the city to experience growth, whereas growth in the country since its independence has concentrated on the Yeongnam area, where trade with Japan and Russia are viable due to the access of coastal routes. The addition of the Chinese economy into the local trade prospects increases the city's potential as a trade center via the Yellow Sea.[39]

Commerce Edit

Until late 1980s, commerce had been concentrated around the original downtown near Mokpo Station. In the late 1990s, large residential areas were built in Yeonsan dong and Hadang, resulting in a significant outflow of the population of the city. This resulted in the city council adopting a bylaw to support the old downtown area,[40] however, the outward flow has only worsened.[41]

Economic power has been notably imbalanced by the opening of Lotte Mart in 2001 and E-Mart in 2002.[42] Home plus is the solitary large-scale market in Mokpo, located in old downtown near the Munhwa broadcasting corporation.[43]

The one exception to the declining economy of the city are the fish markets of Dongmyeong and North Harbor which have been a magnet for tourists and local people looking for octopus or other indigenous products. The economic bureau of the city has spent ₩300 million on promoting the market since early 2009.[44]

Companies Edit

Companies with operations in Mokpo include the Bohae brewing company and Haengnam chinaware. Bohae brewing company produces a brand of soju from the Honam area, of which the best selling product is maple soju (잎새주), the first company to using maple in the brewing of soju. Bohae also entered into a joint development with Asahi Breweries in Japan to expand its soju production operations. In 2008, Bohae became the first Korean brewing company to open up wine sales in the United States, with the exportation of its Rugby Ball wine.[45][46]

Another major company is Haengnam chinaware, established in May 1942. Its headquarters is in Mokpo, with two other branches, one in Seoul for design and public relations, and another in Yeoju for production. In 1953, the company was the first in Korea to develop coffee cup sets.[47] In 1963, they began trade in Hong Kong, with exports to China growing to more than 2 million dollars in 2008.[48] In 2011, its president signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Ministry of Environment of South Korea to develop a less pollutant-emitting process. The project also includes a publicity campaign to raise public awareness on environmental issues and their effect on rare species.[49][50]

Farming and fishing Edit

Mokpo is made up of sparsely populated farmland, with 1,326 households under a half hectare. The area produces high quantities of rice, barley, and beans, with greens and fruits such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and oriental melons increasing in popularity since 2001.[citation needed]

Ships from the harbor often travel to Heuksando to fish for skate and hairtail. Mokpo's yield of marine products reached 26,862 tons in 2006, consisting chiefly of fish, with of shellfish, mollusks, and seaweeds also contributing to the total. Mokpo is known for its harvest of small octopus, although this has declined in recent years. The number of fishermen had dropped to fewer than 3,000, but has been rising since 2007.[citation needed]

Industries Edit

The regional economy relies heavily on the Daebul industrial complex and Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries located near Yeongam. The imports of merchandise support the local economy of Mokpo as they pass through its harbor. The Halla group was the initial owners of Heavy Industries, until they were taken over by Hyundai, which changed the company name to Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries, with Samho meaning three lakes. By 2007, corporate profits amounted to more than 460 million, an increase of about 25% over those from 2006.[51][52] South Jeolla province succeeded in attracting a series of investors for renewable energy companies like solar panels. Innovation Silicon Ltd, invested 10bn won in developing a silicon producing complex.[53]

Geography Edit

Mokpo sits at the southern end of the Muan peninsula, although the city lies within Sinan county, which mostly consists of 1004 islands. Its neighbor, Muan county, extends northeastward, separated from Mokpo by the Yeongsan river. Yudal mountain (228m) sits at the center of old downtown, and is a source of pride within the city. Its nickname is Gaegol (Korean개골), meaning weird-shaped rocks and peaks. The side of the mountain caused roads around the downtown area to have a hilly aspect. Nojeokbong is a historic site where General Yi Soon Shin made use of its shape during the Japanese invasion. The city has small mountains nearby: Mt. Ibam (121m) to the east, and Yangeul (156m) and Daebak (156m) to the north.[54][55] The mouth of the Yeongsan River flows along the southern side of the city, containing 13 islands. The existence of a natural seawall created a natural safe harbor.

Most of the area of Mokpo consists of land reclamation, including Samhakdo, North harbor (Korean북항), and the new city of Hadang. According to the research by Mokpo National University, tributaries of the Yeongsan river crossed the central area of old downtown. This can be seen in the historic names of the Mokone Dong area: Namgyo-dong (southern side of bridge) and Bukgyo-dong (Northern side of bridge). Both names contained "gyo" (Korean; Hanja), meaning the bridge, indicating a bridge used to link the areas. Tideland reclamation projects removed large amounts of mud flats, including Daebandong, Baekryundong and the coastal shore around Gatbawi. Additionally, the municipal boundaries include 7 desert islands.

The wall at the end of the Yeongsan river prevented damage from flooding during harsh typhoons. Meanwhile, the water quality of the river has worsened to the point where the ministry in charge of environmental protection began studying the impacts made by man-made structures. In 2010, the ministry's report recommended that the seawall should be widened and that the dirty water be pumped out of the riverbeds into the harbor.[56]

Climate Edit

Mokpo
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
33
 
 
6
−2
 
 
42
 
 
8
−1
 
 
60
 
 
12
3
 
 
69
 
 
18
8
 
 
89
 
 
22
13
 
 
173
 
 
26
18
 
 
237
 
 
28
22
 
 
193
 
 
30
23
 
 
148
 
 
27
19
 
 
47
 
 
22
13
 
 
43
 
 
15
6
 
 
29
 
 
9
1
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.3
 
 
43
29
 
 
1.7
 
 
46
31
 
 
2.4
 
 
54
37
 
 
2.7
 
 
64
47
 
 
3.5
 
 
72
56
 
 
6.8
 
 
78
65
 
 
9.3
 
 
83
72
 
 
7.6
 
 
86
74
 
 
5.8
 
 
80
66
 
 
1.8
 
 
72
55
 
 
1.7
 
 
59
43
 
 
1.2
 
 
48
33
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Mokpo's weather station was built along with five other sites in Korea, and began observing weather conditions on 25 March 1904.[57] Mokpo's climate features a short spring and autumn, and it is cold and dry in the winter and warm and humid with seasonal winds in the summer. There is also significant rain in the summer, averaging 1,163 millimetres (45.8 in). Mokpo is usually windy and foggy in the spring and autumn due to its location near the ocean. Mokpo's long period (annual average of 223 days) without frost creates suitable conditions for rice farming. However, its seacoast location and the influence of the continental climate on the city often cause a great disparity between the rise and fall of daily and yearly temperatures. Mokpo, along with the rest of Sinan County, has the highest level of sunlight in Korea, enabling more efficient use of solar energy plants and related energy sources.[58] The frequency of yellow dust is quite similar to that of other cities like Seoul and Incheon, occurring about 10–11 days per year.[59]

The climate of Mokpo is a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa). Unexpected blizzards can sweep the region with strong gusts during winter, and the city experiences more than 30 days of snow, and 60 days below 0 °C (32 °F).[citation needed] Mokpo sometimes falls within the range of passing typhoons, and may suffer peripheral damage, including heavy precipitation during the summer and early autumn. In 2004, Typhoon Mindulle gave Mokpo a record rainfall of 64 millimetres (2.5 in) per hour.

Climate data for Mokpo (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1904–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4)
20.1
(68.2)
22.4
(72.3)
28.4
(83.1)
31.0
(87.8)
34.4
(93.9)
37.0
(98.6)
37.0
(98.6)
34.2
(93.6)
32.1
(89.8)
26.5
(79.7)
20.8
(69.4)
37.0
(98.6)
Average high °C (°F) 5.8
(42.4)
7.6
(45.7)
11.9
(53.4)
17.5
(63.5)
22.3
(72.1)
25.7
(78.3)
28.4
(83.1)
30.0
(86.0)
26.5
(79.7)
21.5
(70.7)
14.9
(58.8)
8.3
(46.9)
18.4
(65.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2)
3.0
(37.4)
6.9
(44.4)
12.4
(54.3)
17.5
(63.5)
21.6
(70.9)
25.1
(77.2)
26.3
(79.3)
22.3
(72.1)
16.6
(61.9)
10.4
(50.7)
4.2
(39.6)
14.0
(57.2)
Average low °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7)
−0.6
(30.9)
2.9
(37.2)
8.2
(46.8)
13.5
(56.3)
18.5
(65.3)
22.7
(72.9)
23.5
(74.3)
19.0
(66.2)
12.7
(54.9)
6.6
(43.9)
0.7
(33.3)
10.5
(50.9)
Record low °C (°F) −14.2
(6.4)
−12.0
(10.4)
−7.5
(18.5)
−1.4
(29.5)
3.2
(37.8)
9.8
(49.6)
14.8
(58.6)
13.7
(56.7)
8.4
(47.1)
1.0
(33.8)
−5.5
(22.1)
−11.6
(11.1)
−14.2
(6.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 31.8
(1.25)
36.8
(1.45)
64.9
(2.56)
80.3
(3.16)
91.3
(3.59)
150.2
(5.91)
220.7
(8.69)
209.0
(8.23)
137.7
(5.42)
58.9
(2.32)
48.9
(1.93)
37.2
(1.46)
1,167.7
(45.97)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 11.0 8.9 9.0 8.7 9.4 9.8 13.2 12.4 8.9 6.2 8.6 11.1 117.2
Average snowy days 9.5 5.6 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 7.8 26.1
Average relative humidity (%) 70.8 70.0 69.1 69.7 73.8 79.8 85.1 81.8 77.1 70.6 69.5 70.0 73.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 147.3 161.2 195.4 212.1 223.3 174.5 159.8 200.8 184.7 211.3 166.6 143.8 2,180.8
Percent possible sunshine 45.7 50.1 49.6 52.3 49.9 39.5 35.8 49.1 48.2 59.7 53.5 46.8 48.0
Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010)[60][61][62]

Transportation Edit

Railroad Edit

 
Mokpo Station

Mokpo station opened 15 May 1913, it is the final destination of Honam Line and accommodates over 1.2 million annually, as well as cargo shipments.[63]

The station is located near Yudal mountain, in the southwestern part of the city. The railroad ends inside the station, although a freight-only line continued on to Samhakdo, carrying coal for the industrial factories. Because of potential danger, the city removed the rail extension in 2011.[64]

On 1 April 2004, Korea Train Express advertised a three-hour travel time from Seoul to Mokpo, however, the actual time was longer due to the number of stops along the Honam Line. Three-hour travel was only possible when limiting the train to four stops: Seodaejeon, Iksan, Gwangjusongjeong, and finally Mokpo. However, that service has not been available since 2008. Then, there were 10 trains from Yongsan station to Mokpo, with a travel time of 195 minutes.

Since 2015, there has been a high-speed KTX service linking Mokpo and Yongsan Station within an average of 140 minutes. Limited services also allow passengers to travel further north to Seoul Station and Haengsin station in the city of Goyang.[citation needed]

Inland road Edit

See also :Roads and expressways in South Korea

The Seohaean Expressway connects Mokpo to Seoul via a 4-hour car ride. The Muan-Gwangju expressway was opened in 2008 to ease access to the Muan international airport.[citation needed] In 2012, the Mokpo to Gwangyang Highway opened, connecting the eastern and western ends of South Jeolla, as well as continuing on to Busan.[65]

National Route 1 was planned to connect Mokpo to Sineuju in North Korea. After the Korean War, however, the route was cut off at Imjingak near the truce village of Panmunjeom. It was not until 2000 when Route 1 was extended to North Korea's second largest city, Gaesung.

Bus Edit

Two companies provide most of the bus service in the local area. Since 2005, the companies and the city council agreed to expand the number of buses fueled by natural gas (NG), following a 3-year negotiation. The city agreed to assist the companies with a 21,000 US dollar per bus subsidy for each bus equipped with the NG equipment. As of 2006, 32 buses had been retrofitted with the natural gas equipment.[66] The growing suburbs around the city created a demand for additional lines, but there is conflict between the needs of the city and the profit margin of those new lines.

Riders may transfer between buses, free of charge, beginning on 1 March 2007. The lines are classified as inner circle, outer line and artery, which follows the commuting system of Seoul Buses.[67] Buses with a low-floor level were first deployed in South Jeolla province in 2007, although they still remain in limited service.[68]

Since 2008, a semi-public bus system has been explored, with the intent of expanding the role of the city government in determining bus routes. The core goal is to share responsibility for operations as well as control over spending and income. However, NGOs have withheld support for the idea, resulting in the policy having not been implemented.[69]

Airport Edit

Muan International Airport is the airport serving Mokpo. Previously, Mokpo Airport operated as the region's airport. The crash of Asiana Airlines Flight 733 in 1993 increased concerns about the airport, resulting in extending the runway 50 meters. However, the site still had fundamental drawbacks due to common foggy weather and the lack of related facilities.[70] Korean Air abolished the Gimpo-Mokpo route and Asiana Airlines started to slash services in 2004 with the removal of the Mokpo-Jeju route. The air companies announced deficits due to the high-speed railroad.[71][72]

The alternative to Mokpo Airport was Muan International Airport, whose construction was delayed for many years, leading to disappointment among the local people. Eventually, however, the airport was constructed, and Mokpo Airport closed its doors in 8 November 2007.[citation needed]

Sea Edit

 
Frontal coast seen from Yudal Mountain

Mokpo has three harbors: one each for ferry service, trading and fishing. The main harbor is used to ferry customers and cargoes around nearby islands, while North harbor conducts ferry service to Nonghyup. Additionally, the newly built harbor is used for container shipping to China.

Over 80 sea-going lines have been available, notably for Heuksando, Hongdo and Jeju, as well as ferries linking Sinan county. In 2002, the first cruise-line to Shanghai was opened for operation,[73] however, bankruptcy concerns forced the discontinuance of the cruise line after only five months. In July 2004, another attempt to start a cruise route to Shanghai, with a newly designed, smaller boat, failed due to Chinese objections.[74]

The Mokpo coastal terminal was originally built during the 1980s, with the government beginning an update in 2003. The 30bn won, 4-story terminal opened in February 2007.[75] Mokpo coastal terminal is currently configured to divide coastal from international travel.

The newly built harbor in Mokpo has seen a growing number of cargoes since it opened in 2004. The harbor set a record for civil investment in a seaport in South Korea.[76] Currently, sea routes have been established for China, Japan, Thailand, and Indonesia with municipal support.[77] In January 2011, Samsung electronics decided to choose Mokpo as their chief exporting harbor for merchandise from its factory in Gwangju.[78]

Ferries at coastal terminal Edit

Line Company Number Remarks
Heuksando, Hongdo, Gageodo /Dongyang Twice per day Fastsailing
Chuja-Byeokpa-Heuksan-Hongdo Unverified
Jeju Seaworld ferry Twice per day
Eupdong (Anjwa), Palguem, Amtae, Jaeun, Bigeum, Docho Also available to depart from Aphae harbour of Sinan
Bokho (Anjwa), Jangsan, Haui, Sinui, Sangtae Joyang Clippery Angel
Uidal, Dali, Yuledo and other islands Sinjin, Johang 5 times per day 11 times during seawater pool in Uidal island

Nonghyup ferry at North harbor Edit

Depart Arrival Company Remarks
North Harbor
Songgong of Aphae
Eupdong (Anjwa) Nonghyup at Anjwa
North Harbor
Songgong of Aphae
Gosan (Palguemdo)
5 small islands of Amtae
Sinan Nonghyup
North Harbor Biguem Biguem Nonghyup
North Harbor Docho Docho Nonghyup

Culture Edit

 
Night Sight of Mokpo
 
Old downtown with Luminarie
 
National maritime museum

Festivals Edit

A flower festival is held at Yudal mountain every April and May. The festival of Largehead Hairtail (Korean목포사랑은빛갈치축제) takes place around Yeongsan Lake every October. The festival is extremely popular among fishing fans and family tourists. A fishing contest is held, wherein great numbers of people take part, which is followed by a fireworks display.[79]

The Nanyeong Singing Memorial celebrates the famous singer, Lee Nan-young, whose song, "The Tear of Mokpo" gained wide popularity. The memorial was started in 1968 by the Honam Maeil newspaper but was stopped, but was restarted by MBC Mokpo and is held every autumn.

City of Light Edit

The city has a plan for promoting tourism in the old downtown, and South Jeolla province agreed to offer support for the city's plan.[80] This city's population decline has resulted in the closure of many shops, as well as a drastic reduction in the city's school system. For example, student enrollment at Sanjeong Elementary School has dropped to below 300 from a high of more than 3,000.[81] The project, entitled, "A City of Light", called for establishing a light show along the street which runs next to the railway station.[citation needed] However, environmentalists have lodged objections, arguing that the plan will have an irrevocable impact, harming the ecological balance of the mountain.[82]

In the new downtown area, there is now a fountain, which times its waters and light show to the beat of the song. This was to be expanded, but has confronted opposition from several civil groups since 2009.[83]

Islands offshore Edit

Outside of the harbor, thousands of islands dot the Yellow Sea, several of which are actually part of Mokpo. The government has promoted a program of constructing infrastructure on each island. With the slogan of "Lovely island, Uai-dal", Hanok residences on these islands, each with a saltwater pool, have served as accommodations for tourists during the summer.

One of the most famous islands, Goha-do, was used as a base for naval forces in the late 16th century when Japan invaded Joseon. The Japanese navy created artificial caves on this island to conceal armaments from the Allies during the Second World War. Two air-raid shelters have been found. The Mokpo Bridge was publicly opened in June 2012.

Museums Edit

Many museums in Mokpo are located near Gatbawi street, due to the city concentrating its investment to exhibition space in this area. The National Maritime museum is one of the oldest museums dedicated to the Korean naval and shipping traditions. The museum changed its name in 2009 to the Research Institute for Maritime History, due to its broadened function.[84] The Institute conducts surveys and research related to ancient ships, trade routes and relics, and is the only research institute for maritime relics in South Korea.[85][86]

The Mokpo Natural History Museum has a large collection of fossils from all over the world. It originally began as a single building, but has expanded into a second building, the Cultural Heritage Hall, which specializes in local relics dating as far back as prehistoric time. The museum has an extensive collection of samples and data regarding everything from dinosaur fossils to insects and cetaceans found in the Yellow Sea. One of the most significant displays is a nest of dinosaur eggs, found on Aphae island, which was restored and opened to the public in 2010. The eggs reach lengths greater than 40 cm, and have been dated to approximately 80 million years ago, during the Mesozoic period.[87] The Korea Forest Service chose the museum to record its samples of insects in a national database for biological resources in 2009.[88]

Namnong Memorial Hall commemorates the famed calligrapher, Heo Gun. The Hall is situated within a Korean traditional garden and features exhibitions on different series of his works.

The Mokpo Ceramic Museum opened in 2008, was funded by the government to establish ceramics and china exhibits from notable manufacturers. Meanwhile, the Literature hall of Mokpo (Korean목포문학관) is not far from the ceramic museum, and hosts literature classes for the general public, featuring specific writers or novels, to promote literature among the local population.[89]

Cuisine Edit

Being located close to the sea, the city's cuisine is characterized by seafood dishes. Mokpo is famous for hongeo-hoe (Korean홍어회), a strong smelling fermented dish featuring the skate, a kind of ray fish. Other delicacies of Mokpo are: kimchi and pyeonyuk (Korean홍어삼합); a variant of yeonpo-tang containing long arm octopus; hoe; and seasoned Portunus trituberculatus. The city started a public market for vendors selling their own delicacies, located downtown. [90]

Facilities for sports and cultural entertainment Edit

Yudal Stadium is located next to the 100 Year Memorial Avenue. The stadium consists of ballpark and an eight lane track. Behind the stadium, local groups are able to use public tennis courts. The ground floor of the stadium houses committees of diverse sports.

The city has attracted many athletes to train in the area during the winter, due to sunny and warm weather, and numerous accommodations. The city has been very successful in reaching agreements with 127 teams, totaling almost 6,000 athletes, who trained during the winter in 2004.[91] Since 2005, the focus has been on track and field sports to boost the number of visiting athletes.[92]

Recreational parks are located sparsely around Yudal mountain, while the city is in the process of constructing an additional park in the Samhakdo area.

The Mokpo Cultural Complex is located along the shore near Gatbawi, consisting of two buildings, one for performance and the other for exhibition. However, the complex is limited by its seating capacity: a maximum of 700 people for the two-story building.[93]

The Mokpo Civil Culture & Sports Center was built in 2003 to meet the needs of the increasing population in the downtown area. However, the operating fees have proven a burden to the province. It consists of three halls, with a capacity of more than 1,200 people.[94][95]

There are two libraries in Mokpo. The Civil Library of Mokpo opened in 1974 at the old consulate of Japan. In 1989, it moved closer to Yudal stadium, and consists of 4 stories, with 1,636 seats. The library is home to over 360,000 books, as well as having internet-access research rooms.[96][97] The Public Library of Mokpo is located near North Harbor. It began as part of the Mokpo Educational Institute, but has since gained independence.[citation needed]

Media Edit

Branch offices of KBS and MBC exist in Mokpo. KBS Mokpo was established in 1942, at a location close to the Yeon dong area, prior to its move next to the current city hall in Yongdang. MBC Mokpo was initially planned as a radio station when it opened in 1967, using a frequency of 1386 kHz.[98]

FEBC Mokpo opened an office in 1999, for Christian missions around the Honam area. For cable broadcasting, Honam Hanguk cable has its office in Hadang.

South of Mokpo at 34.679364 N 126.445148 E, there is a VLF-transmitter with two very tall masts ( height unknown).

Notable people from Mokpo Edit

Health care Edit

As of 2008, the number of doctors per capita was 11.41 per thousand, increasing from 10.45 of the prior year. The council of doctors in Mokpo city has stated that the ongoing economic improvement, as well as the growing populations, will cause the need for the construction of middle-sized or larger hospitals and clinics.[99]

Mokpo National hospital was established in 1962, specifically for the treatment of tuberculosis. Originally a city hospital, the state took over operations in 2002.[100]

The ministry of Health chose Mokpo and Incheon as a sites for operating medical helicopters. Hankook hospital was officially designated the location for these emergency services.[101]

Sister cities Edit

Symbols of Mokpo Edit

  • City Flower – White Magnolia
  • City Tree – Loquats
  • City Bird – Crane

Images Edit

See also Edit

References Edit

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  101. ^ 응급전용 헬기 7월부터 인천-목포서 운영 [Incheon-Mokpo Stations to operate emergency helicopters from July] (in Korean). Donga Ilbo. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  102. ^ "Mokpo-si (Jeollanam-do, The Republic of Korea)". City of Beppu. 1984. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  103. ^ . MASAN. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007.

Notes Edit

  • Two Jeolla provinces which Mokpo pertains to have been the critical base of the Democratic Party of South Korea. Before former president Kim took the presidency, he caught the strongest power in the reason as a root of his political supporting base. In this context, Mokpo and near area has been called the garden of Democrats.
  • Nonghyup ferries refer to the regular ferry operated by Nonghyup which is kind of banking and cooperating organ for farmers. The ferry connects each branch in several islands in Sinan and Mokpo.

External links Edit

mokpo, korean, pronunciation, pʰo, third, largest, most, densely, populated, city, south, jeolla, province, south, korea, located, southwestern, korean, peninsula, close, yudal, mountain, frequent, high, speed, train, services, seoul, terminus, number, ferry, . Mokpo Korean pronunciation mok pʰo Mokpo si is the third largest and most densely populated city in South Jeolla Province South Korea located at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula close to Yudal mountain Mokpo has frequent high speed train services to Seoul and is the terminus for a number of ferry routes serving islands in the adjacent Yellow Sea and Dadohae National Maritime Park Mokpo 목포시Municipal cityKorean transcription s Hangul목포시 Hanja木浦市 Revised RomanizationMokpo si McCune ReischauerMokp o siPanorama view of Mokpo from YudalsanFlagEmblem of MokpoLocation in South KoreaCoordinates 34 45 32 N 126 22 48 E 34 7589 N 126 38 E 34 7589 126 38Country South KoreaProvinceSouth JeollaAdministrative divisions22 dongGovernment MayorBak Hong ryul 박홍률 Area Total50 08 km2 19 34 sq mi Population November 2022 Total217 041 Density4 300 km2 11 000 sq mi Time zoneUTC 9 Korea Standard Time Area code 82 61During the Japanese Occupation 1910 1945 Mokpo served as a crucial port for both commercial ventures and public transportation due to its location along the sea routes between the Japanese archipelago and the Chinese mainland The large number of islands surrounding Mokpo have also served as a protective barrier making the city less vulnerable to high tides and tsunamis In the occupation era large residential areas were built to accommodate the Japanese colonists which are now the city s historic districts The end of World War II and Korea s independence in 1945 were responsible for the city slowly losing its position as a host to major government organizations and wartime industries This led to a reduction in the size of Mokpo which is currently a mid sized city of the Honam region Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Mahan and Three Kingdoms eras 2 2 Goryeo and Joseon dynasties 2 3 Open port 2 4 Under Japanese rule 2 5 After independence 3 Administration 3 1 Mayor 3 2 Disputes upon merge 3 3 Population 4 Education 4 1 Universities 5 Economy 5 1 Commerce 5 2 Companies 5 3 Farming and fishing 5 4 Industries 6 Geography 6 1 Climate 7 Transportation 7 1 Railroad 7 2 Inland road 7 3 Bus 7 4 Airport 7 5 Sea 7 5 1 Ferries at coastal terminal 7 5 2 Nonghyup ferry at North harbor 8 Culture 8 1 Festivals 8 2 City of Light 8 3 Islands offshore 8 4 Museums 8 5 Cuisine 8 6 Facilities for sports and cultural entertainment 9 Media 10 Notable people from Mokpo 11 Health care 12 Sister cities 13 Symbols of Mokpo 14 Images 15 See also 16 References 17 Notes 18 External linksEtymology EditThe term Mokpo 木浦 in Hanja loosely translates as the harbour with a large portion of forests This terminology initially appeared in the Goryeosa History of Goryeo Therefore some historians argue that the city s name referred to trees within the region of the port of Mokpo Another theory suggests that the mok in the city s name refers to the throat a metaphor for the importance of the city s location as an entrance to the Yellow Sea 1 History EditMahan and Three Kingdoms eras Edit Mokpo belonged to the Mahan confederacy during the early era of the three Han confederacies during the Samhan period and was called Mul ahye gun while under the control of the Baekje kingdom After Silla defeated Baekje Mokpo s region was absorbed and its name was changed to Myeonju In 946 its name was once again changed to Mullyang gun and it became part of the Muan prefecture in the Haeyang province At the time the prefecture of Muan referred to a much larger area which incorporated not only Mokpo but also the area currently called Muan and several islands of Sinan county 2 According to a KBS documentary coastal and offshore areas of Mokpo witnessed superior productivity of crops and important shipping routes to Naju were established along the Yeongsan River 3 Goryeo and Joseon dynasties Edit nbsp To commemorate his role in the region s history a statue of Admiral Yi Sun sin now stands guard over Mokpo What is today known as Mokpo had its origins in the Goryeo period That dynasty s founder Wang Geon was serving as a general for later Goguryeo also known as Taebong ruled by Gung Ye Taebong covered the central area of the Korean peninsula including current day Gaeseong which was then called Song ak As a naval power Wang Geon was ordered to attack the kingdom of Later Baekje which like later Goguryeo was a kingdom which emerged after the disintegration of Unified Silla The operation met fairly successful results During this time Wang Geon met his second queen Queen Janghwa with whom he had a son who eventually became Hyejong of Goryeo In 1439 21 years after King Sejong of the Joseon Dynasty came to power the Mokpo garrison jin was established which was designed to control twelve offshore islands During the Japanese invasions of Korea 1592 1598 Admiral Yi Sun sin established a garrison of naval forces at Mokpo and the island of Goha to secure a base for provisions and ship repairs such as the turtle ships also known as the geobukseon and panokseon 4 Open port Edit On 1 October 1897 Mokpo became an open port fifteen years after the opening of the port of Incheon For Japan Mokpo held a geographical advantage being located midway between Nagasaki Japan and the Chinese mainland Japan also valued Mokpo for its proximity to the abundant crops of the Jeolla provinces After its opening housing for Japanese settlers was rapidly developed to establish self government 5 The Japanese settled predominately in what is today the Yudal dong neighborhood close to the main port The Japanese consulate remained there until the establishment of the Japanese protectorate over Korea The Japanese settlers gradually bought farmland in the vicinity of Mokpo which had previously been illegal These agricultural fields were desirable because they were inexpensive and not heavily taxed The resulting harvests from these fields made rice cheaper in Japan although the price of rice in Jeolla province doubled as a result 6 After 1905 the influx of Japanese settlers increased and they expanded into Geumhwa dong where many cherry trees were planted along the street Japanese called this area Sakuramachi which means the downtown of cherry blossom trees 7 With Korea s full annexation by Japan in 1910 the city was given a new name Mokpo bu and saw the construction of the colonial institution the Oriental Development Company 8 Under Japanese rule Edit See also Korea under Japanese ruleMokpo s status as an open port made it a viable option to use the nearby county of Wando as a link to the region s many offshore islands In 1914 the completion of the Honam railway line connected the city to Daejeon On 1 April 1914 the county of Mokpo bu was divided into several administrative sections Only the county s urban downtown area Bunae myeon became what is today Mokpo City Following Order Number 11 of the General Japanese Government of Korea Muan county incorporated Jido Palguem and Docho which were the other areas formerly comprising Mokpo bu During the Japanese colonial period Mokpo s harbor was used to forcibly export the produce of the region In 1918 the colonists established ginning facilities for manufacturing large amounts of goods in both Mokpo and Iri current Iksan in North Jeolla province 9 In 1932 the city incorporated parts of Muan becoming the 6th largest city in the Korean peninsula with a population of 60 000 Indigenous products were cloth rice salt and coastal foods 10 The harbor played an important role supplying goods to Japan including large quantities of cotton 11 After independence Edit In 1949 Mokpo Bu was redesignated Mokpo City after the government altered the administrative region In 1973 and 1987 large areas were added to Mokpo city including one of the most famous tourist spots Samhakdo Three Crane Island Samhakdo was reclaimed by connecting a series of islands a process of landfill operations which lasted from 1968 to 1973 The island is divided into three major sections and over six years the city constructed five bridges to link those three sections In 2000 the city initiated a plan to restore a naturalized island for tourism which brought tremendous criticism from environmental groups On 1 March 2007 Samhakdo was opened to the public 12 13 Other projects in Mokpo included a coastal filling process near the North Harbor and the building of a new port in Chungmu dong In 1980 the Gwangju Democratization Movement swept the area In Mokpo student movements were initiated by several people marching along the boulevard from Mokpo Station to the second plaza carrying cards displaying the word Freedom Mokpo Station served as a hub for many groups supporting the people of Gwangju 14 On 1 October 1997 Mokpo celebrated its centennial as a port city and announced the second opening of the port Mokpo is the hometown of former President Kim Dae jung who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001 15 Following the sinking of MV Sewol on 16 April 2014 the ship was moved to Mokpo for salvage operations 16 Administration Edit nbsp A view of the city Mayor Edit Mokpo began its local government in 1994 In July 1995 it inaugurated its first mayor Gwon I Dam who had been the president of the Munhwa broadcasting corporation The city s lack of supply in the past caused Gwon to focus on improving the city s water supplies In 2000 the mayor officially provided aid for North Korea in the form of rice shipments 17 However Gwon came into conflict with the leaders of the Democratic Party over fair election practices causing him to leave the party He filed a lawsuit against the Democratic Party which the courts subsequently rejected 18 Jeon Tae Hong the next mayor made some important contributions to Mokpo s government clarification needed 19 but he died suddenly in 2005 20 Following his death Jeong Jong Deuk was elected mayor promising protection of the tourism industry 21 22 Once in office Deuk responded to concerns about the depressed condition of the old downtown area by establishing the Office of Original City Replanning and adopted the slogan City of Light 23 Deuk was re elected in 2006 and during his second term the city received several civil and tourism awards 24 25 He faced criticism from the local press regarding Mokpo s ability to draw people into the city and changing the attitudes regarding the city s imbalanced economy 26 27 Another dispute arose in 2009 when non governmental organizations based in Mokpo sued the government to disclose information about budgetary spending which had been controlled by a city committee chosen by the mayor The courts sided with the organizations saying that the budget plan should be reported and monitored 28 Disputes upon merge Edit In 2004 civil groups promoted merging the three adjacent communities Sinan Muan and Mokpo On 25 September 2009 the city council of Mokpo officially submitted a plan to merge into one central government 29 30 but the plan was voted down due to objections from the community 31 Population Edit In 2007 the population of Mokpo had increased to 90 000 households with an average of 2 7 people per household The population density was the 10th highest in South Korea and it was the second fastest growing region after Gyeonggi province In 2010 the Bank of Korea reported that the population of western South Jeolla province was declining due to several economic social and educational issues 32 Education EditSee also Education in South Korea One of the oldest elementary schools Bukgyo was established in 1897 for the aristocracy during the Joseon Dynasty following Order No 145 of the Gojong of the Korean Empire 33 However after its annexation by Japan education in Mokpo was directed towards Japanese students Mokpo Commercial high school opened in 1920 as the first secondary level school Its name was later changed to Jeonnam Jeil high school Former president Kim Dae Jung graduated from Jeil Universities Edit Mokpo National University MNU became a nationally supported school in 1976 after 30 years of existence The school has become regionally famous for its shipbuilding research and other culturally related fields of study 34 35 A 2007 study of national universities ranked MNU highly equal with Seoul National University and Jeonnam National University 36 Mokpo National Maritime University is a government funded school specializing in maritime related studies 37 Mokpo Catholic University was established in 1967 as Sungshin Nursing College and later expanded its vocational training to include other fields 38 Economy EditThe harbor began operations earlier than other port cities on the Korean peninsula allowing the city to experience growth whereas growth in the country since its independence has concentrated on the Yeongnam area where trade with Japan and Russia are viable due to the access of coastal routes The addition of the Chinese economy into the local trade prospects increases the city s potential as a trade center via the Yellow Sea 39 Commerce Edit Until late 1980s commerce had been concentrated around the original downtown near Mokpo Station In the late 1990s large residential areas were built in Yeonsan dong and Hadang resulting in a significant outflow of the population of the city This resulted in the city council adopting a bylaw to support the old downtown area 40 however the outward flow has only worsened 41 Economic power has been notably imbalanced by the opening of Lotte Mart in 2001 and E Mart in 2002 42 Home plus is the solitary large scale market in Mokpo located in old downtown near the Munhwa broadcasting corporation 43 The one exception to the declining economy of the city are the fish markets of Dongmyeong and North Harbor which have been a magnet for tourists and local people looking for octopus or other indigenous products The economic bureau of the city has spent 300 million on promoting the market since early 2009 44 Companies Edit Companies with operations in Mokpo include the Bohae brewing company and Haengnam chinaware Bohae brewing company produces a brand of soju from the Honam area of which the best selling product is maple soju 잎새주 the first company to using maple in the brewing of soju Bohae also entered into a joint development with Asahi Breweries in Japan to expand its soju production operations In 2008 Bohae became the first Korean brewing company to open up wine sales in the United States with the exportation of its Rugby Ball wine 45 46 Another major company is Haengnam chinaware established in May 1942 Its headquarters is in Mokpo with two other branches one in Seoul for design and public relations and another in Yeoju for production In 1953 the company was the first in Korea to develop coffee cup sets 47 In 1963 they began trade in Hong Kong with exports to China growing to more than 2 million dollars in 2008 48 In 2011 its president signed a Memorandum of Understanding MOU with the Ministry of Environment of South Korea to develop a less pollutant emitting process The project also includes a publicity campaign to raise public awareness on environmental issues and their effect on rare species 49 50 Farming and fishing Edit Mokpo is made up of sparsely populated farmland with 1 326 households under a half hectare The area produces high quantities of rice barley and beans with greens and fruits such as tomatoes cucumbers and oriental melons increasing in popularity since 2001 citation needed Ships from the harbor often travel to Heuksando to fish for skate and hairtail Mokpo s yield of marine products reached 26 862 tons in 2006 consisting chiefly of fish with of shellfish mollusks and seaweeds also contributing to the total Mokpo is known for its harvest of small octopus although this has declined in recent years The number of fishermen had dropped to fewer than 3 000 but has been rising since 2007 citation needed Industries Edit The regional economy relies heavily on the Daebul industrial complex and Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries located near Yeongam The imports of merchandise support the local economy of Mokpo as they pass through its harbor The Halla group was the initial owners of Heavy Industries until they were taken over by Hyundai which changed the company name to Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries with Samho meaning three lakes By 2007 corporate profits amounted to more than 460 million an increase of about 25 over those from 2006 51 52 South Jeolla province succeeded in attracting a series of investors for renewable energy companies like solar panels Innovation Silicon Ltd invested 10bn won in developing a silicon producing complex 53 Geography EditMokpo sits at the southern end of the Muan peninsula although the city lies within Sinan county which mostly consists of 1004 islands Its neighbor Muan county extends northeastward separated from Mokpo by the Yeongsan river Yudal mountain 228m sits at the center of old downtown and is a source of pride within the city Its nickname is Gaegol Korean 개골 meaning weird shaped rocks and peaks The side of the mountain caused roads around the downtown area to have a hilly aspect Nojeokbong is a historic site where General Yi Soon Shin made use of its shape during the Japanese invasion The city has small mountains nearby Mt Ibam 121m to the east and Yangeul 156m and Daebak 156m to the north 54 55 The mouth of the Yeongsan River flows along the southern side of the city containing 13 islands The existence of a natural seawall created a natural safe harbor Most of the area of Mokpo consists of land reclamation including Samhakdo North harbor Korean 북항 and the new city of Hadang According to the research by Mokpo National University tributaries of the Yeongsan river crossed the central area of old downtown This can be seen in the historic names of the Mokone Dong area Namgyo dong southern side of bridge and Bukgyo dong Northern side of bridge Both names contained gyo Korean 교 Hanja 橋 meaning the bridge indicating a bridge used to link the areas Tideland reclamation projects removed large amounts of mud flats including Daebandong Baekryundong and the coastal shore around Gatbawi Additionally the municipal boundaries include 7 desert islands The wall at the end of the Yeongsan river prevented damage from flooding during harsh typhoons Meanwhile the water quality of the river has worsened to the point where the ministry in charge of environmental protection began studying the impacts made by man made structures In 2010 the ministry s report recommended that the seawall should be widened and that the dirty water be pumped out of the riverbeds into the harbor 56 Climate Edit MokpoClimate chart explanation J F M A M J J A S O N D 33 6 2 42 8 1 60 12 3 69 18 8 89 22 13 173 26 18 237 28 22 193 30 23 148 27 19 47 22 13 43 15 6 29 9 1 Average max and min temperatures in C Precipitation totals in mmImperial conversionJFMAMJJASOND 1 3 43 29 1 7 46 31 2 4 54 37 2 7 64 47 3 5 72 56 6 8 78 65 9 3 83 72 7 6 86 74 5 8 80 66 1 8 72 55 1 7 59 43 1 2 48 33 Average max and min temperatures in F Precipitation totals in inchesMokpo s weather station was built along with five other sites in Korea and began observing weather conditions on 25 March 1904 57 Mokpo s climate features a short spring and autumn and it is cold and dry in the winter and warm and humid with seasonal winds in the summer There is also significant rain in the summer averaging 1 163 millimetres 45 8 in Mokpo is usually windy and foggy in the spring and autumn due to its location near the ocean Mokpo s long period annual average of 223 days without frost creates suitable conditions for rice farming However its seacoast location and the influence of the continental climate on the city often cause a great disparity between the rise and fall of daily and yearly temperatures Mokpo along with the rest of Sinan County has the highest level of sunlight in Korea enabling more efficient use of solar energy plants and related energy sources 58 The frequency of yellow dust is quite similar to that of other cities like Seoul and Incheon occurring about 10 11 days per year 59 The climate of Mokpo is a humid subtropical climate Koppen Cfa Unexpected blizzards can sweep the region with strong gusts during winter and the city experiences more than 30 days of snow and 60 days below 0 C 32 F citation needed Mokpo sometimes falls within the range of passing typhoons and may suffer peripheral damage including heavy precipitation during the summer and early autumn In 2004 Typhoon Mindulle gave Mokpo a record rainfall of 64 millimetres 2 5 in per hour Climate data for Mokpo 1991 2020 normals extremes 1904 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 18 0 64 4 20 1 68 2 22 4 72 3 28 4 83 1 31 0 87 8 34 4 93 9 37 0 98 6 37 0 98 6 34 2 93 6 32 1 89 8 26 5 79 7 20 8 69 4 37 0 98 6 Average high C F 5 8 42 4 7 6 45 7 11 9 53 4 17 5 63 5 22 3 72 1 25 7 78 3 28 4 83 1 30 0 86 0 26 5 79 7 21 5 70 7 14 9 58 8 8 3 46 9 18 4 65 1 Daily mean C F 1 8 35 2 3 0 37 4 6 9 44 4 12 4 54 3 17 5 63 5 21 6 70 9 25 1 77 2 26 3 79 3 22 3 72 1 16 6 61 9 10 4 50 7 4 2 39 6 14 0 57 2 Average low C F 1 3 29 7 0 6 30 9 2 9 37 2 8 2 46 8 13 5 56 3 18 5 65 3 22 7 72 9 23 5 74 3 19 0 66 2 12 7 54 9 6 6 43 9 0 7 33 3 10 5 50 9 Record low C F 14 2 6 4 12 0 10 4 7 5 18 5 1 4 29 5 3 2 37 8 9 8 49 6 14 8 58 6 13 7 56 7 8 4 47 1 1 0 33 8 5 5 22 1 11 6 11 1 14 2 6 4 Average precipitation mm inches 31 8 1 25 36 8 1 45 64 9 2 56 80 3 3 16 91 3 3 59 150 2 5 91 220 7 8 69 209 0 8 23 137 7 5 42 58 9 2 32 48 9 1 93 37 2 1 46 1 167 7 45 97 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 11 0 8 9 9 0 8 7 9 4 9 8 13 2 12 4 8 9 6 2 8 6 11 1 117 2Average snowy days 9 5 5 6 1 9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 7 8 26 1Average relative humidity 70 8 70 0 69 1 69 7 73 8 79 8 85 1 81 8 77 1 70 6 69 5 70 0 73 9Mean monthly sunshine hours 147 3 161 2 195 4 212 1 223 3 174 5 159 8 200 8 184 7 211 3 166 6 143 8 2 180 8Percent possible sunshine 45 7 50 1 49 6 52 3 49 9 39 5 35 8 49 1 48 2 59 7 53 5 46 8 48 0Source Korea Meteorological Administration percent sunshine 1981 2010 60 61 62 Transportation EditRailroad Edit nbsp Mokpo StationMokpo station opened 15 May 1913 it is the final destination of Honam Line and accommodates over 1 2 million annually as well as cargo shipments 63 The station is located near Yudal mountain in the southwestern part of the city The railroad ends inside the station although a freight only line continued on to Samhakdo carrying coal for the industrial factories Because of potential danger the city removed the rail extension in 2011 64 On 1 April 2004 Korea Train Express advertised a three hour travel time from Seoul to Mokpo however the actual time was longer due to the number of stops along the Honam Line Three hour travel was only possible when limiting the train to four stops Seodaejeon Iksan Gwangjusongjeong and finally Mokpo However that service has not been available since 2008 Then there were 10 trains from Yongsan station to Mokpo with a travel time of 195 minutes Since 2015 there has been a high speed KTX service linking Mokpo and Yongsan Station within an average of 140 minutes Limited services also allow passengers to travel further north to Seoul Station and Haengsin station in the city of Goyang citation needed Inland road Edit See also Roads and expressways in South KoreaThe Seohaean Expressway connects Mokpo to Seoul via a 4 hour car ride The Muan Gwangju expressway was opened in 2008 to ease access to the Muan international airport citation needed In 2012 the Mokpo to Gwangyang Highway opened connecting the eastern and western ends of South Jeolla as well as continuing on to Busan 65 National Route 1 was planned to connect Mokpo to Sineuju in North Korea After the Korean War however the route was cut off at Imjingak near the truce village of Panmunjeom It was not until 2000 when Route 1 was extended to North Korea s second largest city Gaesung Bus Edit Two companies provide most of the bus service in the local area Since 2005 the companies and the city council agreed to expand the number of buses fueled by natural gas NG following a 3 year negotiation The city agreed to assist the companies with a 21 000 US dollar per bus subsidy for each bus equipped with the NG equipment As of 2006 32 buses had been retrofitted with the natural gas equipment 66 The growing suburbs around the city created a demand for additional lines but there is conflict between the needs of the city and the profit margin of those new lines Riders may transfer between buses free of charge beginning on 1 March 2007 The lines are classified as inner circle outer line and artery which follows the commuting system of Seoul Buses 67 Buses with a low floor level were first deployed in South Jeolla province in 2007 although they still remain in limited service 68 Since 2008 a semi public bus system has been explored with the intent of expanding the role of the city government in determining bus routes The core goal is to share responsibility for operations as well as control over spending and income However NGOs have withheld support for the idea resulting in the policy having not been implemented 69 Airport Edit Muan International Airport is the airport serving Mokpo Previously Mokpo Airport operated as the region s airport The crash of Asiana Airlines Flight 733 in 1993 increased concerns about the airport resulting in extending the runway 50 meters However the site still had fundamental drawbacks due to common foggy weather and the lack of related facilities 70 Korean Air abolished the Gimpo Mokpo route and Asiana Airlines started to slash services in 2004 with the removal of the Mokpo Jeju route The air companies announced deficits due to the high speed railroad 71 72 The alternative to Mokpo Airport was Muan International Airport whose construction was delayed for many years leading to disappointment among the local people Eventually however the airport was constructed and Mokpo Airport closed its doors in 8 November 2007 citation needed Sea Edit nbsp Frontal coast seen from Yudal MountainMokpo has three harbors one each for ferry service trading and fishing The main harbor is used to ferry customers and cargoes around nearby islands while North harbor conducts ferry service to Nonghyup Additionally the newly built harbor is used for container shipping to China Over 80 sea going lines have been available notably for Heuksando Hongdo and Jeju as well as ferries linking Sinan county In 2002 the first cruise line to Shanghai was opened for operation 73 however bankruptcy concerns forced the discontinuance of the cruise line after only five months In July 2004 another attempt to start a cruise route to Shanghai with a newly designed smaller boat failed due to Chinese objections 74 The Mokpo coastal terminal was originally built during the 1980s with the government beginning an update in 2003 The 30bn won 4 story terminal opened in February 2007 75 Mokpo coastal terminal is currently configured to divide coastal from international travel The newly built harbor in Mokpo has seen a growing number of cargoes since it opened in 2004 The harbor set a record for civil investment in a seaport in South Korea 76 Currently sea routes have been established for China Japan Thailand and Indonesia with municipal support 77 In January 2011 Samsung electronics decided to choose Mokpo as their chief exporting harbor for merchandise from its factory in Gwangju 78 Ferries at coastal terminal Edit Line Company Number RemarksHeuksando Hongdo Gageodo Namhae Express Dongyang Twice per day FastsailingChuja Byeokpa Heuksan Hongdo Jindo Transportation UnverifiedJeju Seaworld ferry Twice per dayEupdong Anjwa Palguem Amtae Jaeun Bigeum Docho Daeheung Also available to depart from Aphae harbour of SinanBokho Anjwa Jangsan Haui Sinui Sangtae Joyang Clippery AngelUidal Dali Yuledo and other islands Sinjin Johang 5 times per day 11 times during seawater pool in Uidal islandNonghyup ferry at North harbor Edit Depart Arrival Company RemarksNorth Harbor Songgong of Aphae Eupdong Anjwa Nonghyup at AnjwaNorth Harbor Songgong of Aphae Gosan Palguemdo 5 small islands of Amtae Sinan NonghyupNorth Harbor Biguem Biguem NonghyupNorth Harbor Docho Docho NonghyupCulture Edit nbsp Night Sight of Mokpo nbsp Old downtown with Luminarie nbsp National maritime museumFestivals Edit A flower festival is held at Yudal mountain every April and May The festival of Largehead Hairtail Korean 목포사랑은빛갈치축제 takes place around Yeongsan Lake every October The festival is extremely popular among fishing fans and family tourists A fishing contest is held wherein great numbers of people take part which is followed by a fireworks display 79 The Nanyeong Singing Memorial celebrates the famous singer Lee Nan young whose song The Tear of Mokpo gained wide popularity The memorial was started in 1968 by the Honam Maeil newspaper but was stopped but was restarted by MBC Mokpo and is held every autumn City of Light Edit The city has a plan for promoting tourism in the old downtown and South Jeolla province agreed to offer support for the city s plan 80 This city s population decline has resulted in the closure of many shops as well as a drastic reduction in the city s school system For example student enrollment at Sanjeong Elementary School has dropped to below 300 from a high of more than 3 000 81 The project entitled A City of Light called for establishing a light show along the street which runs next to the railway station citation needed However environmentalists have lodged objections arguing that the plan will have an irrevocable impact harming the ecological balance of the mountain 82 In the new downtown area there is now a fountain which times its waters and light show to the beat of the song This was to be expanded but has confronted opposition from several civil groups since 2009 83 Islands offshore Edit Outside of the harbor thousands of islands dot the Yellow Sea several of which are actually part of Mokpo The government has promoted a program of constructing infrastructure on each island With the slogan of Lovely island Uai dal Hanok residences on these islands each with a saltwater pool have served as accommodations for tourists during the summer One of the most famous islands Goha do was used as a base for naval forces in the late 16th century when Japan invaded Joseon The Japanese navy created artificial caves on this island to conceal armaments from the Allies during the Second World War Two air raid shelters have been found The Mokpo Bridge was publicly opened in June 2012 Museums Edit Many museums in Mokpo are located near Gatbawi street due to the city concentrating its investment to exhibition space in this area The National Maritime museum is one of the oldest museums dedicated to the Korean naval and shipping traditions The museum changed its name in 2009 to the Research Institute for Maritime History due to its broadened function 84 The Institute conducts surveys and research related to ancient ships trade routes and relics and is the only research institute for maritime relics in South Korea 85 86 The Mokpo Natural History Museum has a large collection of fossils from all over the world It originally began as a single building but has expanded into a second building the Cultural Heritage Hall which specializes in local relics dating as far back as prehistoric time The museum has an extensive collection of samples and data regarding everything from dinosaur fossils to insects and cetaceans found in the Yellow Sea One of the most significant displays is a nest of dinosaur eggs found on Aphae island which was restored and opened to the public in 2010 The eggs reach lengths greater than 40 cm and have been dated to approximately 80 million years ago during the Mesozoic period 87 The Korea Forest Service chose the museum to record its samples of insects in a national database for biological resources in 2009 88 Namnong Memorial Hall commemorates the famed calligrapher Heo Gun The Hall is situated within a Korean traditional garden and features exhibitions on different series of his works The Mokpo Ceramic Museum opened in 2008 was funded by the government to establish ceramics and china exhibits from notable manufacturers Meanwhile the Literature hall of Mokpo Korean 목포문학관 is not far from the ceramic museum and hosts literature classes for the general public featuring specific writers or novels to promote literature among the local population 89 Cuisine Edit Being located close to the sea the city s cuisine is characterized by seafood dishes Mokpo is famous for hongeo hoe Korean 홍어회 a strong smelling fermented dish featuring the skate a kind of ray fish Other delicacies of Mokpo are kimchi and pyeonyuk Korean 홍어삼합 a variant of yeonpo tang containing long arm octopus hoe and seasoned Portunus trituberculatus The city started a public market for vendors selling their own delicacies located downtown 90 Facilities for sports and cultural entertainment Edit Yudal Stadium is located next to the 100 Year Memorial Avenue The stadium consists of ballpark and an eight lane track Behind the stadium local groups are able to use public tennis courts The ground floor of the stadium houses committees of diverse sports The city has attracted many athletes to train in the area during the winter due to sunny and warm weather and numerous accommodations The city has been very successful in reaching agreements with 127 teams totaling almost 6 000 athletes who trained during the winter in 2004 91 Since 2005 the focus has been on track and field sports to boost the number of visiting athletes 92 Recreational parks are located sparsely around Yudal mountain while the city is in the process of constructing an additional park in the Samhakdo area The Mokpo Cultural Complex is located along the shore near Gatbawi consisting of two buildings one for performance and the other for exhibition However the complex is limited by its seating capacity a maximum of 700 people for the two story building 93 The Mokpo Civil Culture amp Sports Center was built in 2003 to meet the needs of the increasing population in the downtown area However the operating fees have proven a burden to the province It consists of three halls with a capacity of more than 1 200 people 94 95 There are two libraries in Mokpo The Civil Library of Mokpo opened in 1974 at the old consulate of Japan In 1989 it moved closer to Yudal stadium and consists of 4 stories with 1 636 seats The library is home to over 360 000 books as well as having internet access research rooms 96 97 The Public Library of Mokpo is located near North Harbor It began as part of the Mokpo Educational Institute but has since gained independence citation needed Media EditBranch offices of KBS and MBC exist in Mokpo KBS Mokpo was established in 1942 at a location close to the Yeon dong area prior to its move next to the current city hall in Yongdang MBC Mokpo was initially planned as a radio station when it opened in 1967 using a frequency of 1386 kHz 98 FEBC Mokpo opened an office in 1999 for Christian missions around the Honam area For cable broadcasting Honam Hanguk cable has its office in Hadang South of Mokpo at 34 679364 N 126 445148 E there is a VLF transmitter with two very tall masts height unknown Notable people from Mokpo EditHyginus Kim Hee jong born 21 January 1947 the 5th Archbishop of Gwangju Hangul 김희중 Seo Su yeon born 8 January 1986 South Korean para table tennis player Hangul 서수연 Kim Bo mi born 7 October 1985 South Korean field hockey player Hangul 김보미 Eun Mihee born 20 September 1960 South Korean novelist writer columnist and college lecturer Hangul 은미희 Choi Jin hyuk born 9 February 1986 South Korean actor Real Name Kim Tae ho Hangul 김태호 Jung Man sik born 11 December 1974 South Korean actor Hangul 정만식 Kim Kyung ho born 7 June 1971 South Korean singer and rock star Hangul 김경호 Soon Tek Oh 1932 2018 Korean American actor Hangul 오순택 Park Na rae born 25 October 1985 South Korean comedian Hangul 박나래 Lee Nan young 1916 1965 South Korean singer and actress Hangul 이난영 Nam Jin born 27 September 1946 South Korean trot singer Real Name Kim Nam jin Hangul 김남진 Donghae born 15 October 1986 singer songwriter rapper dancer model producer actor businessman and K pop idol member of K pop boygroup Super Junior and its subgroups Super Junior D amp E and Super Junior M Real Name Lee Dong hae Hangul 이동해 Youngjae born 17 September 1996 singer dancer actor radio DJ songwriter producer and K pop idol member of K pop boygroup Got7 Real Name Choi Young jae Hangul 최영재 Zelo born 15 October 1996 singer rapper dancer model beatboxer and K pop idol former member of K pop boygroup B A P Real Name Choi Jun hong Hangul 최준홍 Oh Ji ho born 14 April 1976 a South Korean actor Hangul 오지호 Health care EditAs of 2008 the number of doctors per capita was 11 41 per thousand increasing from 10 45 of the prior year The council of doctors in Mokpo city has stated that the ongoing economic improvement as well as the growing populations will cause the need for the construction of middle sized or larger hospitals and clinics 99 Mokpo National hospital was established in 1962 specifically for the treatment of tuberculosis Originally a city hospital the state took over operations in 2002 100 The ministry of Health chose Mokpo and Incheon as a sites for operating medical helicopters Hankook hospital was officially designated the location for these emergency services 101 Public medical institute Mokpo Medical Center Mokpo National Hospital General hospital Hankook Hospital Dongshin University Oriental Hospital Mokpo Christian Hospital Joongang Hospital Mokpo Miz i Hospital Mokpo MIR Dental HospitalSister cities Edit nbsp Beppu Ōita Japan 1984 10 01 102 nbsp Hammerfest Norway 1962 03 23 citation needed nbsp Lianyungang Jiangsu China 1992 11 01 citation needed nbsp Changwon South Gyeongsang 1998 12 24 103 nbsp Seodaemun gu Seoul 2005 04 18 citation needed nbsp Xiamen Fujian China 2007 07 25 citation needed nbsp Jeonju North Jeolla South Korea 2020 08 15 Symbols of Mokpo EditCity Flower White Magnolia City Tree Loquats City Bird CraneImages Edit nbsp Bokman neighbourhood during Korea under Japanese rule s period nbsp Residential area in Mokpo nbsp Squid out to dry nbsp View of Mokpo from Yudalsan nbsp Street in Mokpo nbsp nbsp Hoe center at North HarborSee also EditList of cities in South Korea Geography of South KoreaReferences Edit Park Young soo 2005 우리나라 문화여행 알면 재미있고 모르면 후회하는 Korean cultural tour It s fun if you know regret if you don t in Korean Geoin Publishing page needed Tour and Culture of Mokpo Mokpo city hall Archived from the original on 12 April 2015 Retrieved 8 April 2011 KBS History Special Team 2001 역사스페셜2 History Special 2 in Korean Hyohyeong Publishing p 48 Bongoso Lee 2004 이순신이 싸운 바다 한려수도 Hallyeosudo The sea where Yi Sun sin fought in Korean p 217 Son Young bae 1997 한국의 쓰레기 2천년사 2000 Years of Trash in Korea in Korean Jisa Moon page needed KBS Documentary Liberation Production Team 2000 해방 테마로 읽는 20세기 한국사 Liberation 20c Korean history based on themes in Korean Translated by Hanmin pp 18 20 Hong Seong Chul 1992 매춘의 역사 History of Prostitution in Korean Translated by Seo Seok yeon magpie p 101 History of Mokpo EnCyber in Korean Doosan Encyclopedia Choi Nak Yeon 최낙연 Youngsa Park 박영사 2003 지방경제의 이해 Understanding the local economy in Korean Pro Insight International 博英社 p 118 ISBN 9788910204190 History of Mokpo Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 dead link Kim Hyuk Phil 5 June 1935 Practical profits in joint market policy in Joseon Dong A Ilbo Retrieved 10 May 2011 via News library service powered by NHN dead link 옛 삼학도 모습 The old three year old in Korean News Naver 25 November 2005 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Park Sang soo 1 March 2007 목포 삼학도 35년만에 복원 1일 개방 Mokpo Samhakdo restored after 35 years Open for 1 day in Korean News Naver Retrieved 28 August 2022 5 18 Memorial Foundation Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 Retrieved 9 April 2011 The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 The Nobel Prize 2000 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Kim Da sol 9 April 2017 Sewol finally moved ashore The Korea Herald Retrieved 28 August 2022 목포시 밀가루 600t 북한 지원 Mokpo City to provide 600 tons of flour to North Korea in Korean News Naver 12 January 2002 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Kim Yoo seung 1 May 2002 민주당 목포시장 경선 전태홍 씨 당선 Democratic Party s Mokpo Mayor Jeon Tae hong was elected OhMyNews Retrieved 28 August 2022 전태홍 목포 시장 뇌사 인공호흡기로 연명 Mokpo Mayor Jeon Tae hong s brain dies lives on with a ventilator Nocut News 12 January 2005 Retrieved 28 August 2022 전태홍 목포시장 돌연사 Jeon Tae hong Mokpo Mayor s sudden death naver com news 13 January 2005 Retrieved 28 August 2022 lt 4 30 당선자 인터뷰 gt 정종득 전남 목포시장 lt April 30 Interview gt Jeong Jong deuk Mayor of Mokpo Jeollanam do Yonhap 30 April 2005 Retrieved 28 August 2022 목포시장 민주당 정종득 후보 당선 Mokpo Mayor Chung Jong deuk Democratic Party Candidate Elected Yonhap 30 September 2005 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Enlightenment of Luminarie street in Mokpo Yonhap 29 December 2005 dead link 목포시 풀뿌리 경영 대상 수상 Mokpo City Grassroots Management Grand Prize agency Yonhap 20 October 2007 Retrieved 28 August 2022 제1회 한국관광대상 에 목포시 울릉군 Mokpo Ulleung gun at the 1st Korea Tourism Awards Asiatoday 7 January 2009 Retrieved 28 August 2022 목포시민신문 원도심 활성화 실질적 지원책 시급 in Korean 26 May 2008 Archived from the original on 4 January 2010 not specific enough to verify 원도심사업 보상업무 주먹구구 in Korean Newspaper of Mokpo civilians 14 March 2007 Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 Retrieved 9 April 2011 not specific enough to verify dead link 전남 법원 목포시장 업무추진비 지출증빙자료 공개 판결 Jeonnam Court decides to disclose evidence of Mokpo mayor s business promotion expenses CNB News 11 January 2009 Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 Retrieved 7 May 2011 무안반도 통합 다섯번째 도전 좌절 The fifth challenge of unification of the Muan Peninsula frustration News Naver 10 November 2009 Retrieved 28 August 2022 목포시 행정안전부에 무안 신안 목포 자율통합 건의 Mokpo City Ministry of Public Administration and Security proposes autonomous integration of Muan Shinan and Mokpo 연합뉴스 보도자료 25 September 2009 전남 무안반도 동부권 통합 무산 반대 우세 Muan Peninsula Jeollanam do and the eastern region failed to integrate opposite dominance Newsis 10 November 2009 Retrieved 28 August 2022 전남 서남부지역 인구 감소 지속 Decreased population in southwestern Jeollanam do continues Yonhap 2 November 2010 Retrieved 28 August 2022 학교연혁 School history Mokpobukkyo Elementary School Retrieved 28 August 2022 국립목포대학교 www mokpo ac kr Retrieved 28 August 2022 not specific enough to verify Seonggil Kang 8 September 2004 목포대 누리사업 본격 출범 Full scale launch of Mokpo University s Nuri project Newsis Retrieved 28 August 2022 목포대 국립대 혁신 수준 평가서 최우수 Mokpo National University Innovation Level Evaluation Best News NAver 20 February 2008 Retrieved 28 August 2022 국립목포해양대학교 Mopko National Maritime University not specific enough to verify History of Catholic University of Mokpo Archived from the original on 22 June 2007 Nam Deok woo 2007 한국 과거를 딛고 미래를 보자 Let s see the future over the past Samsung Economic Research Institute p 369 네이버 뉴스 dead link 원도심활성화 또 하나의 신도시건설 Revitalization of the original city center construction of another new city asiae co kr 19 February 2009 Retrieved 29 August 2022 The profile of the E mart at website Archived from the original on 30 June 2004 삼성 홈플러스 목포점 17일 개점 Samsung Homeplus Mokpo store opened on the 17th Newsis 11 January 2008 Retrieved 28 August 2022 목포시 재래시장상품권 인기몰이 왜 Why Yonhap 18 February 2009 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Bohae Brewing 15 December 2008 보해 복분자주 럭비공 와인 애칭으로 美서 호평 Bohae bokbunja wine popular in the United States with the nickname of rugby ball wine Maeil Business Newspaper Retrieved 22 August 2022 연혁 History Bohae Brewing Retrieved 28 August 2022 Company History Haengnam Chinaware Inc Retrieved 28 August 2022 Kim Heung rok 28 October 2008 행남자기 2009년 中수출 2배 확대 Haengman Ki Doubling Exports to China in 2009 Hankooki Retrieved 28 August 2022 Cho Yong cheol 14 April 2011 행남자기 멸종위기 동 식물 보전나서 Haengman period conservation of endangered animals and plants Financial News Retrieved 28 August 2022 생물자원의 중요성 도자기를 통해 알린다 The importance of biological resources through ceramics Korea net 14 April 2011 Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 Jo Eun ah 17 January 2009 대불단지의 中企 전봇대 뽑으면 희망있다 The middle story of the Daebul Complex There is hope if you pull out the electric pole news donga com Retrieved 28 August 2022 Gang Seon won 땅 투자자가 꼭 알아야 할 100가지 100 options for land dealers p 315 맞춤형 기업유치 전략 성과 빛났다 Highlighting strategic access for outdoor investment Moneytoday 15 January 2009 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Park Young Joo Hwan Oh 2007 대한민국 웬만한곳 다있다 Everywhere in Korea in Korean Samsung Publishing House 존재하지 않는 페이지 입니다 오류에 의한 페이지 자동 이동 Introduce the geographical features in Korean City of Mokpo Archived from the original on 30 August 2014 Retrieved 4 May 2011 영산강 하구둑 개선사업 환경영향평가 부실 Yeongsan River Estuary Embankment Improvement Project Poor in Environmental Impact Assessment in Korean Yonhap 23 May 2010 Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 Retrieved 4 May 2011 Kim Dong Shik 김동식 Kim Jung Hyun 김정현 2006 날씨경영 하늘에서 돈이 옵니다 Maeil Economy p 173 전국은 지금 태양의 도시 열풍 The nation is now City of the Sun craze in Korean Hankyung Business 11 June 2007 Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 Bae Sang hyun 21 February 2009 전남 수도권비해 황사발생 적고 농도 낮다 Jeollanam do has fewer occurrences of yellow dust and lower concentration than the metropolitan area in Korean Yonhap Retrieved 28 August 2022 Climatological Normals of Korea 1991 2020 PDF in Korean Korea Meteorological Administration Archived from the original PDF on 29 January 2022 Retrieved 4 April 2022 순위값 구역별조회 in Korean Korea Meteorological Administration Retrieved 4 April 2022 Climatological Normals of Korea PDF Korea Meteorological Administration 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 7 December 2016 Retrieved 8 December 2016 Daos Railroad station in Korean Daos Korea Archived from the original on 8 June 2003 Ahn Gwan ok 12 May 2014 목포역 삼학도 철도 사라진다 Mokpo Station Samhakdo Railroad Disappears in Korean Hani Retrieved 28 August 2022 목포 광양 간 고속도로 개통 주행시간 1시간 단축 Expressway between Mokpo and Gwangyang opened Reduced driving time by 1 hour in Korean Maeil Broadcasting Network 26 April 2012 Retrieved 28 August 2022 천연가스 CNG 시내버스 운행 in Korean 29 January 2006 dead link 목포시 시내버스 무료환승 실시 Local Mokpo city bus free transfer in Korean City of Seoul 2 March 2007 Retrieved 28 August 2022 목포시 시내버스 저상버스 도입운행 Mokpo City city bus low floor bus introduction operation Rodong Ilbo 2 November 2007 Retrieved 28 August 2022 목포경실련 시내버스 준공영제 사회적 합의가 우선 Woo Sang ho and Lee Jae myung go to the front in Korean Dailian 1 October 2008 Retrieved 28 August 2022 lt 목포공항 38년만에 폐쇄 역사의 뒤안길로 gt lt Closed Mokpo Airport after 38 years The road behind history gt News Naver 9 November 2007 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Lee Sang il 1 February 2004 제주행 항공노선 지키려 안간힘 Struggled to keep the flight route to Jeju in Korean News Naver Retrieved 28 August 2022 광주 전남 목포공항 폐쇄 위기 Gwangju Jeonnam Mokpo Airport Closure Crisis in Korean News Naver 26 December 2003 Retrieved 28 August 2022 목포 상하이 카페리 운항 매주 2회 왕복 Mokpo Shanghai Car Ferry service 2 round trips per week in Korean Korea Economy Daily 20 November 2002 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Jo Geun young 22 July 2004 목포 상하이 뱃길 9월 재개 Mokpo Shanghai waterway resumes in September in Korean Yonhap Retrieved 28 August 2022 Choi Seong guk 24 November 2004 lt 지역경제시대 gt 올해를 빛낸 기업 목포여객터미널 국제항만타운으로 Era of local economy Companies that shined this year Mokpo Passenger Terminal International Port Town in Korean News Naver Retrieved 28 August 2022 Jo Geun young 10 December 2010 목포항 中 상하이 컨테이너 항로 추가 개설 Opened additional container routes from Mokpo Port to Shanghai in China in Korean Yonhap Retrieved 28 August 2022 Jung Seung ho 3 May 2011 목포시 국제정기항로 개설 인센티브 Gwangju Jeonnam Mokpo City Incentives for Opening International Regular Routes in Korean Donga Ilbo Retrieved 28 August 2022 Kim Seon deok 20 January 2011 삼성전자 백색가전제품 목포신항 통해 수출 Exported Samsung Electronics white home appliances through Mokpo New Port in Korean News Prime Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 Kim Gun woo 24 September 2008 목포바다 은빛갈치축제 화려한 밤 수놓는다 Mokpo Sea Silver Cutlass Festival is embroidered on a splendid night Starnews Retrieved 28 August 2022 Yeo Woon chang 30 March 2005 전남도 구도심권 정비 본격 추진 Provincial office agrees on backup for supporting old downtown in several areas in Korean Yonhap News Retrieved 28 August 2022 Jo Geun young 30 November 2010 목포 산정초 기초학력 미달 제로 비결은 Mokpo Sanjeong Elementary School the secret to zero lack of basic education in Korean Yonhap News Retrieved 28 August 2022 Park Kyung woo 19 January 2006 한국아이닷컴 Jeonnam City of Light Mokpo dark clouds news hankooki com in Korean Archived from the original on 19 March 2012 新목포지리지 왜 평화광장 앞 바다인가 Why in front of the peace plaza in Korean Asia Economics 23 February 2009 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Park Sang soo 28 April 2009 해양유물전시관 문화재연구소 로 명칭 변경 Changed the name of the Marine Relics Exhibition Hall to the Cultural Heritage Research Center in Korean Newsis 목포 외달도 남도음식ㆍ갯벌체험ㆍ삼림욕 청량감을 먹고 마셔요 Mokpo Oedal Island Namdo food tidal flat experience forest bathing eating and drinking refreshing persimmons in Korean Hankyung 29 January 2007 Retrieved 28 August 2022 National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage in Korean Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 8 000만 년 전 공룡알 둥지 화석 공개 Jeonnam Fossils of 80 million year old dinosaur egg nests revealed YTN in Korean 4 December 2010 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Park Sang soo 9 September 2009 목포자연사박물관 소장 곤충표본 DB 구축 Building a database of insect specimens in the Mokpo Natural History Museum in Korean Newsis Retrieved 28 August 2022 Jo Geun young 14 July 2010 목포문학관 찾아가는 문학교실 인기 Mokpo Literary Museum Visiting Literature Class Popular in Korean Yonhap Retrieved 28 August 2022 Hwang Jin yeon 22 February 2009 목포시 맛 집 거리 입주자 모이세요 Mokpo city get together for collecting delicious food street in Korean Asiatoday Archived from the original on 4 September 2011 Park Kyung woo 23 November 2004 스포츠 동계훈련 목포로 오세요 Come to Mokpo for winter training in Korean Hankook Ilbo Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 2006 National athletic contest in Mokpo in Korean News Naver 3 February 2006 Retrieved 28 August 2022 dead link 문화예술회관 Culture and Arts Center in Korean City of Mokpo Archived from the original on 18 October 2008 목포 체육센터 12월 개관 Sports Center opened in December in Korean Segye Ilbo 24 October 2003 Retrieved 28 August 2022 시민문화체육센터 Mokpo sports culture center in Korean City of Mokopo Archived from the original on 19 October 2008 목포시립도서관 민간위탁에 목포문화원 Mokpo City Library entrusted to the private sector by Mokpo Cultural Center in Korean Newsis 27 May 2004 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Mokpo City Library in Korean Mokpo City Library Archived from the original on 5 July 2011 not specific enough to verify Company history at Mokpo MBC in Korean Mokpo MBC Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 Park Sang soo 14 October 2008 목포시 의료기관 의사 수 전국 최고 The number of doctors at medical institutions in Mokpo is the highest in the country in Korean Newsis 병원소개 Hospital History in Korean Mokpo National Hospital Retrieved 28 August 2022 응급전용 헬기 7월부터 인천 목포서 운영 Incheon Mokpo Stations to operate emergency helicopters from July in Korean Donga Ilbo 15 April 2011 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Mokpo si Jeollanam do The Republic of Korea City of Beppu 1984 Retrieved 28 August 2022 Sister City MASAN Archived from the original on 23 December 2007 Notes EditTwo Jeolla provinces which Mokpo pertains to have been the critical base of the Democratic Party of South Korea Before former president Kim took the presidency he caught the strongest power in the reason as a root of his political supporting base In this context Mokpo and near area has been called the garden of Democrats Nonghyup ferries refer to the regular ferry operated by Nonghyup which is kind of banking and cooperating organ for farmers The ferry connects each branch in several islands in Sinan and Mokpo External links Edit nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mokpo nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mokpo City government home page Archived 8 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Mokpo at Curlie Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mokpo amp oldid 1175102762, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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